衔接点02-句子成分&基本句型(学案)-2023年初升高英语无忧衔接(上海专用).docx

02句子成分&基本句型组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语（adverbial）、补语（complement）和同位语（appositive）共八种1）主语（Subject）习惯于发号施令，偶尔也会被赶下台在句子中，主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以“下台”而位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词（短语）、代词、数词、动名词（短语）、动词不定式（短语）和从句等。The sunrises in the east.（名词） Helikes dancing.（代词）Twenty yearsis a short time in history. （数词）Seeingis believing.（动名词） To seeis to believe.（不定式）What he needsis a book.（主语从句）It is very clearthat the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）It is very interestingto play the game called “treat or trick”.2）谓语（Predicate）坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征，常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词和动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词实义动词”充当，有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。判断的依据是看主语和动词之间的关系，如果两者之间是主动关系就用主动语态，如果是被动关系就用被动语态。可分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。a）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：Hepractices running every morning.Heworked hard all day today.他今天苦干了一天。Iam reading.我在看书。b）复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成或由系动词加表语构词。例如：Youmay keepthe book for two weeks.Hehas caughta bad cold.Weare students.3）表语（predicative）最会察言观色，就看“主子”脸色表语一般位于系动词（如be,become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后，用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征和状态等，一般由名词、名词性物主代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。例如：be ;五感look;sound;.；变得；+表语a）形容词作表语：You lookyoungerthan before.b）名词作表语：My father isa teacher.c）副词作表语：Everyone ishere.d）介词短语作表语：They areat the theatre.e）不定式作表语：My job isto teachthem English.f）动名词作表语：Her job istrainingthe nurses.g）形容词化的分词作表语：My watch isgone / missing / lost.h）从句作表语：That iswhy he didnt come to school yesterday.4）宾语（Object）一直受到压制，有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”宾语表示谓语动作的对象，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词（短语）、宾格代词、数词、动名词（短语）、动词不定式或宾语从句充当，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。宾语在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。例如：a）名词作宾语：He never forgivesothers fortheir mistakes.b）代词做宾语：He often helpsme.c）不定式作宾语：He likesto sleepin the open air.d）动名词作宾语：The Americans enjoyedlivingin China.e）从句做宾语：I believethat they can finish the work in time.5）定语（Attributive）鞍前马后搞服务，全心全意勤务兵修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词，可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。例如：a）形容词作定语：Theblackbike is mine.b）代词作定语：Whatsyourname?c）名词作定语：They made somepaperflowers.d）介词短语作定语：The boysin the roomare in Class Three, Grade One.e）不定式作短语：I have lots to eat and drink.f）从句作定语：The tall boywho is standing thereis Peter.6）状语（Adverbial）行踪飘忽不定，却对动词“情有独钟”修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般放在时间状语之前；一些表示频度的副词（如often, almost等）作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法，故说它对动词“情有独钟”。a）时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中。Shall we do the shoppingtoday or tomorrow?b）地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。There are plenty of fishin the sea.c）原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。Because he was ill,Tom lost his job.d）结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。She woke suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.e）目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.f）条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。If he were to come, what should we say to him?g）让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。For all his money, he didnt seem happy.h）程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。To what extent would you trust them?i）伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten.7）补语（Complement）始终寄人篱下，永远成不了主人补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语，所以说它寄人篱下，成不了“主人”。补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式（短语）、分词、介词短语或从句充当。补语的分类如下：a）形容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。例如：Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.我又累又困，就去睡了。有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。例如：The man, cruel beyond belief, didnt listen to their pleadings.b）可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等例如：名词作宾补：If you let me go, Ill make youking.形容词作宾补：Dont make your handsdirty.副词作宾补：We found Li Mingoutwhen we arrived.介词短语作宾补：Make yourselfat home.省略to的不定式作宾补：I saw a girlgo intothe building.带to的不定式作宾补：The boy ordered the dogto lie down.现在分词作宾补：The boss kept themworkingall day.过去分词作宾补：Yesterday he got his legbroken.8）同位语（Appositive）总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是“显露原形”对句子中的名词（短语）或代词作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的，所以说它爱玩失踪，如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明，这时候就需要同位语，可谓“显露原形”。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。例如：a）名词用作同位语：We havetwo children, a boy and a girl.b）代词用作同位语：Lets you and me go to work, Oliver.c）数词用作同位语：Areyou twoready?d）不定式与动名词用作同位语：Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.e）短语用作同位语：The city of Rome罗马城；the art of writing写作艺术；The vice of smoking吸烟嗜好f）从句用同位语，即同位语从句The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.【考点练透】（一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.（二）选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast（三）挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.（四）挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?（五）挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?（六）挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.（七）挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.（八）划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?一：S V （主谓）二：S V P （主系表）三：S V O （主谓宾）四：S V o O （主谓间宾直宾）五：S V O C （主谓宾宾补）一：S V （主谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。S V （不及物动词）1. The sun was shining.太阳在照耀着。2. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。3. The universe remains. 宇宙长存。4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. Who cares? 管它呢？6. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。7. They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。8. The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。二：S V P （主系表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义，只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好，sound nice/听起来不错，feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻S V（是系动词） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。3. He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7. Our well has gone dry. 我们井干枯了。8. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。There be 结构：There be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词there那里混淆。此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物 。试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词那里。三：S V O （主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them等S V（及物动词） 1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。3. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。4. He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。5. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。6. He said Good morning. 他说：早上好！7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。8. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。四：S V o O （主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea, please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please. S V（及物） （多指人） （多指物）1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。4. He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。5. I showed him my pictures. 我给他看我的照片6. I gave my car a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。7. I told him that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。8. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。五：S V O C （主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格 + 形容词New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词I saw a cat running across the road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.S V（及物） （宾语） （宾补）1. They appointed him manager. 他们任命他当经理。2. They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿色3. This set them thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。4. They found the house deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。5. What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想？6. We saw him out. 我们送他出去7. He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。8. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。【考点练透】选出下列各句所属的基本句型A. 主系表 B. 主谓 C. 主谓宾 D. 主谓宾宾 E. 主谓宾补1. Our school is not far from my home.2. Ithoughtyour idea was a goodone, so I adopted it.3. All of us considered him honest.4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of glass.6. He made it clear that he would leave the city7. I love you more than her child 8. Trees turn green when spring comes.9. They pushed the door open.10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.12. All the students think highly of his teaching13. We need a place to hold more audience.14. He asked us to sing an English song.15. Ill get my hair cut tomorrow.16. We will make our school more beautiful.17. That is why he didnt know18. She showed us her many of her pictures.19. The old man lives a lonely life.20. Luckily, the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.