michael非谓语动词.doc

Michael Zhou原创，版权所有
非谓语动词
Ⅰ.概念：不体现具体时态的动词形式 或 不在主语后从当谓语的动词形式
Ⅱ.功能：①起名词，形容词，副词作用②充当主语，宾语，表语，定语，补语，状语
Ⅲ.非谓语动词的分类、形式

非谓语形式
构 成
时间信息和语态信息
否定式
复合结构
不定式
to do
to be doing
to have done
to be done
to have been done
在
非
谓
语
前
加
not
for sb. to do sth.
of sb to do
分

词
现在分词
doing
having done
being done
having been done
sb doing
sb being done
过去分词
done

动名词
doing
having done
being done
having been done
sb’s doing

Ⅳ.非谓语具体形式确定法：
⒈ 找逻辑主语（定语态信息）2.与谓语动词比较时间先后关系（定时间信息） 3.看是否为固定句型

Ⅴ.三大非谓形式to do, doing, done各自信息，功能
▲ TO DO 形式

ⅰ.to do
时间信息：后于谓语动作发生
语态信息：与逻辑主语是主动关系
词性：名，形容词，副词
成份：主语，宾语，表语，补语，定语，状语
位置：①名词后（n.+ to do）②形容词后（adj.+ to do）③only + to do
④句首 或 句末，且有逗号与主干分开
⑤动词前 ⑥行为动词后 或BE动词后 ⑦介词/动词 + 宾语 + (to) do(to 常被省略)⑧固定搭配：happen to do, sb/sth be considered to do
⑥固定搭配（to do 作宾语）
attempt to do, afford to do, agree to do, choose to do,expect to do,manage to do,
be determined to do,decide to do, pretend to do,plan to do,desire to do,
hope to do, want to do, intend to do, refuse to do, would like to do,

eg. To make friends is his plan in this trip.(主语：n.) His task is to finish the report in time.(表语：n.)
He plans to fly to Seattle.(宾语：n.) I`d like to get her to fix my PC.(宾补：n.)
We`ve lots of work to do.(定语：n.) To look to the left, you can find a book.(条件状语：adv.)
Amy reached the station, only to find it had gone.(结果状语：adv.)
John comes to LA to learn English.(目的状语：adv.)

ⅱ.to be doing
时间信息：与谓语动作同时发生
语态信息：与逻辑主语是主动关系
句型特点：to be doing出现频率很少，只在固定用to do句型中出现
固定句型：happen to do, sb/sth be considered to do
（注：以上句型只是有用to be doing的可能，若满足以上时间和语态信息，就一定用to be doing ）
eg. Cathy is said to be reading now.

ⅲ.to have done
时间信息：先于谓语动作发生
语态信息：与逻辑主语是主动关系
句型特点：to have done出现频率很少，只在固定用to do句型中出现
固定句型：happen to do, sb/sth be considered to do
（注：以上句型只是有用to have done 的可能，若满足以上时间和语态信息，就一定用to have done ）
eg. C. Ronaldo is considered to have won Mr. Football worldwide.

ⅳ. to be done
时间信息：后于谓语动作发生
语态信息：与逻辑主语是被动关系
词性：名，形容词，副词
成份：主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语
位置：①名词后（n.+ to be done）②句首 或 句末，且有逗号与主干分开
③动词前 ④行为动词后 或BE动词后
⑤固定搭配：happen to do, sb/sth be considered to do
（注：以上句型只是有用to be done 的可能，若满足以上时间和语态信息，就一定用to be done ）
eg. To be accepted as a citizen of the UK is my goal.(主语：n.)
His dream is to be known as a famous writer.(表语：n.)
I prefer to be considered as a teacher.(宾语：n.) The book to be printed next week will take off.(定语：adj.) To be started next week, the Asian Game is now well prepared.(状语：adv.)

ⅴ. to have been done
时间信息：先于谓语动作发生
语态信息：与逻辑主语是被动关系
句型特点：to have been done出现频率极少，只在固定用to do句型中出现
固定句型：happen to do, sb/sth be considered to do
（注：以上句型只是有用to have been done 的可能，若满足以上时间和语态信息，就一定用to have been done ）
eg. Tom Cruse is reported to have been well known for years in China.

▲ DOING 形式
ⅰ.
㈠.doing（现在分词：adj.,adv.）
时间信息：与谓语动作同时发生
语态信息：与逻辑主语是主动关系
词性：形容词，副词
成份：表语(表：主语特点，或 正在发生)，补语（表：持续动作 或 正在发生），定语（表：主动关系，正在发生），状语（表：伴随状态，方式，原因，非意料外结果）
位置：①名词后（n.+ doing）或名词前 ②句首 或 句末，且有逗号与主干分开
③BE动词后 ④介词/动词 + 宾语 +doing
注：doing 在句末， 作结果状语，与主语主动关系，动作后于谓语动作发生, 表：意料外结果
eg. Students living here come from Little Rock City.(定语：adj.)
Lily is watching TV.(表语：adj.) You`d better have him standing there.(补语：adj.)
Standing here,you can see a beautiful scene.（状语：adv.）It is touching.(表语：adj.)
He is always the first to come, making him well-known.(非意外结果状语：adv.)

㈡.doing (动名词：n.)
无 时间信息
无 语态信息
词性：名词
成份：主语（表：概念，活动），宾语（表：主语内容，概念，活动）表语(表：主语内容，功能)，定语（表：功能，类别），
位置：①名词前（doing + n.） ②行为动词后（V + n.）
③BE动词后 ④动词前
⑤固定搭配：（doing 动名词 作宾语）
admit doing sth 承认做某事    advise doing sth. 建议做某事
allow doing sth允许做某事    appreciate doing sth. 感激做某事
avoid doing sth 避免做某事    consider doing sth. 考虑做某事
enjoy doing sth 喜爱做某事    escape doing sth. 逃脱做某事
finish doing sth完成做某事  forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事
forgive doing sth原谅做某事  give up doing sth. 放弃做某事
imagine doing sth想象做某事  permit doing, 同意
keep doing sth. 保持做某事     mind doing sth. 介意做某事
miss doing sth. 错过做某事     practice doing sth. 练习做某事
risk doing sth. 冒险做某事     suggest doing sth. 建议做某事         
look forward to doing, insist on doing, lead to doing, be devoted to doing,
contribute to doing,
eg. a swimming pool(定语：n.) Hill`s hobby is playing soccer.(表语：n.) I like taking photos.(宾语：n.)
Living in Milan is so comfortable.(主语：n.)

ⅱ. being done
时间信息：与谓语动作同时发生
语态信息：与逻辑主语是被动关系
词性：名，形容词，副词
成份：主语，宾语，表语（表：正在发生，主语特点）定语，状语
位置：①名词后（n.+ being done）②句首 或 句末，且有逗号与主干分开
③动词前 ④行为动词后 或BE动词后
eg. Being well-known at such a young age will change his life deeply.(主语：n.)
The bridge being built will connect HK and Zhuhai.(定语：adj.)
I hate being bothered while I am sleeping.(宾语：n.)
The city is being built.(表语：adj.) Being looked at by others, I feel shy.(状语：adv.)

ⅲ. having been done
时间信息：先于谓语动作发生（常搭配时间段 或 次数）
语态信息：与逻辑主语是被动关系
词性：名（表：概念，或 活动），副词（表：原因 或 时间 = after being done）
成份：主语(n.)，宾语(n.)，状语(adv.)
位置：①句首 或 句末，且有逗号与主干分开
②动词前,或 动词后
eg. Having been told many times, she understood it at last. (状语：adv.)
Having been bothered for half an hour, she called 911.(状语：adv.)
Having been bothered for half an hour made her crazy.(主语：n.)

ⅳ. having done
时间信息：先于谓语动作发生（常搭配时间段 或 次数）
语态信息：与逻辑主语是主动关系
词性：名（表：概念，或 活动），副词（表：原因 或 时间 = after doing）
成份：主语(n.)，宾语(n.)，状语(adv.)
位置：①句首 或 句末，且有逗号与主干分开
②动词前,或 动词后
eg. Having realized her situation, she ran away immediately.(状语：adv.)
Having practiced it for a long time makes her successful.(主语：n.)

ⅴ. done
时间信息：先与谓语动作发生 或 表： 动作完成
（不搭配时间段 或 次数。 ）
注：having done/having been done与 谓语动词的动作时间 间隔 长
而 done与谓语动词的动作时间 间隔 短
语态信息：与逻辑主语是被动关系
词性：形容词，副词
成份：表语，补语，定语，状语
位置：①名词后（n.+ done）或 名词前 ②句首 或 句末，且有逗号与主干分开
③BE动词后 ④介词/动词 + 宾语 +done
eg. Apples grown in Yantai are famous.(定语：adj.) Seen from here,the lake is pretty.(状语：adj.)
The paper is finished in time.(表语：adj.) She had the car painted.(补语：adj.)

Ⅵ. 非谓语的四个主要位置。
①动词前
（作主语）
形式：doing, being done, to do, to be done, having done, having been done
差异：doing形式：长期规律事，发生过得事 to do形式：未发生的事，具体某次的事
having done形式：谓语动作之前的事

②动词后
（作宾语）
形式：doing， being done, to do, to be done 差异：同上

③be动词后
（作表语）
形式：doing（动名词）， doing(现在分词)，being done(动名词)，being done(现在分词)，
to do, to be done, done
差异：doing形式：长期规律事，发生过得事，概念，内容（动名词）
doing形式：正在发生的事/令人。。。的（现在分词）
to do形式：未发生的事，具体某次的事 done: 发生过得事/感到。。。的

④宾语后
（作宾补）
形式：to do, to be done, doing, being done, done, do均可能被用，但具体运用 须 依据词组搭配
词组：
使役动词：make + n. do/done, have + n. do/doing/done
let + n. do, get + n. to do/doing/done
leave + n. doing/done,
感官动词：find + n. doing/done
see, look at, notice, observe, watch(五看) do
listen to, hear（两听） + n. doing
feel（感觉） done

介词词组： with + n. to do / doing / done(三种固定非谓语形式，不能变 ‖ done既表被动，也表完成)
差异：在以上固定词组中具体讲

⑤句首 或 句末，有逗号将非谓语部分 和 句子主干 分隔开
（作状语）
形式：doing， being done, having done, having been done, to do, to be done,
done
差异：doing（时间：与谓语同时发生，语态：与主语主动）
being done(时间：与谓语同时发生，语态：与主语被动)
having done(时间：先于谓语发生，语态：与主语主动)
having been done(时间：先于谓语发生，语态：与主语被动)
to do(时间：后于谓语发生，语态：与主语主动)
to be done(时间：后于谓语发生，语态：与主语被动)
done(时间：先于谓语发生，语态：与主语被动)

Ⅶ. 不定式 to do的典型句中位置
①n.+ to do (主语亲自发出to do动作，用to do/ 主语不发出to do动作，用to be done)
②adj. + to do(除偶尔强调sth 自身状态，用to be done外/ 99%的情况下用 to do)
③only + to do(表 意料外的结果，多为to find, to discover)
④动词前（作主语，表具体某次行为， 表未发生的事）
⑤动词后（固定词组）
⑥句首， 或 句末（状语： 后于谓语动作发生， 与主语主动关系to do/与主语被动关系to be done）
⑦宾语后（作补语）参照Ⅵ.④固定词组

Ⅷ.having done与done 区别
①having (been) done(n. / adv. 作主语，宾语，状语/ 动词前，后 或 句首，句末，用逗号与主干分隔)
②done(adj./adv.作定语，表语，状语/名词前，后 或 be动词后 或 句首，句末，用逗号与主干分隔开)
③having been done表：被动（先于谓语发生），done 表：被动（先于谓语发生）
但having done或having been done 与 谓语 时间间隔更长，多搭配次数 或 时间段

Ⅸ.to do与doing 做名词时 区别
to do表具体时间上的行动 或 将要发生而未发生的事
doing 表长时期规律动作 或 已发生过的事

eg. To miss the bus this time means waiting for a hour.
Playing soccer often does good to us.

Ⅹ. doing(现在分词) 与 doing(动名词)的区别
①doing(现在分词)：adj. adv. / doing(动名词)：n.
②doing(现在分词)：定语，表语，补语，状语 / doing(动名词)：定语，主语，宾语，表语
③doing(现在分词)作定语，表语 意：令人…的 / 表：事物的特点，特征
doing(动名词) 作定语，表语 意：做…事 /表：事物的功能，概念，本质内容

Ⅺ. doing(现在分词)作结果状语 与 to do作结果状语的区别
doing ①句末，作结果状语，与主语主动关系，动作后于谓语动作发生②动词形式多样，（only）+doing
to do ①句末，作结果状语，与主语主动关系，动作后于谓语动作发生②动词形式多是find/discover,
only + to do
⒉ doing 表：意料内的结果，逻辑发展的结果 to do表：意料外结果

Ⅻ.非谓语作状语题型解题思路
1.若选项 既有谓语形式 又有 非谓语形式，分析句子结构：
①无连词，已有谓语，答案选非谓语 ②无连词，无谓语，答案选谓语
③句中谓语数量 始终 比 句中连词数量 多一个
2. 若选项都是非谓语 或 句子结构决定选非谓语
①观察 空前直接 有名词（将非谓语动词/选项动词 与 该名称 讨论主被动关系）
②观察 非谓语动词/选项动词 与 谓语动词 间 时间先后关系
③选项中having done= after doing, having been done= after being done
首先讨论该两个选项
XIII.非谓语固定搭配
To see is to believe.=Seeing is believing.
It`s no use/no good/useless doing… It`s worthwhile doing…
There`s no point/no sense/no good/no use doing
would prefer/like/love to do… to tell the truth=to be honest=to be frank
to blame
②分词作状语的固定搭配：
facing sth=faced with sth, located +地点状语，dressed in sth, seated+地点状语，
concerned with/about.., connected with…,devoted to doing/sth, determined to do…
compared to/with…,impressed with…,based on…,
///consisting of…, considering…, judging from/by…, honestly speaking, generally speaking,
frankly speaking,

XIV.分词作状语时，句子主语的确定
Seeing from the top of the hill, the city is beautiful. （F）
Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the city beautiful. (T)

XV.动名词的复合结构（句子直接变成名词的方式）
I helped her moved her deeply. （F）My helping her moved her deeply. (T)
变化目的：作主语，宾语，表语（改变句子形式 当名词用）
变化形式：句中人称代词变为 宾格/物质代词，动词变为doing/being

XVI.状从压缩式：连词+n./adj/介词短语/doing/done
When she was asked to dance,she was shy.=When asked to dance,she was shy.
If I receive your invitation, I will come.=If receiving your invitation,I will come.
If it is possible,you can call for help.=If possible,you can call for help.
注：after/before + 从句/doing/being done

XVII.非谓语的否定式：not,never等否定副词在非谓语前 eg. not having done/not to do
XVIII.非谓语词性，成分 示意图

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