财务管理全部答案.docx

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE FINANCE

Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions

1. Capital budgeting (deciding whether to expand a manufacturing plant), capital structure (deciding whether to issue new equity and use the proceeds to retire outstanding debt), and working capital management (modifying the firm’s credit collection policy with its customers).

2. Disadvantages: unlimited liability, limited life, difficulty in transferring ownership, hard to raise capital funds. Some advantages: simpler, less regulation, the owners are also the managers, sometimes personal tax rates are better than corporate tax rates.

3. The primary disadvantage of the corporate form is the double taxation to shareholders of distributed earnings and dividends. Some advantages include: limited liability, ease of transferability, ability to raise capital, unlimited life, and so forth.

4. The treasurer’s office and the controller’s office are the two primary organizational groups that report directly to the chief financial officer. The controller’s office handles cost and financial accounting, tax management, and management information systems, while the treasurer’s office is responsible for cash and credit management, capital budgeting, and financial planning. Therefore, the study of corporate finance is concentrated within the treasury group’s functions.

5. To maximize the current market value (share price) of the equity of the firm (whether it’s publicly-traded or not).

6. In the corporate form of ownership, the shareholders are the owners of the firm. The shareholders elect the directors of the corporation, who in turn appoint the firm’s management. This separation of ownership from control in the corporate form of organization is what causes agency problems to exist. Management may act in its own or someone else’s best interests, rather than those of the shareholders. If such events occur, they may contradict the goal of maximizing the share price of the equity of the firm.

7. A primary market transaction.

8. In auction markets like the NYSE, brokers and agents meet at a physical location (the exchange) to match buyers and sellers of assets. Dealer markets like NASDAQ consist of dealers operating at dispersed locales who buy and sell assets themselves, communicating with other dealers either electronically or literally over-the-counter.

9. Such organizations frequently pursue social or political missions, so many different goals are conceivable. One goal that is often cited is revenue minimization; i.e., provide whatever goods and services are offered at the lowest possible cost to society. A better approach might be to observe that even a not-for-profit business has equity. Thus, one answer is that the appropriate goal is to maximize the value of the equity.
10. Presumably, the current stock value reflects the risk, timing, and magnitude of all future cash flows, both short-term and long-term. If this is correct, then the statement is false.

11. An argument can be made either way. At the one extreme, we could argue that in a market economy, all of these things are priced. There is thus an optimal level of, for example, ethical and/or illegal behavior, and the framework of stock valuation explicitly includes these. At the other extreme, we could argue that these are non-economic phenomena and are best handled through the political process. A classic (and highly relevant) thought question that illustrates this debate goes something like this: “A firm has estimated that the cost of improving the safety of one of its products is $30 million. However, the firm believes that improving the safety of the product will only save $20 million in product liability claims. What should the firm do?”

12. The goal will be the same, but the best course of action toward that goal may be different because of differing social, political, and economic institutions.

13. The goal of management should be to maximize the share price for the current shareholders. If management believes that it can improve the profitability of the firm so that the share price will exceed $35, then they should fight the offer from the outside company. If management believes that this bidder or other unidentified bidders will actually pay more than $35 per share to acquire the company, then they should still fight the offer. However, if the current management cannot increase the value of the firm beyond the bid price, and no other higher bids come in, then management is not acting in the interests of the shareholders by fighting the offer. Since current managers often lose their jobs when the corporation is acquired, poorly monitored managers have an incentive to fight corporate takeovers in situations such as this.

14. We would expect agency problems to be less severe in other countries, primarily due to the relatively small percentage of individual ownership. Fewer individual owners should reduce the number of diverse opinions concerning corporate goals. The high percentage of institutional ownership might lead to a higher degree of agreement between owners and managers on decisions concerning risky projects. In addition, institutions may be better able to implement effective monitoring mechanisms on managers than can individual owners, based on the institutions’ deeper resources and experiences with their own management. The increase in institutional ownership of stock in the United States and the growing activism of these large shareholder groups may lead to a reduction in agency problems for U.S. corporations and a more efficient market for corporate control.

15. How much is too much? Who is worth more, Jack Welch or Tiger Woods? The simplest answer is that there is a market for executives just as there is for all types of labor. Executive compensation is the price that clears the market. The same is true for athletes and performers. Having said that, one aspect of executive compensation deserves comment. A primary reason executive compensation has grown so dramatically is that companies have increasingly moved to stock-based compensation. Such movement is obviously consistent with the attempt to better align stockholder and management interests. In recent years, stock prices have soared, so management has cleaned up. It is sometimes argued that much of this reward is simply due to rising stock prices in general, not managerial performance. Perhaps in the future, executive compensation will be designed to reward only differential performance, i.e., stock price increases in excess of general market increases.

CHAPTER 2
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, TAXES AND CASH FLOW

Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions

1. Liquidity measures how quickly and easily an asset can be converted to cash without significant loss in value. It’s desirable for firms to have high liquidity so that they have a large factor of safety in meeting short-term creditor demands. However, since liquidity also has an opportunity cost associated with it—namely that higher returns can generally be found by investing the cash into productive assets—low liquidity levels are also desirable to the firm. It’s up to the firm’s financial management staff to find a reasonable compromise between these opposing needs.

2. The recognition and matching principles in financial accounting call for revenues, and the costs associated with producing those revenues, to be “booked” when the revenue process is essentially complete, not necessarily when the cash is collected or bills are paid. Note that this way is not necessarily correct; it’s the way accountants have chosen to do it.

3. Historical costs can be objectively and precisely measured whereas market values can be difficult to estimate, and different analysts would come up with different numbers. Thus, there is a tradeoff between relevance (market values) and objectivity (book values).

4. Depreciation is a non-cash deduction that reflects adjustments made in asset book values in accordance with the matching principle in financial accounting. Interest expense is a cash outlay, but it’s a financing cost, not an operating cost.

5. Market values can never be negative. Imagine a share of stock selling for –$20. This would mean that if you placed an order for 100 shares, you would get the stock along with a check for $2,000. How many shares do you want to buy? More generally, because of corporate and individual bankruptcy laws, net worth for a person or a corporation cannot be negative, implying that liabilities cannot exceed assets in market value.

6. For a successful company that is rapidly expanding, for example, capital outlays will be large, possibly leading to negative cash flow from assets. In general, what matters is whether the money is spent wisely, not whether cash flow from assets is positive or negative.

7. It’s probably not a good sign for an established company, but it would be fairly ordinary for a start-up, so it depends.

8. For example, if a company were to become more efficient in inventory management, the amount of inventory needed would decline. The same might be true if it becomes better at collecting its receivables. In general, anything that leads to a decline in ending NWC relative to beginning would have this effect. Negative net capital spending would mean more long-lived assets were liquidated than purchased.
9. If a company raises more money from selling stock than it pays in dividends in a particular period, its cash flow to stockholders will be negative. If a company borrows more than it pays in interest, its cash flow to creditors will be negative.

10. The adjustments discussed were purely accounting changes; they had no cash flow or market value consequences unless the new accounting information caused stockholders to revalue the derivatives.

Solutions to Questions and Problems

NOTE: All end of chapter problems were solved using a spreadsheet. Many problems require multiple steps. Due to space and readability constraints, when these intermediate steps are included in this solutions manual, rounding may appear to have occurred. However, the final answer for each problem is found without rounding during any step in the problem.

Basic

1. To find owner’s equity, we must construct a balance sheet as follows:

Balance Sheet
CA $5,000 CL $4,300
NFA 23,000 LTD 13,000
OE ??
TA $28,000 TL & OE $28,000

We know that total liabilities and owner’s equity (TL & OE) must equal total assets of $28,000. We also know that TL & OE is equal to current liabilities plus long-term debt plus owner’s equity, so owner’s equity is:

OE = $28,000 –13,000 – 4,300 = $10,700

NWC = CA – CL = $5,000 – 4,300 = $700

2. The income statement for the company is:

Income Statement
Sales $527,000
Costs 280,000
Depreciation 38,000
EBIT $209,000
Interest 15,000
EBT $194,000
Taxes(35%) 67,900
Net income $126,100

3. One equation for net income is:

Net income = Dividends + Addition to retained earnings

Rearranging, we get:

Addition to retained earnings = Net income – Dividends = $126,100 – 48,000 = $78,100
4. EPS = Net income / Shares = $126,100 / 30,000 = $4.20 per share

DPS = Dividends / Shares = $48,000 / 30,000 = $1.60 per share

5. To find the book value of current assets, we use: NWC = CA – CL. Rearranging to solve for current assets, we get:

CA = NWC + CL = $900K + 2.2M = $3.1M

The market value of current assets and fixed assets is given, so:

Book value CA = $3.1M Market value CA = $2.8M
Book value NFA = $4.0M Market value NFA = $3.2M
Book value assets = $3.1M + 4.0M = $7.1M Market value assets = $2.8M + 3.2M = $6.0M

6. Taxes = 0.15($50K) + 0.25($25K) + 0.34($25K) + 0.39($273K – 100K) = $89,720

7. The average tax rate is the total tax paid divided by net income, so:

Average tax rate = $89,720 / $273,000 = 32.86%.

The marginal tax rate is the tax rate on the next $1 of earnings, so the marginal tax rate = 39%.

8. To calculate OCF, we first need the income statement:

Income Statement
Sales $13,500
Costs 5,400
Depreciation 1,200
EBIT $6,900
Interest 680
Taxable income $6,220
Taxes (35%) 2,177
Net income $4,043

OCF = EBIT + Depreciation – Taxes = $6,900 + 1,200 – 2,177 = $5,923

9. Net capital spending = NFAend – NFAbeg + Depreciation= $4.7M – 4.2M + 925K = $1.425M

10. Change in NWC = NWCend – NWCbeg
Change in NWC = (CAend – CLend) – (CAbeg – CLbeg)
Change in NWC = ($1,720 – 1,180) – ($1,600 – 940)
Change in NWC = $540 – 660 = –$120

11. Cash flow to creditors = Interest paid – Net new borrowing = $340K – (LTDend – LTDbeg)
Cash flow to creditors = $340K – ($3.1M – 2.8M) = $340K – 300K = $40K

12. Cash flow to stockholders = Dividends paid – Net new equity
Cash flow to stockholders = $600K – [(Commonend + APISend) – (Commonbeg + APISbeg)]
Cash flow to stockholders = $600K – [($820K + 6.8M) – ($855K + 7.6M)]
Cash flow to stockholders = $600K – [$7.62M – 8.455M] = –$235K

Note, APIS is the additional paid-in surplus.

13. Cash flow from assets = Cash flow to creditors + Cash flow to stockholders = $40K – 235K = –$195K

Cash flow from assets = –$195K = OCF – Change in NWC – Net capital spending
= OCF – (–$165K) – 760K = –$195K

Operating cash flow = –$195K – 165K + 760K = $400K

Intermediate

14. To find the OCF, we first calculate net income.

Income Statement
Sales $145,000
Costs 86,000
Depreciation 7,000
Other expenses 4,900
EBIT $47,100
Interest 15,000
Taxable income $32,100
Taxes (34%) 12,840
Net income $19,260

Dividends $8,700
Additions to RE $10,560

a. OCF = EBIT + Depreciation– Taxes = $47,100 + 7,000 – 12,840 = $41,260

b. CFC = Interest – Net new LTD = $15,000 – $6,500 = $21,500.

Note that the net new long-term debt is negative because the company repaid part of its long-
term debt.

c. CFS = Dividends – Net new equity = $8,700 – 6,450 = $2,250
d. We know that CFA = CFC + CFS, so:

CFA = $21,500 + 2,250 = $23,750

CFA is also equal to OCF – Net capital spending – Change in NWC. We already know OCF. Net capital spending is equal to:

Net capital spending = Increase in NFA + Depreciation = $5,000 + 7,000 = $12,000.

Now we can use:

CFA = OCF – Net capital spending – Change in NWC
$23,750 = $41,260 – 12,000 – Change in NWC.

Solving for the change in NWC gives $5,510, meaning the company increased its NWC by
$5,510.

15. The solution to this question works the income statement backwards. Starting at the bottom:

Net income = Dividends + Addition to ret. earnings = $900 + 4,500 = $5,400

Now, looking a