资源描述
表示列举的连词：first, second, third…;firstly, secondly, thirdly…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the second place…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude…
表示原因的连词：because, since, as, now that…
表示结果的连词：so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result
表示让步和转折的连词：however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever
表示对照的连词：on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely
表示补充的连词：also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither, not…but…, not only…but also…
表示时间顺序的连词：when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once
表示目的的连词：that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that
表示条件的连词：if, suppose (that), supposing (that), unless, in case, so (as) long as, so far as, on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that)
四级翻译Translation评分原则及标准
常见考点：
一，虚拟语气
Some psychologists claim that people________(出门在外时可能会感到孤独). (2006-12-90 CET4)
此题考查虚拟语气中的建议句式，分析另见“情态动词”。
答案：might feel lonely when they are far from home
1. if+从句， 主句
had done, would have done
had, would do
should/ were to do, would do
Had I finished my homework in time, I would not have been punished.
2. 词汇线索
Claim, suggest, request, propose
The victim_______________（本来有机会存活下来）if he had been taken to hospital in time. （2006-12-89 CET4）
本题的考点是与过去相反的虚拟语气的基本用法，考查核心词汇survive（幸存）和chance（机会）。
答案：would have a chance to survive
If you had________________（听从了我的忠告，你就不会陷入麻烦）.（2006-12-72 CET6）
本题的考点是虚拟语气，表示对过去事实的虚拟，if条件句中谓语动词用had done的形式，主句中谓语动词用would have done的形式。put (oneself) in trouble 表示“（某人）陷入麻烦”。
答案：followed my advice/suggestion , you would not have put yourself in trouble .
考查虚拟语气的题目还有：2006-6.24-89 CET4
二，倒装结构
_________________(直到他完成使命) did he realize that he was seriously ill . (2008-06 -91 CET4 )
本题“完成使命”使用 finish one’s mission，需要大家注意的是，当not until 至于句首时，主句需使用倒装结构。
答案：Not until he had finished his mission
三，时态和语态
Though a skilled worker , ____________(他被公司解雇了) last week because of the economic crisis . （2006-6-24 CET4）考查被动语态和时态，根据last week 可知此题应使用过去时。
答案：he was fired by the company 考查时态和语态的题目还有2007-12-91 CET4，2007-6-89 CET4
四，各类从句
Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems ____(他们至今还没有答案). (2008-12-87 CET4)
此题考查定语从句，先行词是problems，引导词用which，介词to 应该提前；“还没有”怎么翻译？这里可以用增词译法，在句中加一个find，但是做这道题时应该使用过去分词形式，即found；“至今”有两种表示方式，so far 或者up to now
答案：to which they have not found solutions so far
_____________（大多数父母所关心的）is providing the best education possible for their children. (2008-12-88 CET4)此题考查主语从句。 答案：What most parents concern
You’d better take a sweater with you__________(以防天气变冷). （2008-12-89 CET4）
此题考查目的状语从句，首先我们要明白什么是状语从句。英语中的状语从句有九大类，可分别表示：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式。尽管数目很多，但并不难理解。从本质上说，状语从句就是用连词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间特定的逻辑关系。目的状语从句常用的连词有：so that ,in order that ,that。从句中常含有情态动词may/might，shall/should，will/would，can/could等。lest，for（fear） that，in case 也可以引导目的状语从句，译为“以免”、“以防止”、“生怕….”，从句谓语动词一般用情态动词should，但省略。
答案：in case / lest it turns cold .
Leaving one’s job,_______(不管是什么工作)，is a difficult change，even for those who look forward to retiring. （2008-6-89 CET4）
No matter +what，who，when，where，which，how可以代替whatever，whoever，whenever，wherever，whichever，however来引导让步状语从句，表示“无论….”，“不管….”
答案：no matter what kind of job it is，同类题目2007-12-89 CET4
The prevention and treatment of AIDS is _____________(我们可以合作的领域). (2007-6-88 CET4)
此题考查定语从句，“领域”通常用the field/the areas表示，“我们可以合作的”作the field 的定语，引导词可以用where也可以用 in which，合作可以用collaborate/cooperate/work together
答案：the field where we can cooperate
Please come here at ten tomorrow morning____________(如果你方便的话) (2007-6-91 CET4)
本题考查if引导的条件状语从句，常用词组at your convenience.条件状语从句的常用连词是if和unless。only if 表示“只有”，而if only 表示“只要”。其他引导条件状语从句的连词有：suppose（that），supposing（that），providing/provided（that），so long as（只要），as long as（只要，如果，既然），on condition that（以…..为条件，条件是…..）等。
其他表示条件意味的句型
1. 祈使句/省略句+and……= if从句+主句
Spare the rod and spoil the child. =If you spare the rod , you’ll spoil the child .(孩子不打不成器)
2. 祈使句/省略句+or /or else = unless从句+主句
Give it back to me or(else) I will tell your parents.=Unless you give it back to me，I’ll tell your parents.
答案：at your convenience/if it is convenient for you
五，对比和比较
Since my childhood I have found that____________(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力). (2006-12-88 CET4)
考查句式：nothing is more important than…..，读书应该译为reading，类似的词语还有singing，dancing，driving…..
答案：nothing is more attractive to me than reading
The more you explain，__________(我愈糊涂). (2006-6-90 CET4)
考查句型the more….，the more….的掌握，糊涂译为confused或者puzzled
答案：the more confused I get/am
___________(与我成长的地方相比)，this town is more prosperous and exciting.(2008-6-90 CET4)
此题应使用分词短语作伴随状语，该结构常见于写作当中。“相比”用be compared with表达。
答案：Being compared with the place where I grew up. /Compared with the place where I grew up .
六，情态动词
Some psychologists claim that people________(出门在外时可能会感到孤独). (2006-12-90 CET4)
考查情态动词might表推测用法的掌握。lonely强调主观上感到孤独和寂寞，常在句中作表语或定语；alone强调客观上独自一人，在句中作表语或状语。“出门在外”可以译为when they are traveling / when they are not in their hometown / when they are far from home
答案：might feel lonely when they are far from home 类似题目：2008-06-87，88 CET4
七，祈使句
To make donations or for more information，please__________(按以下地址与我们联系) (2007-6-90 CET4)
空格前的please提示该句为祈使句，因此以动词原形开头。
答案： contact us at following address
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