高考英语作文句型短语及构词法.doc

英语词汇构词法之：派生法英语构词法中在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀，从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的方法叫作派生法。1.前缀除少数英语前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；英语后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un- anti-, (反对；抵抗), sub- (下面的；次；小),等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：agree同意disagree不同意 legal法律的，合法的illegal 非法的fair公平的unfair不公平的 possible可能的impossible不可能的dependent依靠的independent独立的，不依靠的regular规则的，定期的irregular不规则的，不定期的understand理解misunderstand误解alcoholic含酒精的nonalcoholic不含酒精的important重要的 unimportant不重要的 lock锁anti-lock防抱死的 way道路subway 地铁(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), , tele- (强调距离)等。例如：asleep睡着的automatic自动的，自动化的co-worker 同事，帮手cooperate 合作enlarge 使变大internet 互联网rewrite 重写telegraph电报2.后缀给单词加后缀也是英语构词的一种重要方法。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。下面仅作简单介绍。(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ian (精通的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如：differ不同于difference区别write写writer作家visit参观visitor参观者,游客China中国Chinese中国人act表演actress女演员music音乐musician音乐家science科学scientist科学家agree同意agreement同意,一致 ,协议happy幸福的，快乐的happiness幸福，快乐compete比赛，竞争competition比赛，竞争(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使化)，-ize (使成为)。例如：widewiden加宽beautybeautify美化purepurify提纯realrealize意识到organorganize组织sharpsharpen使变锋利(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如：nature自然natural自然的reason道理reasonable有道理的America美国American美国的gold金子golden金的east东eastern东方的China中国Chinese中国人的awe畏惧的，敬畏的awful惊人的，畏惧的，敬畏的,极坏的logic逻辑;逻辑学logical逻辑的;逻辑学的child孩子childish孩子气的act行动，活动active在活动中的,活跃的, 积极的hope希望hopeless无望的continue继续continuous连续的，不断的awe畏惧的，敬畏的awesome惊人的,令人敬畏的snow雪snowy雪的(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如：angry生气的angrily生气地to到towards朝，向east东方eastward向东(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如：six六sixteen十六sixteenth第十六four四forty四十fortieth第四十英语写作基本句型和结构一、开头的句型1.Its no wonder/a pity that.2.Its adj. for(of) sb.to do sth.3.Its important/necessary/urgent/approriate/essential/natural/adj. that从句多用虚拟语气(should)do4.Its said/reported/believed/supposed/expected/thought/hoped that从句 =Sb./Sth. be said to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done.5.It/This/That is/was the first/second/third time that have/has/had done sth.6.Its no use/no good/no need/ nojoking/useless/hard/ a waste of/fun/pleasure/worthwhile doing sth.7.It takes sb. some time/money to do sth.8.It occurs to sb. that从句=Sth. Strikes/hits/comes to sb./comes into ones mind that=Sb. comes up with9.Its (high/about) time thatshould do/did10.It is/wasthat(强调句型)，强调谓语动词时用do/does/did + 动词原形11.It cant denied that12.It is/was stressed that13.It is universally acknowledged that14.It is likely/liable that=The chances are (that) 15.It is/has beensince16.It seems(looks) as if/thoughdo/did/were17.When it comes to,18.I would appreciate it if二、There be句型1.There is no need to do something.2.There is no point/sense (in) doing sth.3.There is something wrong with4.There is no doubt/possibility that5.There will/must/can/might/may/should/ought to/is going to/seems to /used to be6.There is no possibility to do sth/that.三、其它句型1.so/suchthat2.asas, not as/soas3.notbut,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,as well as,along with,together with4.As is shown/illustrated/can be seen in the picture,5.I cant agree more with6.The reason (why) is that7. As far as Im concerned,8.I firmly believe that9.I hold the belief that10.I come up with the idea that11.Despite the fact that12.Only + 状语（从句）在句首，主句部分倒装13.as 引导让步状语从句部分倒装，即表语（单数名词前零冠词）/状语/动词原形 as 主语+其它，14.祈使句/名词短语 and/or/or else + 句子 （相当于一个条件状语从句）15.虚拟语气句型：Were/Should/Had, would do/would have done If onlydid/had done! May you do! would rather/prefer(that) did/ urge(催促，敦促)that(should) do16.never/not be too/enough,so/suchthat,tooto,(not so)asas,notbut,not only（位于句首时部分倒装）but also,eitheror,neithernor17.感叹句和谚语18.各种从句:定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句）。19.各种时态下的被动语态20.非谓语动词(动名词，分词和不定式)短语21.with复合结构和独立主格结构四、英语写作常用连接词和短语1.表示递进;在同一话题上补充内容 另外，还有：whats more; besides;also; moreover; in addition2. 表示转折关系 但是， 然而， 相反：but; however; yet; instead; on the other hand; on the contrary.3. 表示因果关系 因为，因此，所以: since; as; because (of ); so; thus; therefore; as a result; 4. 表示条件关系 如果，只要: if ;on condition ( that ); as long as 除非: unless 否则: or else5. 表示时间关系 当 的时候 : when ; while 在之后: after 在之前: before 直到: until 直到才: notuntil 一就 : as soon as 后来， 然后: later; afterwards 不久: soon 近来: lately; recently 自从 :since 从那时起: from then on6. 表示特定的顺序关系 首先:firstly 最主要的: above all其次: secondly 然后: then; next 最后: finally; in the end7. 换一种方法表述 换句话说: in other words;that is to say; 8. 进行举例说明 例如，比如: for instance; for example; like; such as that is to say, namely, actually, and so on, believe it or not, to tell you the truth, for this reason 9. 用于陈述事实 实际上: in fact; actually; as a matter of fact跟你说实话 : to tell you the truth10. 对一个话题进行总结总而言之，总的来说: on the whole; in short; all in all; in general; in a word, finally, in conclusion, generally speaking, as you know, in the end ,11.其它常用到的副词 therefore ; otherwise ; finally ; furthermore ;Thus ; namely ; although ; afterwards ; personally12.表示结果：thus, therefore, so, as a result, seeing that, luckily, unfortunately 13. 表示强调： above all, indeed, surely, certainly, of course, after all, without any delay, at least, at most , most important, undoubtedly