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APPENDIX A: AUDIOSCRIPTS
Unit One
Chapter 1
Anthropology:
The Evolution of Human Endeavor
Anthropology: The Study of Human Beings and Their Creations
oA. Orientation Listening Script
The Greek word for "man" is "anthropos" and the word anthropology
has been in the English language for centuries. But just what does the
word mean? Literally anthropology means "the study of man." How-
ever, as British philosopher Alfred North Whitehead noted, "It is a well-
founded historical generalization that the last thing to be discovered in
any science is what the science is really about." And as Paul Bohannan,
renowned anthropologist, pointed out a number of years ago, "Each
science that deals with people has its own definitions of human. An
Economist," he explains, "defines a human as a choice-making animal.
Philosophers define man as a rationalizing animal. . . ." Anthropology
attempts to be all-inclusive-the study of human behavior in all places
and throughout time. It specializes in the description of humanistic, sci-
entific, biological, historical, psychological, and social views of humans.
To paraphrase Barbara Miller's statement in her textbook, Cultural
Anthropology, the popular impression of anthropology is basedmainly
on movies and television shows that depict anthropologists as adven-
turers and heroes. Some do have adventures and discover treasures in
Egyptian tombs and elsewhere, but mostly, their work is less glam-
orous and involves repetitive and tedious activities. Until around the
middle of the nineteenth century, anthropology was a term used for all
humanists. My lecture today explains the fields and branches of
anthropology. We're going to begin by stating that anthropology is the
study of human behavior in all places and at all times.
Western civilization takes credit for the development of anthropol-
ogy, which, as a matter of fact, was a relatively late science. Earlier
Greek and Roman philosophers were more interested in speculating
about the ideal society rather than describing those known to them.
After the onset of the Age of Exploration, which included the
discovery of the Americas, as well as travel to other distant places, the
study of non-Western people began in earnest. In modern day, anthro-
pology is a recognized social science with two broad fields and several
branches or subfields.
The two broad fields are physical anthropology and cultural
anthropology. Let me give you a brief description of each. Physical
anthropology is concerned with the development of man as a mammal.
Related subjects are anatomy, biology, and paleontology. Physical an-
thropologists study the evolution of the human species. One way they
do this is by the comparative analysis of fossils-preserved remnants
132 APPENDIX Aof oncelliving creatures and living primates, which include human
beings or Homo sapiens. Common fossils are shells, bones, and molds
or imprints. These are found buried in the earth or permanently frozen
in glaciers. Living primates are analyzed in order to study the mechan-
ics of evolution and genetic differences among human populations.
Next let's talk about cultural anthropology. This field is the study
of learned behavior in human societies. Most cultural anthropologists
limit themselves to a few geographic areas, for example, Margaret
Mead in Samoa and New Guinea, and Clyde Kluckhohn with the
Navajo Indians in the Southwestern United States. I should mention
that Kluckbohn's work Mirror for Man is considered one of the best in-
troductions to anthropology. Cultural anthropology and the scientific
study of human culture will be discussed in more detail in our next
lecture. The subfields of cultural anthropology are archaeology, linguis-
tics, and ethnography.
Archaeology is the study of different cultures through material
sources rather than direct interviews or observations of the group
under study. One example of a famous archaeological site discovered
in the past century was King Tut's Tomb near Luxor, Egypt, in 1922.
Linguistics, as you probably know, is the study of language as com-
munication among humans. Culture is learned and transmitted
primarily through language.
Ethnography is the systematic description of human societies,
mostly based on firsthand fieldwork. Based on ethnographies, anthro-
pologists provide ethnologies or explanations of the behavior of differ-
ent peoples. A second subfield of ethnography is social anthropology.
Social anthropology is concerned with people as social beings. A
related subject is, of course, sociology.
Let me also mention briefly psychological anthropology, which
deals with human personality and feelings. These are greatly influ-
enced by an individual's biological and mental characteristics, as well
as physical surroundings and personal experiences. Related subjects are
psychology and psychiatry.
It is important to note that there are several universals common
among all societies; for example, the basic similarities in human biol-
ogy and the existence of two sexes. Another of these is education-
either formal or informal or both. Education is necessary to provide the
young with the skills and attitudes needed to carry on as adults.
So, you might ask, what are the practical applications for such a
broad field? The answer is that anthropology helps us plan the future and
helps us contribute to the solution of human problems. This newest area
of the study of man is applied anthropology. Formerly, anthropology was
limited to the academic field. Anthropologists were teachers or museum
curators. But for the past several decades large numbers of "anthro" grad-
uates have been employed in fields such as urban planning and adminis-
tration, health care, and international development. Most important is
that although anthropologists have taken up the task of documenting the
processes and changes of cultures past and present, they also provide the
necessary insights into where the human species is heading.
AUDIOSCRIPTS 133Chapter 1 Anthropology: The Study of Human Beings and Their Creations
oB. Listening and Notetaking Script
The Greek word for "man" is "anthropos" and the word anthropology
has been in the English language for centuries. But just what does the
word mean? Literally anthropology means "the study of man." How-
ever, as British philosopher Alfred NorthWhitehead noted, "It is a well-
founded historical generalization that the last thing to be discovered in
any science is what the science is really about." And as Paul Bohannan,
renowned anthropologist, pointed out a number of years ago, "Each
science that deals with people has its own definitions of human. An
Economist," he explains, "defines a human as a choice-making animal.
Philosophers define man as a rationalizing animal.. .." Anthropology at-
tempts to be all-inclusive-the study of human behavior in all places
and throughout time. Itspecializes in the description of humanistic, sci-
entific, biological, historical, psychological, and social views of humans.
Let's review some of the information you just heard to help you
with your notetaking. Check your notes and fill in any information
you didn 't have time to take down the first time you heard it. If you
didn't get a chance to write down all that you wanted to write
down, did you at least make some notations so that you could
review the notes later and complete the missing information. Let's
see. The lecturer began with the Greek word for man. Did you get
the spelling of anthropos! It's a-n-t-b-t-o-p-o-s. So what is the meaning
of anthropology! Literally, it is the study of man. What was the
name of the British philosopher! Did you get his full name! Alfred
North Whitehead. What was his message about science! He said the
last thing to be discovered in any science is what it is really about.
Is Paul Bohannan a physical or social anthropologist! You're correct
if you wrote social. Now let's return to the lecture.
To paraphrase Barbara Miller's statement in her textbook, Cultural
Anthropology, the popular impression of anthropology is based mainly
on movies and television shows that depict anthropologists as adven-
turers and heroes. Some do have adventures and discover treasures in
Egyptian tombs and elsewhere, but mostly, their work is less glam-
orous and involves repetitive and tedious activities. Until around the
middle of the nineteenth century, anthropology was a term used for all
humanists. My lecture today explains the fields and branches of
anthropology. We're going to begin by stating that anthropology is the
study of human behavior in all places and at all times.
Western civilization takes credit for the development of anthropol-
ogy, which, as a matter of fact, was a relatively late science. Earlier
Greek and Roman philosophers were more interested in speculating
about the ideal society rather than describing those known to them.
What year did Barbara Miller publish Cultural Anthropology?
Was it 1899 or 1999! According to her, what is the impression of
anthropology based on! How are anthropologists depicted! Prior to
134 APPENDIX Athe 1850s what was the term "anthropology" used for! What is the
lecturer's definition! Who takes credit for the development of an-
thropology! What were the ancient philosophers interested in! Is
this information in your notes! Now let's continue.
After the onset of the Age of Exploration, which included the dis -
covery of the Americas, as wcll as travel to other distant places, the
study of non-Western people began in earnest. In modern day, anthro-
pology is a recognized social science with two broad fields and several
branches or subfields.
The two broad fields are physical anthropology and cultural
anthropology. Let me give you a brief description of each. Physical
anthropology is concerned the development of man as a mammal.
Related subjects are anatomy, biology, and paleontology. Physical an-
thropologists study the evolution of the human species. One way they
do this is by the comparative analysis of fossils-preservcd remnants
of once-living creatures and living primates, which include human
beings or Homo sapiens. Common fossils are shells, bones, and molds
or imprints. These arc found buried in the earth or permanently frozen
in glaciers. Living primates are analyzed in order to study the mechan-
ics of evolution and genetic differences among human populations.
What was the period of travel and discovery ofnewplaces called!
Did you write down the phrase: the Age ofExploration! Do you have
the descriptions of the two main branches of anthropology! What are
the related subjects of physical anthropology! What are fossils! Did
you take down three kinds that were mentioned! What was another
word formolds! Where are fossils found! Check your notes.
Next let's talk about cultural anthropology. This field is the study of
learned behavior in human societies. Most cultural anthropologists limit
themselves to a few geographic areas, for example, Margaret Mead in
Samoa and New Guinea, and Clyde Kluckhohn with the Navajo Indians
in the Southwestern United States. I should mention that Kluckhohn's
work Mirror for Man is considered one of the best introductions to
anthropology. Cultural anthropology and the scientific study of human
culture will be discussed in more detail in our next lecture. The subfields
of cultural anthropology are archaeology, linguistics, and ethnography.
Archaeology is the study of different cultures through material
sources rather than direct interviews or observations of the group
under study. One example of a famous archaeological site discovered
in the past century was King Tut's Tomb near Luxor, Egypt, in 1922.
Linguistics, as you probably know, is the study of language as
communication among humans. Culture is learned and transmitted
primarily through language.
Ethnography is the systematic description of human societies,
mostly based on firsthand fieldwork. Based on ethnographies, anthro-
pologists provide ethnologies or explanations of the behavior of
different peoples. A second subfield of ethnography is social anthropol-
ogy. Social anthropology is concerned with people as social beings. A
related subject is, of course, sociology.
AUDIOSCRIPTS 135Unit One
Chapter 2
Let me also mention briefly psychological anthropology, which
deals with human personality and feelings. These are greatly influ-
enced by an individual's biological and mental characteristics, as well
as physical surroundings and personal experiences. Related subjects are
psychology and psychiatry.
There were a lot of details in this part of the lecture. Let 's back-
track a bit. Let me spell the last names of the two anthropologists
just mentioned. Margaret Mead-that 's M-e-a-d-and Clyde
Kluckhohn-K-l-u-c-k-h-o-h-n. Did you write down the three
subfields of cultural anthropology that the speaker mentioned!
They were archaeology, linguistics, and ethnography. To save time,
you can check the spelling later. Note the mention of psychologi-
cal anthropology. What is it concerned with! What are the related
subjects! Nowlet's see what the speaker talks about next.
It is important to note that there are several universals common
among all societies, for example, the basic similarities in human biol-
ogy and the existence of two sexes. Another of these is education-
either formal or informal or both. Education is necessary to provide the
young with the skills and attitudes needed to carry on as adults.
So, you might ask, what are the practical applications for such a
broad field? The answer is that anthropology helps us plan the future and
helps us contribute to the solution of human problems. This newest area
of the study of man is applied anthropology. Formerly, anthropology was
limited to the academic field. Anthropologists were teachers or museum
curators. But for the past several decades large numbers of "anthro" grad-
uates have been employed in fields such as urban planning and adminis-
tration, health care, and international development. Most important is
that although anthropologists have taken up the task of documenting the
processes and changes of cultures past and present, they also provide the
necessary insights into where the human species is heading.
What were the universals mentioned! What are the practical
applications of the field! Where did we mostly find cultural
anthropologists in the past! Did you take down all the job areas
mentioned! What were they! Right-urban planning, health care,
and international development. Finally, according to the lecturer,
what valuable insight does the anthropologist provide!
Anthropology:
The Evolution of Human Endeavor
The Concept of Culture: Understanding One Another
QA. Orientation Listening Script
Let me begin the lecture today by asking, "
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