2024届高中英语一轮复习(通用版)05-阅读理解之记叙文.docx

05 阅读理解之记叙文
记叙文的特征及相关试题应对分析
记叙文是以叙述为主要表达方式，以写人物的经历和事物发展变化为主要内容的一种文体。 记叙文是用来描述事物的文章.时间,人物,地点,起因,经过,结果是记叙文的6要素。记叙文写作，是把自己的亲身感受和经历，通过生动、形象的语言，描述给读者。 记叙文包括的范围很广，如记人记事：日记、游记、传说、新闻、通讯、小说等，都属于记叙文的范畴。记叙文写的是生活中的见闻，要表达出作者对于生活的真切感受。 总的说，以记叙和描写为主要表达方式的文章叫记叙文。 但记叙文写作,伴随自然流露的适当议论和抒情。 　
记叙文有广义与狭义之分。 广义的记叙文，包括记叙性的文学作品，如散文、小说等。 狭义的记叙文是指以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主，对社会生活中的人、事、景、物的情态变化和发展进行叙述和描写的一类文章，常见的如消息、通讯、特写、报告文学、游记、日记、参观记、回忆录，以及一部分书信等。正因为记叙文写的是生活中的见闻，所以一定要表达出作者对于生活的真切感受。
　　记叙文的特点就是以记叙为主要表达方式，综合其他表达方式；以写人、叙事、写景、状物为主要内容；通过描述人物、时间及状物、写景来表达一定的中心。
　 写作记叙文要做到一下几点：
　　第一，要交代明白。无论记人记事，还是写景状物，一般都要交代明白时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果，否则文章就不完整。
　　第二，线索清楚。虽然观察的角度、记述的方式可以不同，但每一篇文章都应当有一条关联材料、统贯全篇的中心线索，否则文章就会松散。
　　第三，人称要一致。无论用第一人称“我”记述，还是用第三人称“他”记述，都要通篇一贯，一般不宜随意转换，否则就容易造成混乱。
　　第四，时间，地点，人物，起因，经过，结果。
一、记叙文的分类
　　侧重写人的记叙文，以人物的外貌、语言、动作、心理描写为主。
　　侧重记事的记叙文，以叙述事情的发生、发展、经过和结果为重点。
　　侧重绘景的记叙文，以描绘景物、寄托情怀为主。
侧重状物的记叙文，以状物为主，借象征抒怀。
二、记叙文的特征
记叙文是记人叙事的文章，它主要是用于说明事件的时间、背景、起因、过程及结果，即我们通常所说的五个" W "( what, who, when, where, why )和一个" H "( how )。记叙文的重点在于"述说"和"描写"，因此一篇好的记叙文要叙述条理清楚，描写生动形象。
1. 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过"我"来传达给读者，使人读后感到真实可信，如身临其境。如：
The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it.
用第三人称叙述，优点在于叙述者不受"我"活动范围以内的人和事物的限制，而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者，直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前，文章的客观性很强。如：
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do? Then he had a good idea.
2. 动词的时态
在记叙文中，记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高，且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的，这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化，正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3. 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙，都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作，较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙，读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果，让所叙之事跌宕起伏，使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃，从而为文章所吸引，深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当，则容易弄巧成拙，使文章结构散乱，头绪不清，让读者不知所云。
4. 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如：
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to see. But what impressed me most was the sunrise.
The next morning I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red. In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing. The sun was very red, not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright.
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5. 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述，可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态，使记叙生动、有趣，使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果：
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking the door. I asked who it was but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it was the cat. I felt released.
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字，但经作者这么一写，就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式，没有人物语言，把"悬念"给冲淡了。可作如下调整：
I was in the kitchen cooking something. "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor. "Its you." I said, quite released.
三、记叙文的命题特点（以阅读理解为例）
从命题形式上看，常见的有细节理解、词义猜测、主旨大意、推理判断、作者意图等题型。除了推论或词义辨识题，记叙文命题的顺序一般都会按照文章的脉络和故事发展的顺序层层推进，否则就会觉得别扭，逻辑不通。同时，记叙文需要事件的发展过程作支撑，一半以上的题目都会用来检测考生对故事的了解，因此，我们必须弄明白整件事情的发展脉络。而其余像主旨大意、作者意图之类的题目，则取决于文章的落句，集中考查对作者所发的感触的理解。总之，细节题是记叙文命题的主流题型。而寓意之类的题则是高一层次的题，有一定的难度和区分度，它们是拉开距离的题，答对了这些题，你才有可能成功地跻身高分之列。综上所述，记叙文的应对策略即：不漏细节，奠定基础；把准寓意，方能成功。
记叙文常见的命题类型如下：
1.主旨大意题
文章主旨给出的四种形式:文首,文中,文尾,没有明确主旨,需总结。虽然作者表达主题思想的方式不同，但命题常用的提问方式有以下几种：
What’s the main idea/subject/topic of the passage?
The main idea of the passage is…
The passage is mainly about_____.
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
The best title for the passage is/ might be____.
The author’s main purpose of writing this passage is____.
做题要领：文章主旨通常会出现在文首,文中或文尾，因此寻找主题句或主题段往往是做好此类题的键。但当文中没有直接出现主题句，应对文章意思全面理解后归纳概括主旨，但不能太笼统即不切主题,言过其实或以偏概全。
2.细节理解题
这类题目是针对文章的具体事实和细节而出,因此通常能在文章中直接或间接地找到答案.此类要求查找重要事实和细节的试题通常以下列形式提出：
Which of the following statements is (not) true according to the passage?
Which of the following is (not) discussed/Mentioned in the passage?
According to the passage, what/where/
Which/who/why/when/how…?
All of the following are (not) true / mentioned / discussed except_________.
How does the author/writer feel about___?
3.词义／语义判断题
这类考题常见的提问方式有以下几种：
According to the author, the underlined word”…” means____.
From the passage, we can infer that the word”…”is___.
“…” can be best replaced by___.
What does the author probably mean by”…”?
By”…”, the author means that___
做此类题时，应在文中找线索或信息词。根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切意思。根据周围熟悉的词及语义判断新单词之意，有时还需依靠构词法。
4.推断题
以原文内容为前提,透过现象看本质即透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思。根据作者的观点理论客观地对文中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断，做出一定解释。
推断题的常见形式：
It can be inferred / concluded from the text that____.
From the text we know that ______.
　The passage implies that ______.
The paragraph following the passage will most probably discusses______.
解推断题的方法：解推断题最主要的方法是根据语义关系推断具体细节。
5. 观点态度题
回答这类问题应从篇章的体裁入手.一般来说,在说明文中作者的态度是客观的或中立的;在议论文中,作者的态度才会显得多种多样. 可以根据阐述主题或有关主题的相关语句或词语确定作者的态度。
常见的态度词语有:positive/support/approval(赞同的/optimisticcritical/negative/tolerant/disappointed/pessimistic(悲观的) /indifferent(冷淡的)/doubtfulNeutral(中立的）/objective(客观的）
这类考题常见的提问方式有以下几种:
What’s the author’s/writer’s attitude to…?
The author thinks/suggests/believes that___.
How does the author feel about…?
Which of the following will the author agree / disagree with?
Which of the following can best describe the author’s attitude towards…?
四、记叙文的解题技巧
记叙文讲述的是发生在当前或过去或将来事情的经过。简而言之，记叙文就是讲故事，包括人物或故事情节。常见的记叙文根据其用途可分为文学记叙文和说明记叙文：文学记叙文以虚构为主，如趣闻逸事、传说、寓言、传奇故事、短篇小说、科幻小说等；说明记叙文以事实为依据，包括历史、传记、新闻报道、日记等。无论哪一种记叙文作者都要交代何人何时何地为什么、怎么样、干了何事等等，这也就是我们常说的“5Ws and 1H”。这是我们在阅读记叙文时要首先了解的，接着按照线索弄清事情的来龙去脉，就能理解整个故事。
特别值得注意的是：记叙文的叙事顺序有顺叙和倒叙两种，有时候作者为了吸引读者会采用倒叙的方法，即不按照事情发展的先后顺序来叙述，而是从最重要、最能引人入胜的事件开始，然后再回过头来追叙故事的开端和经过。阅读时要学会从事情本身的发展去理解故事情节而不要只看事件在文中出现的先后位置。
另外，讲故事必定有其目的：或证明某一理论，或阐明某一概念，或赞美某种美德，或谴责某种罪恶等等。我们在阅读时要通过作者的重要细节描写联系故事情节去领会作者的意图，对作者重墨泼就的细节描写要重点关注。 概括起来一句话：读记叙文的关键是抓情节。 抓住了故事情节，就理解了文章的脉络，其他的就迎刃而解了。
要解答好记叙文阅读理解题，就应该有一套针对性强的方法和技巧。下面是我们在阅读教学中积累下来的一点心得体会，希望能对大家有所帮助。
1.关注细节
记叙文中有大量的事件发展过程中的细节，包括记叙文的5W（what, who, when, where, why）要素。因此我们作答细节题的时候，就没有那么复杂，一般只需要由前到后，从上到下，一题一题地做就可以了。
2.注重联系
在做题过程中，我们大都不能在文中找到与题干一字不差的词语或句子。这时我们需要认真研究问题，抓住题干中的关键词语，然后到文中准确地找到与之相关的语句，或是疑似语句的位置，接着去左顾，或右盼，在前句或后句寻找线索。
3.读懂表象
如前所述，主旨大意题或推理判断、作者意图题等实际上是同一类型的问题，或者说是可用同种方法解答的题型。在解答此类题目的时候，不可被题干的表象所迷惑，要像剥洋葱一样，一层一层地剥；在四个可选项中，一个一个地去证实，去排除。特别是解答推论或暗指类的题目，比如“What can be inferred from …?”或是What does the author imply in…?”之类的题目，文中所陈述的往往不是答案。我们要在文前文后去查找，在字里行间里去寻觅。有时还少不了借助自己的生活经验和常理来体会这言外之意。
4.挖掘意义
每年的高考阅读题中，特别是记叙文的阅读题，都会出现一至两道词义猜测题。而这些词汇往往是你素昧平生的，或者和你有点头之交，在文中却另有新意的，总之，猜的是那些在高考词汇表要求之外的词汇。小小的一个词，一个短语，考核的不是你的语法的熟练程度，也不是你的记忆力，而是你对文章通篇或者一个段落的整体把握和变通能力。
【典例示例】
Compassion is a desire within us to help others．With effort, we can translate compassion into action．An experience last weekend showed me this is true．I work part-time in a supermarket across from a building for the elderly．These old people are our main customers, and it’s not hard to lose patience over their slowness．But last Sunday, one aged gentleman appeared to teach me a valuable lesson．This untidy man walked up to my register(收款机) with a box of biscuits．He said he was out of cash(现金), had just moved into his room, and had nothing in his cupboards．He asked if we could let him have the food on trust．He promised to repay me the next day．
    I couldn’t help staring at him．I wondered what kind of person he had been ten or twenty years before, and what he would be like if luck had gone his way．I had a hurt in my heart for this kind of human soul, all alone in the world．I told him that I was sorry, but store rules didn’t allow me to do so．I felt stupid and unkind saying this, but I valued my job．
    Just then, another man, standing behind the first, spoke up．If anything, he looked more pitiable．“Charge it to me,” was all he said．
    What I had been feeling was pity．Pity is soft and safe and easy．Compassion, on the other hand, is caring in action．I thanked the second man but told him that was not allowed either．Then I reached into my pocket and paid for the biscuits myself．I reached into my pocket because these two men had reached into my heart and taught me compassion.
解析：故事采用顺叙的叙事方法，主要情节发展如下：One aged gentleman begged me to have the food on trust and promised to repay the next day.---- I told him the store rules didn’t allow me to do so.---- Another man wanted me to charge the food to him.----I paid for the biscuits myself. 作者用第一人称讲述自己亲身经历的这段故事，让人觉得亲切可信，同时也增强了文章的感染力。作者说自己通过这段故事学会了compassion（同情），事实上也是在号召读者多伸出同情之手，共建和谐社会。
名校资源学练
1
（2023·四川成都·成都七中校考模拟预测）I never imagined that someone telling me I looked skinny would anger me. And yet, I was made very angry when a colleague pinched (捏) my waist and screamed, “Rosa, you’ve lost weight. You look great!” The truth is that I was tired and not taking care of myself. I decided to start a proper weight-loss program.
The first to go would be road rage (路怒). I am in far less control of this weight than any other. Every time something gets in the way, I fly off the handle. I need to lose the road rage! No, no more speed. Instead, I now repeat the words, “I am not in a hurry.” This year, I will drive safely, allowing the “stupid” to happen all around me. From that, I hope to gain patience.
Next is guilt. When guilt drives my conscience to do better, it’s functional. But when it presents itself as an internal dialogue that goes nowhere, it’s useless. This year, I want to stop feeling guilty for not keeping a cleaner house, for spending time away from my children to be with friends, for not attending every party because I’d rather be at home, or for watching TV when I should be reading. My image and performance are not at the back of anyone else’s mind but my own. From this, I hope to gain freedom to be myself.
The last is fear. Fear has held me back. Fear of failure has prevented me from being a writer. Fear of embarrassment has prevented me from giving an opinion. Fear of being rejected has stopped me from aiming higher in my life. Fear of regret has led me into situations that made me uncomfortable. If I can lose any one of these fears, I stand to gain experience.
So, if I can lose the rage, shake off some guilt, and take fear off my plate, I stand to gain patience, freedom, and experience. Pound for pound I have not lost a thing but I will be much lighter. Next time, I hope my colleague looks me in the eye to see my glow instead of pinching part of me that has nothing to do with how great I really look.
1. What does the underlined part “fly off the handle” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Pick up speed. B. Drive off.
C. Desert the car. D. Lose control of anger.
2. What has made the author feel guilty before?
A. Attending too many parties.
B. Reading much with her children.
C. Wasting her time in watching TV.
D. Spending little time with her friends.
3. How has fear affected the author?
A. It has prevented her achieving her goals.
B. It has made situations complicated for her.
C. It has stopped her furthering her education.
D. It has made it difficult for her to make friends.
4. Which of the following may be the best title?
A. Stop Body Shaming B. Lighten You Mind
C. Watch Your Weight D. Avoid Body Contact
2
（2023·四川·棠湖中学校考模拟预测）TAMPA, Fla,—At USF, 21-year-old Alexander Mercier of Odessa, majored in mathematics and microbiology, which leads him to start important research that may make him the school’s first Rhodes Scholar.
“I would say I am stubborn,” explained Mercier, who could hear as early as Saturday if he gets the honor. He says the honor is due to more than just brains. Instead, it was determination that made him an accomplished pianist. He says his biggest natural talent was drawing and he also has a love of art. But it was math that attracted him and he wouldn’t let go. He was studying how math may help control the spread of diseases.
“I would sleep on the couch next to the computer,” he said. “I saw a gap in epidemiological (流行病学的) research in the study of how diseases spread. I didn’t know at the time that it would become one of the most important topics in the world.”
While his work is timely and important, there’s lots of competition. Eleven other finalists from this region of the country are also vying for the honor. They attend schools like MIT, Stanford and the University of Chicago.
Mercier owes it to his school that he can have as good a chance as any of the others and he feels that USF has prepared him well. If he doesn’t win the honor and get to study expense-free at Oxford, he says he’ll have many options. “I will continue to do the work that I enjoy and that I think will benefit people,” he said.
Some are surprised that USF hasn’t had a previous Rhodes Scholar. However, many schools haven’t had one. Only 32 are selected each year from across the nation. USF has only been in existence since 1956. By contrast, the first classes at Oxford were held in 1096.
5. Why did Mercier choose to major in mathematics and microbiology?
A. He saw its bright future. B. He has a passion for math.
C. He wants to win the honor. D. He is talented in this field.
6. Which expression can best replace the underlined phrase “vying for”?
A. Hunting for. B. Applying for.
C. Allowing for. D. Competing for.
7. What can we infer about Mercier?
A. He will study art at Oxford. B. He tries to become a pianist.
C. He is grateful to his school. D. He studies how diseases exist.
8. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. A senior could be USF’s first Rhodes Scholar.
B. 32 students are selected for Rhodes Scholar.
C. Math may help control the spread of diseases.
D. A senior found the most vital topics in the world.
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（2023·四川成都·川大附中校考模拟预测）My mother was never truly happy in Connecticut finding the winter bitter cold and the culture provincial (偏狭的). Though she grew up in New Jersey, she moved to San Francisco in her early twenties, met and married my dad out there. After I was born, they decided to return east, closer to their own parents. But she never let go of her love for the Bay Area.
California was always part of the conversation when I was a kid. I ate meals off a map-of-the-world placem