秘籍02-阅读理解-推理判断题(原卷版)(全国通用).docx

秘籍02 阅读理解-推理判断题

目录
高考预测
考查概率预测；难度预测；考向预测
应试秘籍
常考题型
解题技法分析
典例剖析
单题训练（文体分类）
篇章模考题训练
误区点拨
常见错点梳理
习题训练巩固
名校模拟
2023最新省市名校模拟真题
考点综合训练

高考预测

概率预测
☆☆☆☆☆
难度预测
☆☆☆☆
考向预测
①　 应用文的考查（同词复现；同义词替换；数字计算及单位换算）
②　 记叙文的考查（同义句的替换；主要是动词；形容词的替换）
③　 说明文的考查（同义句的替换；句式替换；主被动）

应试秘籍

阅读理解推理判断题可谓是阅读理解高频考点；且考查难度相对于主旨题而言比较容易；所以掌握此考点至关重要.
1．从考点频率看，超高频（必考点；15个阅读理解题；细节题占比3-5个）
2．从题型难度看，较易；基本几种在题型句式的替换方面

一：设题特点
记叙文类阅读理解
设题特点：
阅读理解以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，词义猜测题和主旨大意题为辅，属中等难度。
满分策略：
1．首先弄清记叙文的六要素和记叙的顺序，注意多个时间、地点、人物等。理清事件的起因、经过和结果(有时涉及细节排序题)。说明文的说明对象；议论文的中心论点
2．阅读题干， 定位关键词，查找相关信息。
3．根据原文相关信息，做出正确选择。
4．留意描写心理活动和文末议论时所用的形容词和副词(可能涉及观点态度题)。
解题技巧1　定位对比找答案
一定关键词——通过题干信息确定关键词，如与人物、事件、地点、时间等相关的名词或动词，
二查寻原文——在原文中查读关键词原词或其派生词、近义词或反义词，找相关句子
三细对比——比对选项和原文细节，确定答案
二：常见设问方式
①题干中含有infer (推断)、 suggest(建议)、 imply(暗示)、 conclude (推断)等动词。
②题干中含有表推测的情态动词can、 could、 might或表可能性的词，如probably、 most likely等。
③题干中没有明确的表推测的词语，但须根据某具体细节推断隐含信息。
④常见设问形式有：What can we infer/conclude from the passage ...? The author suggests that ...
三：选项特征
一、选项特征
1.正确选项设置一般有下列几个特征
(1)“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得；
(2)正确选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如only，never，all，absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often，usually，sometimes，some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。
2.下列情况不是答案
(1)主观想法或经验不是答案
如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，不是正确答案，因此要严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理，千万不要掺杂自己的主观想法或经验。
(2)简单重复原文不是答案
如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案。
(3)过度推理不是答案
这类干扰选项往往过于绝对化，有时会出现only，all，always等词语，所做出的结论不符合逻辑。
(4)渗入常识不是答案
按常识来讲是正确的，但不是根据文章中的事实或论据推断出来的结论。
综上可知，同学们要对设题选项有个基本的了解，结合题目认真解读作者陈述的观点和描述的事实，进行正确合乎逻辑地推论和甄别，做到“有理有据”，去伪存真，从而得出符合原文信息的最佳答案。

例1.In the 1750s the Swedish chemist Karl Scheele was the first person to find a way to produce phosphorus. He in fact discovered eight more chemical elements including chlorine , though he didn't get any praise for them. He was a very clever scientist, but his one failing was a curious habit of tasting a little of every substance he worked with. This risky practice finally caught up with him, and in 1786 he was found dead in his laboratory surrounded by a large number of dangerous chemicals, any of which might have been responsible for his death.
8：What do we know about Karl Scheele according to this text?
A. He was killed by tasting phosphorus.
B. He killed himself with some dangerous chemicals.
C. His habit of tasting chemicals might account for his death.
D. He got a large number of honors for discovering many chemical elements.

例2.How many times did you wash your hands or bathe yesterday?
Finding: Seniors, on average, bathe fewer than 3 days a week. And nearly 30% wash their hands only 4 times a day—half of the number doctors recommend.
6：Doctors suggest that people should wash their hands ________.
A. twice a day B. eight times a day C. four times a day D. three times a day
例3.Chinese scientists have created the world's first light-based quantum(量子) computer, called Jiuzhang, opening a new era of quantum computation. It's a breakthrough in the field after Google completed its quantum computer last year.
Compared with today's best supercomputers, Jiuzhang can calculate 100,000 billion times faster. For example, it takes Jiuzhang 200 seconds to perform Gaussian boson sampling(高斯玻色取样问题), an extremely challenging calculation, while the fastest classical supercomputer, Fugaku, would need about 600 million years to complete the same task.
2：What is the main purpose of the article?
A. To inform readers of a new invention.
B. To explain how quantum computers work.
C. To compare different supercomputers.
D To introduce the development of computers.

推理判断题是为了考查学生能否读懂文章中字里行间隐含的含义，能否以文章中所叙述的事实为依据，经过自己的思考和判断进行客观的推理，从而得出结论。因此，命题者常常设置一些干扰项，没读懂文章的学生很容易受其“迷惑”而“误入歧途”，掉入命题者精心设置的“陷阱”。

陷阱(一)　主观臆断　
选项没有基于原文进行推断，而是主观猜测想象或根据常识进行猜测

[典例]　(2022·全国甲卷)
Everywhere in Sydney these days，change and progress are the watchwords(口号)，and traditions are increasingly rare.Shirley Fitzgerald，the city's official historian，told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s，Sydney swept aside much of its past，including many of its finest buildings.“Sydney is confused about itself，”she said.“We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.It's a conflict that we aren't getting any better at resolving(解决)．”
34．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A．It is losing its traditions.
B．It should speed up its progress.
C．It should expand its population.
D．It is becoming more international.

陷阱(二)　逻辑颠倒　
某些选项颠倒原文逻辑，例如错误归因、倒置目的与手段等

[典例]　(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ)
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come.Since 1934，better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
30．What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A．The stamp price has gone down.
B．The migratory birds have flown away.
C．The hunters have stopped hunting.
D．The government has collected money.
陷阱(三)　过度推断或以偏慨全
有时作者仅简单、客观叙述事实，并未作出评论，而部分选项却扩大作者的叙述范围、进行过度推断；或者针对原文中某一句话进行推断，忽略了其他信息，造成以偏概全错误

[典例]　(2021·天津卷)
Things are connected.Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas.Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but，once you explore their depths，you discover that they are.My editor Toni，who is also a writer，has edited several history books.She has decided to study Chinese history.Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter，she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy.“I don't know where it will lead，but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit.”
54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?
A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B．In­depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
陷阱(四)　偷换概念
　某些选项的内容与原文句子结构、词汇使用高度相似，仅在不起眼处略微改动用词，或截取部分原文中出现过的关键词，但整体意思不符合原文主旨，此类选项干扰性较强

[典例]　(2021·全国乙卷)
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled.Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution，but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and，because of their small size and weight，they cannot be recycled.Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes.Once the drink is gone，the straw will take centuries to disappear.
29．Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A．To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B．To explain why they are useful.
C．To voice his views on modern art.
D．To find a substitute for them.

陷阱(五) 　背离主题　

[典例]　(2020·新高考卷Ⅱ)
Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before，but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.
“Success is success but that is all that it is，”Dr.Petroski writes，It is failure that brings improvement.
30．What does the last paragraph suggest?
A．Failure can lead to progress.
B．Success results in overconfidence.
C．Failure should be avoided.
D．Success comes from joint efforts.

1.。（2023·福建福州·福建省福州第一中学校考一模）An artist in Oakland, California is using his skills to help the homeless. Greg Kloehn builds very small shelters that make life on the streets a little more comfortable. The structures offer the homeless some safety and protection from bad weather. Each little house also has wheels on the bottom so it can go wherever its owner goes.
Greg Kloehn has given away at least 20 tiny houses. Several are on the roadside near an active railroad. On a recent day, Mr.Kloehn stops at one to visit Oscar Young. The two men hug. Inside his little shelter Mr.Young gets relief from cold nights on the streets. Mr.Kloehn also visits Sweet­Pea, another friend who also lives in one of the little homes the artist built. She says it keeps her safe and protects her belongings.
In the mornings, Mr. Kloehn searches the streets for building materials. He gathers what he can and takes it to his studio. There, he puts the houses together. Empty coffee bags become roof material. A washing machine door and refrigerator part become windows. Nails,screws and the sticky glue hold all the pieces together. The artist also attaches a small electrical device to the house. The device is powered by the sun.
Some of the people living on the streets once had normal houses of their own. But some of the people say they have learned to live with less and they are thankful to that man.
Mr.Kloehn says his work is not a social project. He says he is just someone using his skills to help his homeless neighbors.
1．The following are the advantages of the small shelters EXCEPT ________.
A．saving power and energy
B．protecting possessions of the homeless
C．decorating the streets where they are
D．keeping the homeless safe and comfortable
2．We can learn from the passage that ________.
A．Greg Kloehn has sold at least 20 tiny houses
B．an act of kindness has made people simple and grateful
C．the shelters are immovable
D．the government has got involved in the action
3．The passage is likely taken from ________.
A．an official report
B．an art review
C．a science magazine
D．a news report
4．What’s the main idea of the passage?
A．An artist creates homes for the homeless.
B．A more comfortable shelter on the streets.
C．A successful social project in Oakland.
D．An artist makes a living by designing small shelters.

2.（2023·全国·一模）On the way to his home the child turned many times and beat the dog,declaring with childish gestures that he held him in contempt(茂视）as an unimportant dog.the dog apologized for being this quality of animal and expressed regret in fine form,but he continued stealthily to follow the child.
When the child reached his door-step,the dog was a few yards behind,moving slowly toward him.He became so anxious with shame when ho again faced the child that he forgot the dragging rope . He tripped(绊倒） upon it and fell forward.
The child sat down on the step and the two had another interview. During it the dog greatly exerted himself to please the child. He performed a few playful jumps with such abandon(尽情地） that the child suddenly saw him to be a valuable thing. He made a swift,greedy charge(猛冲）and seized the rope.
He dragged his captive(俘虏） into a hall and up many long stairways in a dark building. The dog made willing efforts, but he could not walk very skillfully up the stairs because he was very small and soft,and at last the pace of the child grew so energetic that the dog became panic-stricken. In his mind he was being dragged toward somewhere unknown. His ayes grew wild with the terror of it. He began to wiggle his head wildly and to brace his legs.
The child redoubled his efforts.They had a battle on the stairs.The child was victorious because he was completely absorbed in his purpose,and because the dog was very small.He dragged his acquirement to the door of his home,and finally with victory across the doorway.
No family member was in.The child sat down on the floor and made overtures to(向....示好） the dog.These the dog instantly accepted.He smiled with affection upon his new friend.In a short time they were firm and abiding(矢志不渝的）comrades.
5．What might have happened before the first paragraph?
A．The child had wanted to own the dog for a long time.
B．The dog had been someone else' s pet but lost his way.
C．The child had been looking for the lost dog for a long time.
D．The dog had been driven out of home by the child's family.
6．What directly made the boy change his mind?
A．The dog's apology.
B．His first interview with the dog.
C．His pity on the dog.
D．The dog's pleasing performance.
7．What can we know from paragraph 4 and 5?
A．The boy was naughty.
B．The dog was foolish.
C．The boy was a devoted friend.
D．The dog was a faithful friend.
8．Which of the following best describe the change of the dog's feeling?
A．Frightened-relieved-anxious-happy.
B．Worried-angry-scared-delighted.
C．Guilty-anxious-nervous-pleased.
D．Angry-regretted-scared-puzzled.

3.（2023·天津·模拟预测）Let’s take a moment to consider the words of one of America’s most remarkable philosophers, Henry David Thoreau.
Thoreau spent the years 1845-1847 living on the outskirts of society in a small cabin in the woods by the side of Waldon Pond. He called this period of his life an experiment of intentional living and wrote this famous paragraph：
I went to the woods because I wished to live intentionally, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach，and not，when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow（精华）of life.
There is great wisdom in Thoreau’s purpose here, and I think it’s very useful to ask ourselves this question：What would our lives be like if we sucked all the marrow out of life?
If Thoreau’s quote sounds familiar, it may be from watching the film Dead Poets Society, a movie with deep wisdom. The film is about young men at a boarding school as they prepare to do good in the world because they have the privilege to bring about change. Their English teacher, played by Robin Williams, tries to convince them that they should live life well now instead of believing that they will find happiness after they reach certain goals. Part of his argument is conveyed by quoting this famous passage from Thoreau.
Sucking the marrow out of life sounds simple enough, but as a matter of fact, it may be the most difficult thing that we can ever do. But it actually is as simple as it. Sounds—though “simple” is not quite the same thing as “easy”. I can think of one barrier that often keeps us from living our best lives. What keeps us from getting the most out of life is our desire for approval and fame. In the process of always                looking for fame and glory, there is the danger that we will stop living. In order to seek approval from others, we fail to find a sense of approval within our own spirit.
When we become aware that we are missing so much out of life, we can decide that we want to make changes. Our best move is to start small. If we are having a meal, whether a great festival feast or a modest supper, it is always within our power to take it slowly and really feel, taste, and enjoy the food before us. Few of us can easily do like Henry David Thoreau and get away from it all in the wilderness. But we can make small changes every single day.
9．What wisdom is conveyed in Thoreau’s wo