信号词二次.doc

发现文章中的信号词
一篇阅读文章的主体是实词（ 名词、动词、形容词等 ）， 但一些表面上不起眼的虚词却往往成为答案的信号， 我们称之为“ 信号词 ”， 并建议考生给予他们特别的关注。
一、 转折信号词
转折信号词的作用是否定前项肯定后项，使前后两句话的方向或意思相反。表示转折关系的信号词有：but ,yet, however, whereas, while/whilst, in fact, on the contrary, conversely, on the other hand 等
e.g. 1. The Aborigines made no use of Leptpspermum or Dodonaea as food plants, yet the early settlers found that one could be used as a substitute for tea and the other for hops.
2. From the mid-1960s when the Green revolution began, Asian food production doubled through a combination of high-yielding crops, expanded farming area and greater intensification. However, a mysterious threat is emerging in the noticeably declining yields of rice
3. Whereas her country has plenty of oil, ours has none.
4. Some people think that changes can be exciting, thrilling and adventuresome. On the other hand, changes can also bring about life-threatening disasters.

二、 让步信号词
让步信号词的作用与转折信号词相同，让前后两句话的方向或意思相反。让步信号词有：though, although, while, albeit, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, nonetheless even though

While ducks offer many advantages over hens, the former must be given greater quantity of food.
1. While some students are able to supplement their funds with money from part-time and / or vacation work, such work is not always regular even when available
2. Despite the importance of tomorrow’s test. Hans still decided to begin to study next morning.
3. This year’s fall in profits was not unexpected. Nevertheless, it is very disappointing.

三、 并列信号词
阅读中碰到复杂的大并列时， 先看连词后面的内容。如果连词后面是动词，回上文找并列的动词；如果是形容词，就回上文找形容词性的并列成分，包括－ing 现在分词和-ed 过去分词。表示并列关系的信号词有：and, or, as well as, rather than, too , also , as well,
四、 比较信号词
比较分为类比和对比两种。做题是要理解比较的双方（ 谁同谁比较 ）、比较点（ 比较什么）、 和比较的方向（结果怎么样）
类比―――比较相同点 as…as like, similar, parallel, the same as, have similarity with/ similarly,

Like his father President Bush is a republican.
Scribner and Cole regard classroom learning as parallel to learning in daily life.

对比―――比较不同点，信号词有 more than, unlike, on the other hand, in contrast with, by contrary, in contrast,

Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable.
In contrast with your belief that we will fail, I am confident we will succeed.
另外，还可通过时间或地点的差异造成强对比。
Between 11 and 15 million salmon once spawned in the Columbia river system. Now there are only 3 million.
As a general rule, international students should expect to spend at least as much on monthly living expenses during the summer as they do during the academic year.
五，举例信号词
举例信号词是对上文的解释说明， 信号此前厚的内容意思相同。 For example, for instance, like, such as i.e. e.g. and so on; and so forth;

In general, those Aborigines living in the dry inland areas were largely dependent for their vegetable foods on seed such as those of grasses, acacias and eucalypts.
五、 因果信号词
大因果――表示原因或结果的成分都是句子的，
Because， in that, as, since
Seeing that for

The death rate has already declined to 4%, for the reason is that the health care system is improved greatly.

I am in a slightly awkward position, in that my secretary is on holiday at the moment.

So ,so that, therefore, thus hence, as a result, consequently; as a consequence, thereby

In a five-year period between 1983 and 1988 the community’s female workforce grew by almost six million. As a result, 51% of all women aged 14 to 64 are now economically active in the labour market compared with 78% of men.
Efficiency effective
The government raised a policy to deal with unemployment efficiently, thereby leading to/resulting in a good consequence.

小因果――表示原因或结果的成分都是动词(词组)或介词（词组）的，
Increased air temperature has brought about higher sea levels.
Necessity led to experimentation.
One of London Zoo’s recent advertisements caused me great irritation.
The high cost of oil poses serious problems for industry.
The advertising campaign has contributed significantly to the success of the new car.
His illness resulted from eating contaminated food.
His success can be attributed to hard working.
I think a lack of confidence underlies his aggressive manner.
A higher price greatly affected demand for electricity.
Governments take advantage of today’s low oil process to build up their own stocks.
Population aging is mainly due to a decline in fertility.
Elderly women outnumber elderly men because of gains in female longevity.
Owing to