HistoryofUK英国历史.pptx

British History 4.Anglo-Saxons(449 8th)3.Romans(43 410)2.Celts(8th BC 1st)1.Early Settlers(3,000 BC)6.Normans(1066 ）5.Vikings(8th 1066)？Origin of the English NationOrigin of the English Nation1 1 1.Early Settlers(-3,000 BC)3,000 BCv Iberians古伊比利亚人古伊比利亚人 coming from Spain leaving StonehengeStonehenge and its Statue Stonehenge巨石阵巨石阵vcivilization of primitivesvworld heritage vbest preserved the megaliths in Europe 2.Celts 凯尔特人凯尔特人(8th BC1st)(P5)vCeltic Language:Welsh,GaelicvThe name of Britain from BritonsvAncestors of Scots,Irish,Welsh Gaels盖尔人盖尔人Britons不列颠人不列颠人Belgae比利其人比利其人Scottish,Irish Gaelic盖尔语盖尔语 Celts800BC400BC150BC 2.Celts 凯尔特人凯尔特人(8th BC1st)name of BritainShakespeares Cymbeline辛白林辛白林 Celts religion:DruidismCelts religion:Druidism督伊德教督伊德教督伊德教督伊德教 3.Romans 3.Romans 罗马人罗马人罗马人罗马人 (43 410(43 410)British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.vIn 55 BC&54BC,the great Roman general,invaded twice.(hp3,P2)vIn 43,Emperor Claudius克劳迪亚斯克劳迪亚斯 had the final and successful Roman invasion.vRomans only occupied England,Wales.(p3,P5)vIn ,the Roman conquest ended.Romans contributionRomans influence Julius Caesar410I came,I saw,I conquered.Julius Caesar尤利乌斯尤利乌斯.凯撒凯撒Hadrians Wall 哈德良长城哈德良长城The Romans Contribution to BritainThe Romans Contribution to Britain1.The Romans brought“Christianity”to Britain and the language“Latin”.(hP2)2.The suffix“-caster”or“-chester”,in English place names,derives from“castra”,the Latin word for“camp”.(hP2)eg.Manchester,Rochester,Lancaster 3.They were marvelous at building roads.The roads were wide and straight.Even after 2000 ys,traces of these roads still remain in England and Wales.4.They made good use of Britains natural resources.They built baths,temples,and beautiful villas or large houses with heated floors,indoor plumbing水管设施水管设施,and beautiful mosaic floors.Why was the Roman influence so limited?1.They never settled in Britain in large numbers.They came to govern,to control,to trade,but not to settle.So they were too few to change the customs of the people.2.The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.(The true slave society was introduced into England.)The Romans and the Britons never intermarried during the 4 centuries.4.Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁-撒克逊人(449-8th)vvAnglesAngles盎格盎格盎格盎格鲁鲁鲁鲁人人人人,SaxonsSaxons撒克撒克撒克撒克逊逊人人人人,Jutes,Jutes朱特人朱特人朱特人朱特人,Germanic/Teutonic Germanic/Teutonic日耳曼日耳曼日耳曼日耳曼 people,came from Denmark people,came from Denmark and north Germany.(hp1,and north Germany.(hp1,P3)P3)vvThe people of the 3 tribes were loosely called The people of the 3 tribes were loosely called Anglo-Saxons,later English.Anglo-Saxons,later English.vvThey occupied England and formed the basis of the They occupied England and formed the basis of the modern English race.modern English race.vvThey drove Celts to Wales,Scotland,Ireland.They drove Celts to Wales,Scotland,Ireland.vvKing Arthur was one of the Celtic leaders fighting King Arthur was one of the Celtic leaders fighting against Germanic peoples(p4,5,P5;p1,2 P6)against Germanic peoples(p4,5,P5;p1,2 P6)vvLater the Anglo-Saxons formed 7 kingdoms,which Later the Anglo-Saxons formed 7 kingdoms,which is called Heptarchyis called Heptarchyhepthept:k:k 七王国七王国七王国七王国 4.Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁-撒克逊人(449-8th)ContributionsContributions1.1.The dialects spoken by Anglo-Saxons grew into a single language,Anglo-The dialects spoken by Anglo-Saxons grew into a single language,Anglo-Saxon,which is now called old English,the basis of modern English.Saxon,which is now called old English,the basis of modern English.2.2.English literature began with the Anglo-Saxons settlement in England.English literature began with the Anglo-Saxons settlement in England.The story,BeowulfbThe story,Beowulfb wulfwulf贝奥武夫贝奥武夫贝奥武夫贝奥武夫,was brought from their homeland.,was brought from their homeland.3.3.The Anglo-Saxons brought with them their own Teutonic religion.The Anglo-Saxons brought with them their own Teutonic religion.Among the Anglo-Saxon Gods were Tiu(Among the Anglo-Saxon Gods were Tiu(蒂乌蒂乌蒂乌蒂乌)(the god of war),)(the god of war),Woden(Woden(沃登沃登沃登沃登)(king of heaven),Thor()(king of heaven),Thor(托尔托尔托尔托尔)(the god of Storms),and Freya()(the god of Storms),and Freya(弗弗弗弗雷娅雷娅雷娅雷娅)(goddess of peace).)(goddess of peace).The names Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday and Friday derive from The names Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday and Friday derive from these gods.these gods.But later they were converted to Roman Christianity.St.Augustine But later they were converted to Roman Christianity.St.Augustine奥奥奥奥古斯汀古斯汀古斯汀古斯汀 was the first Archbishopwas the first Archbishop大主教大主教大主教大主教 of Canterburyof Canterbury坎特伯雷坎特伯雷坎特伯雷坎特伯雷.英语星期的由来vSunday：Sunday在古英文中的意思是在古英文中的意思是suns day(属于太阳的日子属于太阳的日子)。对基督徒而言对基督徒而言,星期日是安息日星期日是安息日,因为耶稣复活的日子是在星期日。约在公元三百年左右因为耶稣复活的日子是在星期日。约在公元三百年左右,欧洲教会和政府当局开始明订星期日为休息的日欧洲教会和政府当局开始明订星期日为休息的日子子,直到今日直到今日,世界上大多数的国家都以世界上大多数的国家都以Sunday为星期例假日。为星期例假日。vMonday：根据西方传说根据西方传说,Monday的意思是的意思是moon day(属于月亮的日子属于月亮的日子),因为西方人把这一天献给月之女因为西方人把这一天献给月之女神。古时候西方人相信神。古时候西方人相信,月的盈亏会影响农作物的生长月的盈亏会影响农作物的生长,也会影响医疗。此外也会影响医疗。此外,尚有所谓的尚有所谓的Blue Monday。Blue是忧郁的意思。星期一是一周工作的开始是忧郁的意思。星期一是一周工作的开始,没得玩了没得玩了,所以心情不好所以心情不好,不少国家将星期一当作不少国家将星期一当作 family washday(家庭洗濯日家庭洗濯日),那是由来已久的习俗。那是由来已久的习俗。vTuesday：Tuesday 是由古英文字是由古英文字Tiw演变来的。演变来的。Tiw是北欧神话里的战神是北欧神话里的战神,正如同罗马神话里的战神正如同罗马神话里的战神Mars一样。在北欧神话中不叫一样。在北欧神话中不叫Tiw而叫而叫Tyr。相传在他的那个时代。相传在他的那个时代,有一狼精经常出来扰乱世界有一狼精经常出来扰乱世界,为了制服为了制服狼精狼精,Tyr的一只手也被咬断了。的一只手也被咬断了。vWednesday：Wednesday在古英文中的意思是在古英文中的意思是Wodens day。Woden是北欧诸神之父。为制服狼精而是北欧诸神之父。为制服狼精而牺牲自己一只手的牺牲自己一只手的Tyr,就是他的儿子。就是他的儿子。Woden领导神族跟巨人族作战领导神族跟巨人族作战,他曾牺牲自己锐利的右眼他曾牺牲自己锐利的右眼,跟巨人跟巨人族换取智能的甘泉。他也曾深入地层族换取智能的甘泉。他也曾深入地层,从巨人族那里偷取诗的美酒。西方人为了追念这位主神从巨人族那里偷取诗的美酒。西方人为了追念这位主神,就就根据他的名字创造了根据他的名字创造了Wednesday这个字。这个字。vThursday：Thursday在古英文中意思是在古英文中意思是Thors day。Thor是北欧神话中的雷神是北欧神话中的雷神,经常带着一把大铁锤。经常带着一把大铁锤。相传有一次相传有一次,他的大铁锤被一位叫他的大铁锤被一位叫Thrym的巨人偷走了。的巨人偷走了。Thrym 扬言扬言,除非神族答应把美丽的爱神除非神族答应把美丽的爱神Freya嫁给他做为交换。然而嫁给他做为交换。然而Freya抵死不从抵死不从,于是神族想了一个办法于是神族想了一个办法,由由Thor男扮女装穿男扮女装穿Freya的衣服的衣服,假装嫁假装嫁给他给他,Thrym不疑有诈不疑有诈,把铁锤交给新娘。于是把铁锤交给新娘。于是Thor抢回了自己的武器抢回了自己的武器,也立即把也立即把Thrym 给杀了。给杀了。vFriday：Friday在古英文中意思是在古英文中意思是Friggs day。Frigg是北欧神话中主司婚姻和生育的女神是北欧神话中主司婚姻和生育的女神,也是也是Woden的妻子。相传她平日身披闪耀白长袍的妻子。相传她平日身披闪耀白长袍,住在水晶宫中住在水晶宫中,和侍女们一起编织五颜六色的彩云。和侍女们一起编织五颜六色的彩云。对于北欧人而对于北欧人而言言,星期五是幸运的日子。然而对基督徒来说却是相反的星期五是幸运的日子。然而对基督徒来说却是相反的,因为耶稣受难日正好是星期五。因为耶稣受难日正好是星期五。vSaturday：Saturday在古英文中的意思是在古英文中的意思是Saturns day。Saturn是罗马神话中的农神是罗马神话中的农神,掌管五谷掌管五谷,就像就像中国神话中的神农大帝一样。中国神话中的神农大帝一样。5.Vikings 5.Vikings 维京人维京人维京人维京人;北欧海盗北欧海盗北欧海盗北欧海盗 (8th1066)(8th1066)Viking raiders came from Scandinavia(斯堪的斯堪的纳维亚)countries of northern Europe,Norway,Denmark and Sweden in particular.(p3,P6)In the process of resisting the Vikings,the 7 Anglo-Saxons kingdoms in England gradually became united and Alfred the Great became the king in 871.(hp2,P3)Alfred defeated them through many great battles.But he thought it impossible to drive all of them out of England,so he made an agreement with Vikings in 878.The Vikings kept the north and east of England,known as the“Danelaw”丹法国丹法国;while Alfred ruled the rest.Alfred recaptured London from the Vikings in 886.After Alfred,the power constantly shifted between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes.5.Vikings 维京人维京人;北欧海盗北欧海盗(8th1066)In 1042,the Anglo-Saxon Edward became the penultimate king of England.As a pious Christian,he was called Edward the confessor.Westminster Abbey was founded in 1065.(hP4)In Jan,1066,Edward died without an heir.He recommended Harold,his brother-in-law,as his successor.This gave rise to great dispute.(hP4)Vikings invaded France and occupied the city of Paris in 845.They soon adopted the French language and customs.Their land took on the name Normandy and they themselves came to be called the Normans.(p4,P6)William,then Duke of Normandy,was Edwards cousin.When he heard the news that Harold became the king of England,he was very angry.He thought he had the royal blood,he should be the only successor as the king of England.So this led to the Norman Conquest.On Oct 14,1066,the two armies met near Hastings黑斯廷斯黑斯廷斯 in Southeastern England.At last,the Normans,armed with bows and arrows,defeated the Anglo-Saxons who fought with battle-axes.(hP14)On Christmas Day,1066,Duke William was crowned in Westminster Abbey.(hP15)In 1067,he built Tower of London.Significance of the Norman Conquest6.Normans诺曼第人诺曼第人(1066)Duke WilliamIt is the traditional place where English kings and queens are crowned.It is the traditional place where English kings and queens are crowned.It is also known for its Poets Comer,burial ground for famous English It is also known for its Poets Comer,burial ground for famous English poets with Chaucer(poets with Chaucer(The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales)as the first occupant.)as the first occupant.WESTMINSTER ABBEY西敏寺西敏寺The Tower of LondonThe Tower of London伦敦塔伦敦塔The Tower of London was started building originally in 1066 by King William to demonstrate his power&to dominate the city of London.He ordered this fort城堡城堡 to be a“symbol of his power,a fortress for his defense and a prison for his enemies”.Tower Bridge Tower Bridge 塔桥塔桥Tower Bridge,Tower Bridge,as an as an excellent piece of excellent piece of architecture,a busy highway architecture,a busy highway across the river Thames,across the river Thames,and a high-powered machine and a high-powered machine that can hoist up and allow that can hoist up and allow tall ships through,is also a tall ships through,is also a tourist attraction.tourist attraction.Significance of the Norman Conquest1.The Norman Conquest was the last invasion of England by foreigners.2.A few thousand Norman aristocracies began to rule over Anglo-Saxons.Robin Hood(Pa5,P6)The feudal system in England was completely established.3.French civilization imposed itself on the English people.The Normans continued to speak French for about 3 centuries.British history has been a history of invasion.British history has been a history of invasion.ContributionsContributionsStonehengeScottish and Irish race and cultureWelsh race and culture Latin alphabet and language;ChristianityEnglish race and languageSome peculiarities of dialect in North&East EnglandFinal unification of England;French civilizationInvadersInvadersIberiansCelts 1)Gaels 2)Britons 3)BelgaeRomansAnglo-SaxonsVikingsNormans The Stories Of EnglishThe Stories Of EnglishOld English:5th century to 1150,the language of Anglo-Saxons,Influenced by Old Norse,Latin and Greek words,Danish wordsMiddle English(1150-1550):loaned a lot from French Modern English(1550-)dialect of London Samuel Johnsons dictionarystandard form of spelling Renaissanceassimilated foreign words The Industrial Revolutionthe introduction of new words for new things and ideasStandard English:Queens English/BBC EnglishppIberiansIberians(-3,000 BC)(-3,000 BC)ppCeltsCelts(8th BC-1(8th BC-1stst)ppRomansRomans(43 410)(43 410)ppAnglo-SaxonsAnglo-Saxons(449-8th)(449-8th)ppVikingsVikings(8th1066)(8th1066)ppNormansNormans(1066-)(1066-)Origin of the English NationOrigin of the English NationHouse of Normandy House of Plantagenet/House of AnjouHouse of TudorHouse of StuartHouse of HanoverHouse of WinsorHouse of Anjou/Plantagenet(1154 1485)House of Anjou/Plantagenet(1154 1485)Henry IIHenry II 1154 1189 reform of the courts and laws;Thomas Becket Richard I Richard I 1189 1199 Lionheart John I John I 1199 1216 lackland;Magna Carta-Great CharterHenry III Henry III 1216 1272 Great Council-ParliamentEdward I Edward I 1272 1307 Wales;Braveheart Edward II Edward II 1307 1327 1st English Prince of WalesEdward IIIEdward III1327-1377Hundred Years War started(1337-1453)Black Death 1348-49Richard II Richard II 1377 1399 time of ChaucerHenry IV Henry IV 1399-1413 Henry V Henry V 1413-1422 Henry VI Henry VI 1422 1461 War of the Roses started(1455-85);England lost France Edward IV Edward IV 1461-1483 Edward V Edward V 1483 Richard III Richard III 1483-1485 House of Normandy(1066 1135)(hP25)House of Normandy(1066 1135)(hP25)William I 1066-1087 ConquerorWilliam II 1087-1100 Henry I 1100-1135 reunite England&NormandyStephen 1135-1154Lancaster Rose York RoseHenry II(hP33)pHe was the founder of the House of Anjou安茹安茹/Plantagenet金雀花王朝金雀花王朝 and established The Angevin nd3ivin Empire.pHe is best remembered for his reform of the courts and the laws.He established English circuit court巡回法庭巡回法庭(hp4,P33),introduced the jury system陪审团制度陪审团制度(hp5,P33),and expanded common law习惯法习惯法to cover all Englishmen(hp5,P34).pHe is also remembered for his quarrels with Thomas Becket.He wanted to reform not only the secular courts,but also the religious courts.So he appointed his chancellor and intimate friend Thomas Becket,to the highest church position in England,the Archbishop of Canterbury.However after Becket became archbishop,he was determined to uphold the rights and privileges of the church.So when Henry tried to change the religious law,Thomas Becket refused to agree.They quarreled for a long time.Later Becket was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral and buried there.Thomas Becket became revered as a holy person,and for centuries people traveled to visit his tomb.Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales T.S.Eliots(1888-1965)Murder in the Cathedral Murder in the Cathedral(hP34-5)pDuring his long reign,Henry II established an effective instrument of royal government that continued to function under the absent King Richard and the incompetent King John.(hP35)Plantagenet Magna Carta:Magna Carta:Great Charter Great Charter 大大大大宪宪章章章章lNo taxes should be made without the approval of the council(hp1,P50).lNo freeman should be arrested except by the law of the land(hp1,P50).vThe spirit of Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king,keeping them within the bounds of the law.The king was forced to observe the law.vIts regarded as the foundation of the British constitutionalism.On the 19th of June,1215,the king swore to observe the charters in Runnymede(伦尼米德伦尼米德)JohnJohn the lackland the lackland(1199 1216)(1199 1216)(p4,P37)(p4,P37)The Beginning of the English Parliament(hp7,P50)pOriginally,the Great Council议事会 consisted of a gathering of leading,wealthy barons(bp1,p37)and the senior clergy,who advised the king on major decisions of policy and taxation.pFrom 1236,the Great Council was widened to two houses,collectively called“Parliament”by Henry,that made him famous.-House of Lords:leading barons and senior clergy -House of Commons:representatives of communitiespThe Commons helped the King raise taxes and pass the laws,but in return they wanted an increasing say in what King was doing(p1,P38).Henry III(1216 1272)House of Tudor(1485 1603)House of Tudor(1485 1603)transitional stage from feudalism to capitalismHenry VII Henry VII 1485 1509 Renaissance started.War of the Roses ended with his marriage to Edward Vs sister.Henry VIII Henry VIII 1509 1547 Protestant Reformation-Church of EnglandEdward VI Edward VI 1547 1553Mary I Mary I 1553 1558 Bloody Mary Elizabeth I Elizabeth I 1558-1603 Golden Age House House of of StuartStuart斯图亚特王室斯图亚特王室斯图亚特王室斯图亚特王室(1603-1714)James I Jam