专题06-阅读理解之说明文10篇(第一期)(全国卷专用).docx

2023高考英语名校模拟真题速递（全国卷专用）
第一期
专题06 阅读理解之说明文10篇
（2023春·河南安阳·高三安阳一中校联考一模）Each year, as many as one billion birds are killed in the US from collisions (相撞) with glass windows and buildings every year. Birds that crashed into Philadelphia buildings began to be collected in the 1890s. Nearly 100 species of birds are known to have died out from crashes with buildings and other structures in Philadelphia. Many other species are probably affected in the city.
Called Lights Out Philly, the voluntary program in Philadelphia encourages buildings to turn out or dim unnecessary external and internal lights between midnight and six o’clock early in the morning to protect birds as they pass through during migration seasons.
Bird migration seasons are from April l to May 31 in spring and from August 15 to November 15 in fall. Each year, millions of birds pass through Philadelphia along a migration route known as the Atlantic Flyway. Bird-glass crashes are very common for migrating birds, most of which travel at night. Glass is difficult for them to recognize as hard surfaces, and artificial light can fool them into crashing with buildings and outdoor structures. Turning off lights between midnight and sunrise helps minimize the effect of artificial light when most birds are migrating.
On Oct. 2, 2020, a stormy and foggy day, Philadelphia had its largest mass collision event in more than 70 years with an estimated 1,000 birds crashing with buildings in one 3.5-square block area in just one day. Paired with a terrible storm of weather and fog conditions, the bright city and building lights attracted and confused the migrating birds, causing them to crash with buildings and outdoor structures.
Even if you don’t play a part in managing the lights of a big building, you can help birds avoid crashes by making the glass opaque to reduce the amount and intensity of artificial light at night, changing the color of lighting to blue or green, shortening the duration lights are on, directing the lighting downward or screening lighting.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．The rich biological diversity in Philadelphia.
B．Great efforts to protect migrating birds in Philadelphia.
C．The present and the past of the bird conservation in America.
D．The serious consequence of bird-glass crashes in Philadelphia.
2．What added the danger to the migrating birds on Oct. 2, 2020?
A．Bad weather conditions. B．Traveling in the day.
C．The mistaken route. D．Too many buildings.
3．What does the underlined word “opaque” mean in the last paragraph?
A．Light-reflecting. B．Delicate. C．Lightproof. D．Clean.
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．It Is Difficult to Save the Migrating Birds
B．Philadelphia Turns out Lights to Save Migrating Birds
C．External and Internal Lights Affect the Bird Migration
D．Lights Out Philly Program Helps Save Endangered Birds

（2023春·河南安阳·高三安阳一中校联考一模）Doctors and nutritionists have been telling that one should not eat right before going to bed. However, one should also not eat late at night, according to a recent study. It has been said that when we eat late at night, we’re going against our body’s rhythm.
According to the researchers from Brigham and Women’s Hospital, eating late at night increases the risk of obesity and weight gain. The analysis of the study revealed that the time when a person eats their last meal impacts the calories burned, appetite and how the body stores fat.
To conduct their study, a total of 16 participants with the body mass index (BMI) that is of the obese range or considered overweight were studied. Every one was given the same meals and they were divided into two groups: The first group was required to eat their meals early in the day and the other with each meal 250 minutes late.
The team of researchers found that eating late had a significant impact on the regulation of hunger hormones. The level of leptin (瘦蛋白) inhibits the human appetite. It was reduced across the period of 24 hours due to late eating. It was observed that eating late doubled the chance of being hungry. When participants ate later, they burned calories at a much slower rate.
In a press release the first author Nina Vujovic said, “In this study, we asked a simple question, ‘Does the time that we eat matter when everything else is kept consistent?’ and we found that eating four hours later makes a major difference to the hunger levels, the way calories burn after we eat, and the way our body stores fat.”
This study adds to a growing body of evidence showing just how important meal timing can be when it comes to body weight. Based on what this and other studies have shown, people who are watching their weight may want to get rid of the late night snacks and eat most of their meals earlier in the day.
5．What’s the difference between the two groups in paragraph 3?
A．The variety of the diet. B．The fat content in their meals.
C．The calories in their meals. D．Their eating schedules.
6．What can we do to beat obesity according to the study?
A．Avoid eating late at night.
B．Keep a moderate sense of hunger.
C．Abandon consuming food low in fat.
D．Make sure to have supper at a set time.
7．What does the underlined word “It” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A．The human appetite. B．The leptin level.
C．The body mass index. D．The chance of being hungry.
8．From which is the text probably taken?
A．A health magazine. B．A biology textbook.
C．A travel brochure. D．A biography.

（2023·青海西宁·统考一模）People climbing Qomolangma are two times as likely to reach the top and less likely to die on the climb than 20 years ago, a new study finds. Everest is the tallest mountain above sea level on the earth. It reaches 8,848.86 meters into the sky. Between2006 and 2020, around two thirds of climbers were successful in their attempt to reach the top. In the 15 years before that, only about one-third went all the way to the top.
The study was a project of researchers at the University of Washington and the University of California, Davis. They found that the risk of dying on the mountain was 0.5 percent for women and 1.1 percent for men in recent years. That is down from 1.9 percent and 1.7 percent in the period from 1990 and 2005.
The study noted that on a single day in May of last year, 396 climbers had gathered at the narrow path just below the top. The area, known as the “death zone”, is so narrow that only a small number of climbers can pass through, one directly behind another.
A picture of climbers waiting their turn to go up and down through the death zone became famous as it was shared online. Yet researchers say the crowds were not the main reason for the deaths last year. However, overcrowding does make the climb more dangerous. If crowding slows climbers (as is expected), this increases their exposure to the elements, which should increase risk of an accident or illness. An unexpected storm, earthquake, or landslide could be disastrous.
Climbers have expressed concern that Nepal was giving anyone willing to pay the government $11,000 authorization to climb Everest.
9．What was the current death rate among female mountaineers?
A．0.5%. B．1.1%. C．1.7%. D．1.9%.
10．Why does the “death zone” make climbers more dangerous?
A．It is too hard to pass. B．It slows down climbing.
C．It often makes people ill. D．It usually causes climbing.
11．What does the underlined word “authorization” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A．Choice. B．Attempt.
C．Permission. D．Encouragement.
12．What’s the best title for the text?
A．The New Height of Mount Everest
B．The Location of the Death Zone
C．The Reason Why People Climb Mount Everest
D．A New Study of Climbing Mount Everest

（2023·青海西宁·统考一模）Israeli researchers say they have invented a reusable face mask that can kill the coronavirus with heat by drawing power from a mobile phone charger.
The disinfecting (消毒) process takes about half an hour—and users should not wear the mask while it is plugged in, said Professor Yair Ein-Eli, who led the research team at Technion University in Haifa. The new mask has a USB port that connects to a power source such as a standard cell-phone charger that heats an inner layer of carbon fibres to 70 degrees Celsius, high enough to kill viruses.
Ein-Eli said disposable masks were not economically or environmentally friendly. “You have to make it reusable and friendly, and this is our solution,” he said.
Professor Allon Moses, an infectious diseases expert at Jerusalem’s Hadassah Medical Center, said there was “no question” that a half hour’s exposure to 70-degrce heat would kill the coronavirus. But he cautioned that repeated heating could “damage the mask’s paper or fabric and spoil its ability to protect from diseases in the future”.
During testing, the prototype was exposed to 20 heating cycles, each for half an hour, with no impact on durability, Ein-Eli said. “We can guarantee it up to a few dozen cycles, without any risk,” he added.
The prototypc looks like a standard N95 face mask, with a valve (阀) at the front and bands to hold it in place around the head. The researchers submitted (递交) a patent for the mask in the United States in late March and say they are discussing commercializing the product with the private sector.
13．How long does the disinfecting process usually take?
A．Around 20 minutes. B．Around 30 minutes.
C．Around 60 minutes. D．Around 70 minutes.
14．Why do Israeli researchers invent a new face mask?
A．To kill viruses thoroughly. B．To spread a novel idea.
C．To replace the traditional ones. D．To make reusable and friendly ones.
15．What was Allon Moses’ concern according to the text?
A．The reusable face masks could be unhealthy.
B．70-degree heat would hurt people in a way.
C．The cost of reusable face masks might be high.
D．The function of mask to prevent disease could be affected.
16．What’s the best title for the text?
A．A Mask for Curing the Coronavirus
B．The Latest Style of the Standard N95
C．A Kind of Mask Killing Viruses with Heat
D．The Cheapest Mask Instead of the Standard N95

（2022秋·甘肃兰州·高三兰州五十一中校考一模）Most of us learn how to ride a bike during childhood. But as we grow older, many of us stop riding and put those once-beloved bikes in storage. Years later, when we discover these relics and hop on, it’s as if we never stopped biking.
This is surprising because our memories let us down in so many other instances. So how is it that we can ride a bicycle when we haven’t done so in years?
As it turns out, different types of memories are stored in distinct regions of our brains. Long-term memory is divided into two types: declarative and procedural.
There are two types of declarative memory. Memories of experiences such as the day we started school are called episodic memory(情景记忆). This type of recall is our interpretation of an episode or event that occurred. Factual knowledge, on the other hand, such as the capital of France, is part of semantic memory(语义记忆). These two types of declarative memory content have one thing in common—you are aware of the knowledge and can communicate the memories to others.
Skills such as playing an instrument or riding a bicycle are, however, based on a separate system, called procedural memory, which is responsible for performance.
One of the most famous studies showing the separate memory systems was that of an epileptic(癫痫病患者) named Henry Molaison (H. M.). In the 1950s he underwent the removal of portions of his brain. After the operation doctors found that many of H. M.’s memories of the time before the operation were also erased.
In one test, researchers asked H. M. to trace a five-pointed star on a sheet of paper while only looking at it and his hand in a mirror—meaning the image was reversed. Although H. M.’s hand-eye coordination(协调) skills improved over the several days he performed this task, he never remembered performing it. This meant that he could develop new procedural, but not declarative, memories.
So simple sequences of movements we internalize, even far in the past, are typically preserved for a lifetime. It’s “just like riding a bicycle.”
17．Why riding a bicycle is mentioned in the first paragraph?
A．To introduce the topic. B．To provide an example.
C．To support an argument. D．To make comparisons.
18．What do memories of experiences belong to?
A．Short-term memory. B．Declarative memory.
C．Semantic memory. D．Procedural memory.
19．What can we learn from Henry Molaison’s case?
A．Brain injury tends to erase people’s all past memories.
B．H. M. couldn’t develop new memories after the operation.
C．Declarative knowledge is stable and will last long.
D．Procedural memory contents aren’t easily forgotten.
20．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Why don’t we forget how to ride a bike?
B．Learn to ride a bike for once and for all
C．Is there a memory that never lets us down?
D．Where are memories stored in our brains?

（2022秋·甘肃兰州·高三兰州五十一中校考一模）Have you ever wondered how astronauts clean their clothes in space? You may find the answer surprising—they do not.
They wear their clothes until they cannot take the dirt and smell anymore. Then, they throw them away.
NASA wants to change that—if not at the International Space Station (ISS), then the moon and Mars. This would mean the end to throwing away lots of dirty clothes every year. Up to now, they simply had to put them with other waste in old supply ships to burn up in the atmosphere. NASA is working with the U. S. company, Procter & Gamble (P&G), to learn how best to clean astronauts’ clothes in space. They could use the clothes for months or even years, just like on Earth.
NASA says rocket storage space is small and costly. So, why waste it on new clothes if they could keep their old clothes looking and smelling fresh? An astronaut needs 68 kilograms of clothes in space per year. The clothes would use a lot of storage space, especially on a three-year Mars mission.
There are also the problems of health and comfort.
Space station astronauts exercise two hours every day to fight the effects of weightlessness on their bodies. Leland Melvin, a former NASA astronaut, says their exercise clothing becomes so unpleasant that they use a new set every week, and that while NASA and the other space station partners have researched ways to lengthen wear time with special clothes, that is not a long-term solution.
In its first experiment, P&G will send up detergent(洗涤剂) made just for space in December. Scientists will then see how the compounds in the detergent react to six months of weightlessness. Next May, they will send stain-removal pens and cloths to the ISS for testing by astronauts. At the same time, P&G is developing a washer-dryer machine that could operate on the moon or even Mars. It would use small amounts of water and detergent. Such a machine could also be useful in dry places here on Earth.
21．What problem in space do NASA and P&G aim to solve?
A．Lack of detergents. B．Lack of c