Unit-4-Friends-forever-第2课时-Using-language(教师版).docx

Unit 4 Friends forever
4.2 Using language
目标导航

重点
词汇和词转
1. teenage adj. 青少年的→teenager n. 青少年
2. inspiring adj.鼓舞人心的，启发灵感的→inspiration n.灵感，鼓舞人心的人或事
3. comfort n.慰藉，慰藉→comfortable adj. 舒适的，舒服的
4. passion n. 强烈的情感，激情→passionate adj. 热诚的，狂热的
5. patience n.耐心→patient adj.耐心的 n.病人→patiently adv.耐心地
6. generosity n.慷慨，大方→generous adj.慷慨的，大方的→generously adv.慷慨地，大方地
7. hum our n. 幽默感→humorous adj. 幽默的
8.anxious adj. 焦虑的，不安的→anxiously adj.焦虑地，不安地→anxiety n.焦虑，不安
9. distance v.使与...保持距离，撇清和...的关系 n.距离→distant adj.遥远的
10. tend v. 易于做某事，往往会发生某事→ tendency n.趋势
重点词组
1. refer to 参考，查阅；指
2. pour…into 将……倒入/注入
3. mix…with 与...混合
4. begin with 以……开始
5. agree on 对某事（物）有同样看法
6. think about 考虑
7. give an order 下令
8. feel down感到沮丧
9. make a statement发表声明
10. get started开始

重点
语法
定语从句：（课文原句）
1. The digital age also enables us to find people who share our interests, such as collecting model cars or playing an unusual instrument.
2. Nowadays, we can move around the world and still stay in touch with the people that we want to remain friends with.
3. 关系代词引导的定语从句

知识精讲

定语是什么？
基本概念：
(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。
(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。
先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。
(3) 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用：
A. 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；
B. 必在从句中作某个句子成份
C, 指代先行词
关系词
指代人或物
定语从句中充当的成分

关系
代词
that
人或物
主语、宾语、表语
which
物或主句内容
主语、宾语
who
人
主语或宾语
whom
人
宾语
whose
人或物
定语

定语从句三步曲：
第一找出先行词；
第二找出定语从句
第三看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；

结构：名词/代词（先行词）+关系代词/副词+定语从句

【考点剖析】

考点一：关系代词
考向1：关系代词基本用法
1. 指人时可以用who，也可用that。
1） The man who/that lives next to us is a policeman.
2） Do you know the girl who/that is in red?
2. 指物时可以用which，也可用that。
1) I like music that/which I can dance to.
2) What do you think of the movie that/which was shown last night?
活学活用：
1. I love singers . Singers write their own songs.
改写：
who在从句中用作主语。
2. He is the man . I met the man yesterday.
改写：
who在从句中用作宾语。
3. I like music. I can dance to music.
改写：
that在从句中用作宾语。
九、 I prefer a sandwich. A sandwich is really delicious.
改写：
that在从句中用作主语。
注意：1）that 和who 在句中做主语时不能省略，做宾语时可以省略。
I like music (that) I can dance to.
He is the man (who) I met yesterday.
2）定语从句中谓语动词的单复数应与先行词保持一致.
I prefer movies that are scary.
I like a sandwich that is really delicious.
I love singers who are beautiful.
I have a friend who plays sports.
3. Whose可以指人，也可以指物。
whose 在定语从句中作定语。
1） She is a beautiful girl whose hair is brown.
2） There is a desk whose legs are broken.
难点：whose: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。
“whose + 名词 = the + 名词 + of which”。
N1 + whose +N2 = N1, the N2 of which
活学活用：
1、 Look out ! Don't get too close to the house _______ roof is under repair.
Look out ! Don't get too close to the house，the roof_______ is under repair.
　　A. whose B. which　C. of which D. what
2、Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _______ was very reasonable.
Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, and _______ was very reasonable. 　
A. which price B. the price of which　C. its price D. the price of whose
4. 关系代词做宾语时可以省略。
1) I like the book that/which/省略 my mother bought yesterday.
2) Do you know the girl who/whom/that/省略 we talked about just now?
5.先行词是主句内容或物，只能用as的情况。
定语从句
区别
例句
限制性定语从句中
名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用
as,不能用which
He is not such a fool as he looks.
Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
非限制性定语从句中
as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有
“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也
可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从
句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。
They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the1980s.
例1．【单句填空】
用as\that\which填空。
1. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift.
2. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift it.
3. ______ is known to all, he is the best student.
4. Jim passed the driving test, _____ surprised everybody in the office.
考向2：关系代词的特殊用法
考点1：先行词是人，只能用who,不能用that的情况。
1） 指人的不定代词做先行词时，只能用who.
We should help anyone who is in need.
2） 非限制性定语从句中，逗号与指人的先行词隔开的句子，只能用who.
I’m Li Hua, who is studying in London during the summer vacation.
考点2：先行词是物，只能用which，不能用that的情况。
1） 介词+which
There are two chairs in the room, both of which are broken.
2） 非限制性定语从句中，逗号与指物的先行词隔开的句子，只能用which
They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.
考点3：先行词是人或物，只能用that，不能用which或who的情况。
（1）先行词被形容词最高级、序数词及 only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修饰时。
1) I will tell him all that you told me at the ball.
2) The only thing that we could do was to wait.
3) The first place that we visited was the Great Wall.
（2）先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything,everything等不定代词时。
The girl handed everything that she had picked up in the street to the police.
（3）先行词中既有人又有物时。
He was looking pleasantly at the children and books that filled his bus.
（4）先行词在主句中作表语,关系词在从句中作表语时。
The village is no longer the one that it was 5 years ago.
（5）当主句中含有疑问词which时。
Which are the books that you bought for me ?
考点三：非限制性从句
判断下面两个句子是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句。
1. I lost all the money you lent me yesterday.
2. I lost all the money, without which I had to walk home.

例3．【单句填空】

1.Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 　　　　is not good for the health.  
2.But Sarah, 　　　　has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty. 
【答案与解析】
1.which　分析句子结构可知,空格处引导非限制性定语从句,且从句中缺少主语,故填which。
2.who　先行词是Sarah,从句中缺少主语,所以应该用who。

考点四：介词+关系代词which/whom
1） This is the watch (which/that) I am looking for.
2） The babies (whom/who/that)the nurse is looking after are very healthy.
3） He loves his parents deeply, all of whom are very kind to him.

IV. 介词+关系代词引导定语从句的用法
关系代词在定语从句中做介词的宾语时，可用介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导定语从句
1.  Do you like the book ___________she spent $10?
2.  Do you like the book ___________she paid $10?
3.  Do you like the book ___________ she learned a lot?
4.  Do you like the book ______________ she often talks?
5.  He built a telescope ______________ he could study the skies.
6. There is a tall tree outside, _____________ stands our teacher.
7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest ___________ is the Yellow River.
8. The tower _____________ people can have a good view is on the hill.
9. The man ____________ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at writing.
10. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most ________ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
11. He gave me some novels _____ ______ I am not very familiar.
12. I still remember the day ___ _____ I first got to Paris.
答案：1. on which 2. for which 3. from which 4. about which 5. through which
6. on which 7. of which 8. on which 9. to whom 10. of which
with which 12. on which
练习：
1)The plane in ______we flew to Canada was really comfortable.
A, which B, whom C, that
2) The man with ________you talked just now is my neighbor.
A, who B, whom C, that
(3）Wind power is an ancient source of energy ___ we may return in the near future.
A on which B by which C to which D from which
(4） By nine o'clock ,all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mountain Qomolangma . _____ appeared a rare rainbow soon.
A of which B on which C from which D above which
总结：介词的判定方法
A.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配
Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.
B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定
There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way)
C.根据所表达的意思确定
The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.
The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.
巩固练习
定语从句专练
1.I had a concert ticket for a show that I couldn't attend it.
【答案】将attend后的it去掉
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：我有一张演出的票，我不能去看。在定语从句中that已经指代了show，所以不需要用it。故将it去掉。
2.Senior family members, especially parents, should create an atmosphere ________ children can be encouraged to pour out their heart happily.
A. that B. where C. what D. which
【答案】B
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：家庭长辈，尤其是父母，应该营造一种氛围，鼓励孩子们快乐地倾诉心声。分析可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词atmosphere，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，所以用where引导。故选B项。
3.Learning another language is like stepping out of a door, ______I can look back and see more clearly my own language.
A．By which B．through which C．which D．on which
【答案】B
【解析】
考查定语从句和介词辨析。句意：学习另外一种语言就好像跨出了一扇房门，通过它，我可以回顾并且更加清楚地明白自己的语言。分析可知，空格处引导定语从句，根据句意可知，通过这扇门，先行词door做through“通过”的宾语，指物，用冠词代词which，by表示方式，on“在……上面”不符合句意，故选B。
4.You may think of giving up study, in ____________ case just think it over before making the decision.
A. that B. which C. whose D. where
【答案】B
【解析】
考查定语从句关系词。句意：你可能会考虑放弃学习，在那种情况下，好好想想再做决定。分析句子可知，此句为非限制性定语从句，此空位于介词“in”后面，指代主句“You may think of giving up study”，应用关系代词“which”。故选B项。
5.________ is widely accepted, in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses, but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures.
A. As B. It C. Which D. What
【答案】A
【解析】
考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：在中东，阿拉伯人通过互摸鼻子来打招呼，这在其他文化中是不礼貌的。分析可知，________ is widely accepted在句中为定语从句，从句缺少主语，指代整个句子“in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses”，结合选项，as和which都可以指代整个句子，在引导非限制性定语从句时，which引导的非限制性定语从句置于主句之后，as引导的从句则可以置于句首。故选A。
6.Go for a walk in the countryside, you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere.
A. when B. which C. where D. what
【答案】C
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：去乡村散步，在那里你可以欣赏美丽风景和宁静的气氛。分析句子可知，逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词为the countryside（地点名词），关系词在从句中充当地点状语，应用关系副词where。故选C项。
7.I think you've got to the point________ a change is needed, otherwise you'll fail.
A. when B. where C. that D. which
【答案】B
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：我认为你已经到了需要改变的地步，否则你会失败的。分析可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰的先行词为地点名词the point，且引导词在从句中做地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故选B项。
8.Swimming is good for teenagers, ________ some experts say will help them to stimulate their potential and promote their brain development.
A. which B. why C. Whom D. what
【答案】A
【解析】
考查非限制性定语从句。句意：游泳对青少年有好处，一些专家说，这将帮助他们激发潜能，促进他们的大脑发展。分析句子成分可知，“________ some experts say will help them to….”为非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句“Swimming is good for teenagers(游泳对青少年有好处)”，所设空处可译为“这件事/这一点”，并在该句中充当宾语从句中的主语，故应用which，故选A。
9.Sales director is a position________ communication ability is just as important as sales.
A. which B. where C. when D. why
【答案】B
【解析】
考查定语从句的关系词。句意：销售经理是一个职位,在这个职位上,交流能力和销售能力一样重要。分析句子可知，本句为限制性定语从句，position 为先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语，关系副词为where。故选B。
10.Children, in my opinion,____creative ability is unbelievably rich, should be trained in that area.
A. which B. what C. who D. whose
【答案】D
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：在我看来，孩子们的创造能力丰富得令人难以置信，应该在这个领域进行训练。A. which先行词是人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语；B. what引导名词性从句，在从句中作主语或宾语；C. who先行词是人，在从句中作主语或宾语；D. whose先行词是人或物，在从句中作定语。分析句子结构，结合句意可知，“____creative ability is unbelievably rich”在名词Children后面作修饰成分，是非限制性定语从句，又因先行词Children和creative ability之间是所属关系，关系词在从句中作定语，用whose引导该从句。故选D。
11.Communication technology has entered the 5G era,________will surely bring great changes to our life.
A. when B. what C. which D. where
【答案】C
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：通信技术已经进入了5G时代，这必将给我们的生活带来巨大的变化。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰上文整个句子，从句中缺少主语，故应用关系代词which引导。故选C。
12.My mother is the busiest person in the family, which always has a lot of housework to do.
【答案】which→who
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意同上。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词my mother，指人，在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词who引导。故将which改为who。
13.I have a pet cat, which name is Lucky. She has white hair and two big eyes.
【答案】which→whose
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：我有一只宠物猫，名字叫Lucky。分析句子结构可知，此句为定语从句，先行词cat在从句中作名词name的定语，故将which改为whose。

【过关检测】
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．There is growing public ________ (anxious) over levels of air pollution in our cities.
答案：anxiety
2．The man is talking about the teachers and things ________ encouraged him greatly in school.
答案：that
3．The International Red Cross is an organization ________ purpose is to help the sick and the needy.
答案：whose
4．The professor ________ you wish to see has gone abroad.
答案：who/that/whom
5．Do you have anything ________ is important to tell me?
答案：that
6．A shop should keep a stock of those goods ________ sell best.
答案：which/that
7．This is the most beautiful and cleanest city ________ I have visited in China.
答案：that
8．Membership ________ (quality) you for a discount on purchases.
答案：qualifies
Ⅱ.句式升级
1．I have a friend. He likes listening to classical music.
→_______________________________________________________________
答案：I have a friend who likes listening to classical music.
2．Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress. I lent her the new dress.
→_______________________________________________________________
答案：Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress (that/which) I lent her.
3．The student's article was published in the magazine. I know the student.
→________________________________________________________________
答案：I know the student whose article was published in the magazine.
4．You referred to the man at the meeting yesterday. I want to know the man.
→________________________________________________________________
答案：I want to know the man (whom/who/that) you referred to at the meeting yesterday.
5．The letter is from my sister. I received it yesterday.
→_______________________________________________________________
答案：The letter (that/which) I received yesterday is from my sister.
6．The train was late. It was going to Nanning.
→_______________________________________________________________
答案：The train that/which was going to Nanning was late.
7．I want to talk to the boys. Their homework hasn't been handed in.
→________________________________________________________________
答案：I want to talk to the boys whose homework hasn't been handed in.
8．The boy is my brother. He was here a minute ago.
→_______________________________________________________________
答案：The boy who/that was here a minute ago is my brother.
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．这些规定中的哪些是一个青少年应该遵守的？
What are some of the rules ____________________？
答案：that/which a teenager should obey
2．远处教堂的钟声响起。
Church bells rang ________________.
答案：in the distance
3．不活跃或者饮食中含有高脂肪食物的孩子会很快发胖。
Children ________ are not active or ________ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
答案：who; whose
4．他们正在等的那位老人是李教授。
The old man __________________________ is Professor Li.
答案：whom/who/that they are waiting for
5．在高中你将学习更多不同于初中的课程。
In senior high school you will study more courses ________________________ your junior middle school courses.
答案：which/that are different from
6．我们在一间窗户很大的教室学习。
We study in a classroom ________________ the windows are very big.
答案：of which
7．这是他读的第一本书。
This is the first book __________________.
答案：that he has read
8．延迟兴建新医院的决定是不得人心的。
It was an unpopular decision to ________________________.
答案：postpone building the new hospital

综合运用练习
阅读理解
We can make mistakes at any age. Some mistakes we make are about money. But most mistakes are about people. “Did Jerry really care when I broke up with Helen？” “When I got that great job, did Jim really feel good about it, as a friend? Or did he envy my luck？” “And Paul