第一章-山西省财政税务专科学校.docx

Chapter 1 International Trade Terms
国际贸易术语
〖教学目的与要求〗
通过本篇的学习，使学生了解贸易术语及国际贸易惯例的概念、性质，掌握各种贸易术语的具体内容及应用。通过学习，学生必须深刻领会各种贸易术语的含义以及使用各术语时应注意的问题。
〖考核要点〗
国际贸易术语的概念；
13个贸易术语；
〖教学内容〗
案例引入：
某进出口公司以CIF条件出口一批货物，卖方按时将货物装船，并且制备了所需的各项单据，不料船舶离港数小时后触礁沉没，第二天卖方凭符合规定的全套货运单据要求买方付款时，买方以货物已经灭失为理由，拒绝接受单据并拒绝付款。请说明买方的做法是否合理，并阐明理由。
Unit1 Trade terms and International Trade Usages
第一节   贸易术语和国际贸易惯例
ⅠThe definition of Trade Terms:
The trade terms refer to using a brief English concept or abbreviation to indicate the formation of the unit price and determine the responsibilities, expenses and risks borne by two parties as well as the time of the passing of the property in the goods.
贸易术语（Trade Terms）是在国际贸易的长期实践中产生、用来规范国际贸易行为的。它用简略的文字或英文缩写来表示，用以表示商品的价格构成以及商品在交接过程中有关风险、责任和费用的划分。
例如：Free On Board 或货运港船上交货，用英文缩写表示为：FOB价。
买卖双方在洽谈过程中所采用的贸易术语不同，价格构成不同，买卖双方各自承担的风险、责任和费用也不相同。
ⅡInternational Trade Usages
There are three influential international trade practices.
1. Warsaw-----Oxford Rules 1932
国际法协会制定的《1932年华沙—牛津规则》
It is mainly used to indicate the nature and characteristics of the CIF contract and also to stipulate the responsibilities of the two parties under CIF terms.
2. Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions
美国商会等商业团体制定的《1941美国对外贸易修订本》
It defines six trade terms, i.e., Ex-point of origin, FOB, FAS, C&F, CIF AND Ex-Dock. Except Ex-point of origin and Ex-dock, the other four trade terms are explained quite differently from those in INCOTERMS. These trade terms are often adopted in the United States of America, Canada and some other countries in America.
3. International Rules For the Interpretation of Trade Terms
国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则》
The purpose of INCOTERMS is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such term in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.
INCOTERMS2000 are worked out on the basis of INCOTERMS1990 and came into effect on January1,2000. FCA、FAS and DEQ in INCOTERMS2000 are different from those in INCOTERMS1990
《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》是由国际商会制定的，国际商会是世界上最重要的民间贸易组织，一直在国际贸易法不断更新的进程中发挥着重要的作用。INCOTERMS便是其中最主要的成果之一。
国际商会于1999年9月13日正式公布了贸易术语的千年版——《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERMS 2000）。INCOTERMS 2000于2000年1月1日正式生效，并取代了自1990年以来实施的INCOERRMS 1990。
Unit2 The Trade Terms of the group E、F、C in INCOTERM2000
第二节 2000通则中E、F、C组中的贸易术语
ⅠThe trade terms of group E   （E组中的贸易术语）
EXW  Ex Works （…named place） 工厂指定地点交货
It means that the seller’s only responsibility is to make the goods available for loading the goods onto the vehicle provided by the buyer, unless otherwise agreed. The buyer bears the full cost and risks involved in carrying the goods from there to the desired destination. EXW thus represents the minimum obligation undertaken by the seller.
“工厂交货（……指定地点）”是指当卖方在其所在地或其他指定的地点（如工场、工厂或仓库）将货物交给买方处置时，即完成交货，卖方不办理出口清关手续或将货物装上任何运输工具。该术语是卖方承当责任最小的术语。买方必须承当在卖方所在地受领货物的全部费用和风险。但是，若双方希望在起运时卖方负责装载货物并承当装载货物的全部费用和风险时，则须在销售合同中明确写明。在买方不能直接或间接的办理出口手续时，不应使用该术语，而应使用FCA，如果卖方同意装载货物并承当费用和风险的话。
ⅡThe trade terms of group F （F组贸易术语）
⒈FOB, Free on Board （…Named port of Shipment）
 It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver the goods when they have passed over the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all expenses and risks of or damage to the goods from that point.
FOB全称为Free On Board（…named port of shipment）中文意思为：装运港船上交货（……指定装运港）
“船上交货（……指定装运港）”是当货物在指定的装运港越过船舷，卖方即完成交货。这意味着买方必须从该点起承当货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。FOB术语要求卖方办理货物出口清关手续。
该术语仅适用于海运或内河运输。如当事各方无意越过船舷交货，则应使用FCA术语。
⒉FCA, Free carrier （…Named place）
It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the seller’s assistance is required in making the contract with the carrier, the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.
“货交承运人（……指定地点）”是指卖方只要将货物在指定的地点交给买方指定的承运人，并办理了出口清关手续，即完成交货。需要说明的是，交货地点的选择对于在该地点装货和卸货的义务会产生影响。若卖方在其所在地交货，则卖方应负责装货，若卖方在任何其他地点交货，卖方不负责卸货。 该术语可用于各种运输方式，包括多式联运。“承运人”指任何人在运输合同中，承诺通过铁路、公路、空运、海运、内河运输或上述运输的联合方式履行运输或由他人履行运输。若买方指定承运人以外的人领取货物，则当卖方将货物交给此人时，即视为已履行了交货义务。
⒊FAS, Free alongside ship （…Named port of shipment） 指定装运港船边交货
It means that the seller’s obligations are fulfilled when the goods have been placed alongside the vessel on the quay or in lighters. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of, losses of or damage to the goods from that moment. It should be noted that, unlike FOB, the present terms require the buyer to clear the goods for export.
“船边交货（……指定装运港）”是指卖方在指定的装运港将货物交到船边，即完成交货。买方必须承担自那时起货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。FAS术语要求卖方办理出口清关手续。
这一点与以前版本的内容相反，以前版本要求买方安排办理出口手续。但是，如当事方希望买方办理出口手续，需要在销售合同中明确写明。该术语仅适用于海运或内河运输。
ⅢThe trade terms of group C （C组中的贸易术语）
⒈CFR，Cost and Freight （…named port of destination）  成本加运费（…指定目的港）
 It means that the seller shall undertake the cost and freight necessary to carry the goods to the named port of destination, but the risks of, losses of, or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, are transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the port of shipment.
“成本加运费（……指定目的港）”，是指在装运港货物越过船舷卖方即完成交货，卖方必须支付将货物运至指定的目的港所需的运费和费用。但交货后货物灭失或损坏的风险，以及由于各种事件造成的任何额外费用，即由卖方转移到买方。CFR术语要求卖方办理出口清关手续。该术语仅适用于海运或内河运输。如当事各方无意越过船舷交货，则应使用CPT术语。
⒉CIF, Cost Insurance and Freight（…Named port of destination）成本加保险费、运费（…指定目的港）
It means that the seller has the obligation to procure marine insurance against the risks of, losses of, or damage to the goods during the carriage
“成本、保险费加运费”是指在装运港当货物越过船舷时卖方即完成交货。卖方必须支付将货物运至指定的目的港所需的运费和费用，但交货后货物灭失或损坏的风险及由于各种事件造成的任何额外费用即由卖方转移到买方。但是，在CIF条件下，卖方还必须办理买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险的海运保险。因此，由卖方订立保险合同并支付保险费。买方应注意到，CIF术语只要求卖方投保最低限度的保险险别。如买方需要更高的保险险别，则需要与卖方明确地达成协议，或者自行作出额外的保险安排。　CIF术语要求卖方办理货物出口清关手续。该术语仅适用于海运和内河运输。若当事方无意越过船舷交货则应使用CIP术语。
⒊CPT, Carriage paid to （…named place of destination） 运费付至（…指定目的地）
It means that the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination, the risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier.
“运费付至（……指定地点）”是指卖方向其指定的承运人交货，但卖方还必须支付将货物运至目的地的运费。亦即买方承担交货之后一切风险和其他费用。“承运人”是指任何人，在运输合同中，承诺通过铁路、公路、空运、海运、内河运输或上述运输的联合方式履行运输或由他人履行运输。如果还使用接运的承运人将货物运至约定目的地，则风险自货物交给第一承运人时转移。CPT术语要求卖方办理出口清关手续。该术语可适用于各种运输方式，包括多式联运。
⒋CIP, Carriage and insurance paid to （…named place of destination） 运费保险费付至（…指定目的地）
It means that the seller has the same obligations as under CPT but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo insurance against the buyer’s risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.
“运费和保险费付至（……指定目的地）”是指卖方向其指定的承运人交货，但卖方还必须支付将货物运至目的地的运费，亦即买方承担卖方交货之后的一切风险和额外费用。但是，按照CIP术语，卖方还必须办理买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险的保险。因此，由卖方订立保险合同并支付保险费。买方应注意到，CIP术语只要求卖方投保最低限度的保险险别。如买方需要更高的保险险别，则需要与卖方明确地达成协议，或者自行作出额外的保险安排。“承运人”指任何人在运输合同中，承诺通过铁路、公路、空运、海运、内河运输或上述运输的联合方式履行运输或由他人履行运输。如果还使用接运的承运人将货物运至约定目的地，则风险自货物交给第一承运人时转移。CIP术语要求卖方办理出口清关手续。该术语可适用于各种运输方式，包括多式联运。
Unit3  The Trade Terms of the group D in INCOTERM2000
第三节 D组贸易术语
⒈DAF, Delivered At Frontier （…named place） 边境交货（…指定地点）
It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available, cleared for export, at the named point of place at the frontier, but before the customs border of the country named in the sales contract.
“边境交货（……指定地点）”是指当卖方在边境的指定的地点和具体交货点，在毗邻国家海关边界前，将仍处于交货的运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交给买方处置，办妥货物出口清关手续但尚未办理进口清关手续时，即完成交货。“边境”一词可用于任何边境，包括出口国边境。因而，用指定地点和具体交货点准确界定所指边境，这是极为重要的。
但是，如当事各方面希望卖方负责从交货运输工具上卸货并承担卸货的风险和费用，则应在销售合同中明确写明。
该术语可用于陆地边界交货的各种运输方式，当在目的港船上或码头交货时，应DES或DEQ术语。
⒉DES, Delivered Ex Ship（…named port of destination） 船上交货（…指定目的港）
It means that the seller shall make the goods available to the buyer on board the ship at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved in bringing the goods there.
“目的港船上交货（……指定目的港）”是指在指定的目的港，货物在船上交给买方处置，但不办理货物进口清关手续，卖方即完成交货。卖方必须承担货物运至指定的目的港卸货前的一切风险和费用。如果当事各方希望卖方负担卸货的风险和费用，则应使用DEQ术语。只有当货物经由海运或内河运输或多式联运在目的港船上货时，才能使用该术语。
⒊DEQ, Delivered ex quay（…names port of destination） 码头交货（…指定目的港）
It means that the seller makes the goods available to the buyer on the quay at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved on bringing the goods there.
“目的港码头交货”是指卖方在指定的目的港码头将货物交给买方处置，不办理进口清关手续，即完成交货。卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的港并卸至码头的一切风险和费用。
　　DEQ术语要求买方办理进口清关手续并在进口时支付一切办理海关手续的费用、关税、税款和其他费用。这和以前版本相反，以前版本要求卖方办理进口清关手续。
如果当事方希望卖方负担全部或部分进口时交纳的费用，则应在销售合同中明确写明。只有当货物经由海运、内河运输或多式联运且在目的港码头卸货时，才能使用该术语。但是，如果当事方希望卖方负担将货物从码头运至港口以内或以外的其他点（仓库、终点站、运输站等）的义务时，则应使用DDU或DDP术语
⒋DDU, Delivered Duty Unpaid （…named place of destination）
未完税交货（…指定目的地）
It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods there, as well as the cost and risk of carrying out customs formalities for export. The buyer has to pay any additional costs and bear any risks caused by his failure to clear the goods for import in time.
“未完税交货（……指定目的地）”是指卖方在指定的目的地将货物交给买方处置，不办理进口手续，也不从交货的运输工具上将货物卸下，即完成交货。卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的地的一切风险和费用，不包括在需要办理海关手续时在目的地国进口应交纳的任何“税费”（包括办理海关手续的责任和风险，以及交纳手续费、关税、税款和其他费用）。买方必须承担此项“税费”和因其未能及时输货物进口清关手续而引起的费用和风险。
但是，如果双方希望卖方办理海关手续并承担由此发生的费用和风险，以及在货物进口时应支付的一此费用，则应在销售合同中明确写明。
　　该术语适用于各种运输方式，但当货物在目的港船上或码头交货时，应使用DES或DEQ术语
⒌DDP，Delivered Duty Paid（…named place of destination）
完税后交货（…指定目的地）
It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the risks and costs including duties, taxes and other charges for delivering the goods, clearing for importation. It represents the maximum obligation borne by the seller.
“完税后交货（……指定目的地）”是指卖方在指定的目的地，办理完进口清关手续，将在交货运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交与买方，完成交货。卖方必须承担将货物运至指定的目的地的一切风险和费用，包括在需要办理海关手续时在目的地应交纳的任何“税费”（包括办理海关手续的责任和风险，以及交纳手续费、关税、税款和其他费用）。
EXW术语下卖方承担最小责任，而DDP术语下卖方承担最大责任。
若卖方不能直接或间接地取得进口许可证，则不应使用此术语。
Unit4  The variation of the trade terms
第四节 贸易术语的变形
ⅠThe variation of FOB trade term: （FOB贸易术语的变形）
In order to indicate who shall bear the loading expenses, the most commonly used variation of FOB are: 
1.FOB liner terms, which mean that the loading expense is borne by the party who pays the freight, i.e., the buyer, just as the goods are transported by the liner.
2.FOB under tackle, which means that the seller deliver the goods to the place which may be reached by the tackle. The buyer shall bear the loading expense from the time the goods are slung up.
3.FOB stowed, which means that the seller shall be responsible for loading the goods into the hold and bear the loading expense, including the stowing expense.
4.FOB trimmed, which means that the seller shall be responsible for loading the goods into the holder and bear the loading expense, including the trimming expense.
ⅡThe variation of CFR trade term:（CFR贸易术语的变形）
In order to indicate the bearer of unloading expenses, we may also adopt variations of CFR:
1.CFR Liner Terms, which mean that the unloading expenses are borne by the party who pays freight, i.e., the seller. 
2.CFR Landed, which means that the buyer shall bear the expense for unloading the goods from the ship onto the dock at the port of destination.
3.CFR Ex ship’s hold, which means that the buyer shall bear the expenses for slinging up the goods from the hold to the dock.
4.CFR Ex tackle, which means that the seller delivers the goods to the place which may be reached by the tackle.
ⅢThe variation of CIF trade term（CIF贸易术语的变形）
1.CIF Liner Terms
2.CIF Landed
3.CIF Ex Tackle
4.CIF Ex Ship’s Hold
〖案例解析〗
买方的做法是错误的，他无权拒收单据，拒付货款。理由如下：
（1）CIF是象征性交货，是单据买卖，卖方凭单交货，买方凭单付款。在本案例中，卖方已将货物如期装船，并提交了约定的各项单据，即算完成交货义务。
（2）按CIF条件成交，货物在越过装运港船舷时风险即转移给买方。货物是否能安全抵达目的港，此风险应由买方来承担，而与买方无关。
（3）CIF条件下，卖方保险属于代办性质，货物在运输过程中如发生损坏或灭失，买方应该先向卖方付款，然后自行向保险公司索赔。