2024年专升本英语语法与词汇讲义.doc

一、 非谓语动词
非谓语动词是动词的几个特殊形式，它不能单独做谓语。非谓语动词的形式有：动词不定式（to do）、动名词（doing）、当代分词（doing）、过去分词（done）。
（一）动词不定式
1、结构：肯定形式to do 否定形式 not to do 例如：to read the text slowly
2、重要语法功效：
（1）做主语
To know what to do is wisdom. To know how to do is skill
It is difficult to know oneself
(2)做表语
The first and best victory is to conquer self.
(3)做宾语
We hope to talk with the native speakers.
有些及物动词常用不定式做宾语：afford /agree /arrange/begin/care/choose/claim/continue/decide/desire/determine/fail/forget/hate/hesitate/hope/intend/learn/like/long/manage/mean/offer/plan/prepare/pretend/promise/refuse/resolve/start/threaten/try/want
(4)做定语：she was the only one to look after the children
(5)做状语：we shall be very happy to cooperate with you in the project.
(6)做宾语补足语：Please remind me to take my medicine tomorrow.
有些及物动词的复合宾语中的宾语补足语中不定式不带to : 使役动词 have let make please ; 感官动词 feel hear listen to look at notice observe see watch
（7）做主语补足语：someone was heard to come up the stairs.
3、不定式的时态
（1）一般式：表示与谓语动词的动作是同时发生或是在其后发生。
I have some news to tell you
(2)进行式：与谓语动词的动作是同时发生，并且正在进行着。
He want to be dressing
(3)完成时：表示动作发生在谓语之前
I am sorry to have kept you waiting

（二）动名词
1、结构：doing reading the book quickly
2、语法功效：
（1）做主语：Saying is easier than doing
It is no use asking her advice.
(2)做表语：the best policy is being honest
(3)做定语：reading material
(4)做动词宾语：I enjoy seeing you and talking about old times.
用作动名词做宾语的及物动词：admit suggest dislike appreciate complete consider delay deny enjoy escape finish forgive imagine keep mind miss permit postpone practice prevent propose require risk suggest can’t help give up keep on put off.
(5)做介词宾语：Keep on learning as long as you live.
3、动名词时态
（1）一般式 与谓语动词的动作同时或在其后发生
I am thinking of getting a new dictionary.
(2)完成式 在谓语动词之前发生
I regret having told her the news.
（三）目前分词
1、结构：doing.
2、语法功效：
（1）做定语 life is an exciting business.
(2) 做状语 hearing the news, they immediately set off for Beijing.
(3)做表语 the film is very moving and instructive.
(4)做宾语补足语 I saw him entering the room(比较：I saw him enter the room)
(四)过去分词
1、结构：规则动词的过去式、过去分词“动词原形ed”；不规则动词没有统一的规则。
2、语法功效：
（1）做定语：A watched pot never boiled.
(2) 做状语：Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.
(3)做表语：I am convinced of his honesty.
(4)做宾语补足语
（五）分词的独立结构
1、结构：逻辑主语+分词，逻辑主语能够是分词的执行者，也能够是承受者。
Weather permitting, we shall go there on foot.
This done, we went home.
（六）目前分词和过去分词的区分
语态上，目前分词表示积极，过去分词表示被动；时间上，目前分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示已经完成；特性和状态上，目前分词表示特性，过去分词表示状态。

历年真题常考点：
1、If____ to speak, he has no problem expressing himself.
A、asked B、asking C ask D to be asked
2、He went on to say that it was as important to respect others as_____ by others.
A to be respected B to respect C being respected D respected
3、Any student______ in swimming can apply for membership.
A having a keen interest B with a keen interesting
C who is keenly interesting D has a keen interest
4、When______ the education systems of China and Britain, the professor gave his own comment.
A asking to be compared B asked him to compare C asking him to compare
D asked to compare
5、No one can avoid_____ by advertisements.
A influenced B influencing C to influence D being influenced
6、Henry’s remarks left me_____ about his real purpose.
A wonder B wondered C to wonder D wondering
7、The garden requires______
A watering B being watered C to water D having watering
8、They found the lecture hard______
A to understand B to be understand C being understood D understood
9、It’s no use______ me not to worry about his injury.
A for you to tell B your telling C you tell D having told
10、______ finished his work, he had to stay at home at the weekend.
A Having not been B Being not C Not having D Having not
11、_______ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a ”blue planet”.
A Seen B Seeing C To be seen D Having seen
12、When the little girl awoke, she found herself ______ by a group of soldiers.
A surround B be surrounded C being surrounded D being surrounding
13、He enjoys______pop music while I prefer classical music.
A to listen to B to listen C listening D listening to
14、My mobile phone isn’t working. It______.
A needs being repaired B needs repairing C needs to repair D needs repaired

二、 虚拟语气
语气表示说话人对谓语动词所示的动作或所处状态持有的态度或见解。
陈述语气；祈使语气；虚拟语气
Keep off the grass
The yellow leaves are falling in the autumn wind.
虚拟语气表示说话者所说的并不是事实，而是一个假设、推测、提议或祝愿等。
（一） 虚拟语气的结构：
1、在非真实条件从句的复合机中的使用方法
1）与目前事实相反：if 引导的条件句：动词过去式或were
主句：would+动词原形
2）与过去事实相反：if引导的条件句：had+过去分词
主句：would+have+过去分词
3）与将来事实相反：if引导的条件句：should+动词原形；were to +动词原形
主句：would+动词原形
例句：if I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you
If the manager were here, he might make a decision
I could have done it better if I had been more careful
If he should fail, we would encourage him to try again.
If he were to marry Jack, she would be happy.
2、介词短语表示违背事实的假设条件，这时句中的谓语动词使用虚拟语气
Without air, there would be no wind or clouds.
With better equipment, we could have done it better.
3、在if引导的条件句中有were, had, should, could时，能够省略if, 提前上述四词。
Could you meet Mary, you should not be able to recognize her.
(二)、在名词性从句中的使用方法
1、主语从句
（necessary important essential ordered commended proposed suggested）
It is desired that we should get everything ready before Friday.
2、宾语从句
（suggest insist recommend order propose require advise request desire command demand）
She insisted that the seats should be booked in advance.
(三)其他情况
1、if only
2、as if as though引导的从句用“were””had+过去分词”
She looked as if she were ill.
3、it’s(high/about)time(that)”过去式或should+动词原形”
4、would rather/’d rather句型中用过去式或者过去完成时分别表示与目前和过去事实相反的愿望。

历年真题常考点：
1、One of the requirements for a fire is that the material______ to its burning temperature.
A is heated B will be heated C be heated D would be heated
2. If he had been in better health, he_____ more books.
A can write B could have written C could write D have written
3. It’s high time______ about the traffic problems.
A something was done B something is done
C anything will be done D nothing to be done
4. I’m not surprised you failed the exam. You______ have worked harder.
A should B must C would D ought
5. The teacher insisted that we_____ our homework before 9:00.
A finished B had finished C finish D was finishing
6. I passed the test. I_____ it without your help.
A would not pass B wouldn’t have passed C didn’t pass D had not passed
7. It is necessary that he_____ the task by the end of next week
A fulfill B will fulfill C will have fulfilled D fulfills

三、强调句和倒装句
强调是为了加强句子的语气，突出说话重点；英语书面语中表示强调的伎俩重要有词汇、语法和修辞三种。
（一）词汇伎俩
例如：He entirely forgot the matter.
However hard he tried, he couldn’t lift the box.
(二) 语法伎俩
1、It is/was+被强调的部分+that/who从句
例如：It is Professor Li that sent me the letter
It is only when one is ill that one knows the value of health.
2、主语+do/does/did+动词原形+其他部分
In the past, some people did think that the earth was square.
3、What impressed me most was her image.

英语中的自然语序是“主语在前，谓语在后”，倒装语序是把谓语的一部分或者所有放在主语之前。
1、语法倒装句型
（1）表示否定或基本否定的词与词组放在句首引起倒装
（never/seldom/scarcely/hardly/rarely/little/not/nowhere/hardly when/no sooner than/in no case/in no way/ on no account/at no time/not only but also）
例如：No sooner had they got to the plant than they started to work.
（2）”only+状语”放在句首引起的倒装
例如：Only by working hard can one succeed.
Only once have I seen him.
Only after the accident did he become careful.
(3) 重复倒装
(so nor neither no more)
They can leave now, so can we.
He didn’t see the film last night, neither did he.
(4)as 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装
例如 Strong as the enemy is, we are not afraid.
(5)if 引导的非真实条件句中省略if引起的倒装

历年真题考点：
1、Seldom_____ in such a rude way.
A we have been treated B have we been treat
C we have treated D have we treated

2、It was not until she had arrived home_____ she remenbered her appointment with the doctor.
A when B that C and D where
3、It was at the music hall______ we met each other for the first time.
A when B where C which D that
4、__________, everything would have been all right.
A He had been here B Been here he had
C Here he had been D Had he been here
5、__________, water resources have been severely wasted or polluted.
A They are scarce B Scarce they are
C Scarce as they are D As Scarce they are
6、_________ tomorrow, he would be able to see the opening ceremony.
A Would he come B If he comes C Was he coming D Were he to come
7、________ that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point.
A During the 1960” B It was in the 1960’s
C That it was in the 1960’s D It was the 1960’s
8、________, he couldn’t earn enough to support the family.
A Hard as he worked B As he worked hard
C As hard he worked D Hard as did he work

四、状语从句
在复合句中，起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句，修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词。类型包括：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目标状语从句、成果状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句。
历年考点总结：
1、比较级考查（比较状语从句）
例如：
1、The higher you stand, ___________.
A the farther you can see B you can see farther
C the more farther you can see D the farther can you see
2、The new campus is _______ as the old one.
A twice as big B as twice big C twice big D big as twice
3、Private cars have made the traffic problem_________.
A the worse than before B worse than ever before
C more bad as before D more bad than it was
4、Between you and me , that boy of Mary’s was__________.
A as fat as strong B fatter than stronger
C more fat than strong D not so fat as strong
2、词汇积累
1、_________ born in Chicago, the writer is most famous for his stories about New York City.
A Although B Since C When D As
2、He had no sooner finished his speech ______ he withdrew.
A than B that C when D as
3、对however/whenever/whoever/whatever/wherever的考查
1、______ you say, I am sure that the young man is innocent.
A Whatever B Whoever C However D Wherever
2、We must begin testing this instrument, no matter____ difficult it is.
A however B how C whatever D what
4、对as引导的让步状语从句的考查
1、Great_______ the difficultiwa are, we must do our best to succeed.
A while B as C although D however

五、主谓一致
主谓一致是指两个语法成份，主语和谓语之间的协调关系。一般遵照三个标准，即就近标准、概念意义标准和语法标准。
（一）就近标准
例如：He or his brothers are to blame
Either the shirts or the sweater is a good buy.
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.
Neither you nor your brother is in fault.
(Both and )
(二) 概念/意义标准
1、有些单数名词表示集体概念，即群体名词，谓语动词用复数动词
（police/ cattle /people/youth/army/class/committee/company/crowd/couple/等）。
2、many a +单数名词要求用单数动词。
Many a boy learns to swim before he can read.
3、more than one +单数名词，用单数动词。
More than one person is involved in this case.
4、a+单数名词+or two 做主语，谓语动词用单数
A day or two has passed; One or two days have passed.
5、某些复数名词被看做一个整体，谓语动词用单数（news; ten years; Physics; Measles; A pair of gloves; the old;）
(三)语法标准
1、并列主语，谓语动词用复数。
（as well as/as much as/along with/together with/with/ including/followed by/rather than/）与主语保持一致
He as much as us is responsible for it.
2、There be 句型的谓语动词与其背面的主语保持一致
3、分数、百分数做主语时，谓语动词与of 后的词保持一致
50% of the people present the meeting are against the plan
4、a number of 背面的谓语动词用复数，the number of 背面的谓语动词用单数

历年真题考点：
1、The first three of the five chapters in the book_____ very easy, but the rese___difficult.
A is are B are is C was were D were were
2、His wife as well as he _______invited to the business party
A has been B have been C has D are
3、Every means_____ but without much result.
A have been tried B has been tried C have tried D has tried
4、Neither Mary nor her sister_____ to the party.
A go B are going C have gone D is going
5、There______ some mistakes in your compasition.
A have B has C seems to be D seem to be

六、定语从句
定语从句是在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句，被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词背面。
（一）关系代词引导的定语从句
1、关系代词有who(whom whose)、which、that，起到的作用：一 把主句和从句连接起来；二 起代词作用，替代前面的先行词；三 起到一定语法作用，在从句中做主语、宾语或者定语。
例如：He is a man who means what he says.
The few points which the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.
Is there anyone in your department whose father is a painter.
2、That’s all I could do at that time
(all/anything/everything/something/nothing/much/little/none)
3、This is the best Tv set that is made in China.
(假如先行词被形容词最高级或first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰时，关系代词用that)。
（二）介词+which(whom)引导的定语从句
假如which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，那么：
This is the question about which they have had so much discussion in the past few weeks.
The people with whom he worked thought he was a bit strange.
（三）关系副词when, where, why引导的定语从句
它们分别修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。
At that time when I saw him, he was well.
This is the place where the accident took place last night.
(四)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
Those who want to go please sign their names here
He has two sisters, who are working in the city.
历年真题考点：
1、I’m going to spend the winter vacation in Shanghai,______I have relatives.
A which B nevertheless C where D when
2、The man ______was stolen called the police.
A his wallet B the wallet of his C whose wallet D the wallet of whom
3、All_____ is a continuous supply of fuel.
A what is needed B the thing needed C that is needed
D for their needs
4、Is this the house____ Shakespeas was born?
A which B in that C in which D at which
5、She has fallen in love with Jack,_______I find hard to imagine.
A who B that C whom D which
6、He has made another wonderful discovery,_____ of great importance to science and man.
A which I think is B which I think is
C of which I think it is D I think which is

七、时态和语态
历年真题考点：
1、John and I ______ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we_____ each other a couple of times before that.
A、had been; have been B、have been; have seen
C had been;had seen D have been; had seen
2、By the time you get to the Greenwith you_____ the most historic part of London.
A will be seeing B will see C are going to see
D will have seen
3、When it______ school work, the professor will treat his students equally.
A comes to evaluate B comes to evaluating
C will come to evaluate D will come to evaluating

八、名词性从句
在主从复合句中担当主语、宾语、表语或同位语的从句分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句。这些从句在句中的作用相称于名词在句中的作用，因此统称为名词性从句。
1、主语从句：
That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us
2、宾语从句：
I’ll try to make up for what I have missed.
I believe that they will be able to