雅思阅读强化标准教程.doc

雅思阅读、强化标准教程搭配题：P21-23You are advised to spend about 15 minutes on Questions 1-12which are based on Reading passage 1. Of Ducks and Duck Eggs For people who like to keep poultry, duck offer certain advantages over hens. Ducks are immune to some common diseases found in hens and are less vulnerable to others. Some breeds of duck produce bigger eggs than hens. In addition, ducks lay eggs over a longer season than do hens. Poultry keepers with gardens have less to worry about if they keep ducks rather than hens because the former are less apt to dig up plants and destroy roots. While both hens and ducks benefit the garden by eating pests, hens are known to damage herb and grass beds. Ducks, on the other hand, will search for insects and snails more carefully. Only very delicate plants are at risk from the broad, webbed feet of ducks.Like all water birds, ducks need access to water, and duck keepers typically provide this by building a pond. Something this large is not absolutely necessary, however; ducks need only to be able to dip their heads in the water to keep their nostrils clean. If a pond is provided, though, it is important to keep ducklings away from it until they are old enough to withstand the cool temperature of the water about eight weeks.When keeping ducks, one has to consider just how much the land will support .generally the rule is 100 ducks per half hectare. If more than this proportion is introduced, there is a risk of compacting the soil, which can lead to muddy conditions for long periods as the rain is not easily absorbed into the ground.While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given greater quantity of food, especially if regular eggs are desired .an adult duck will eat between 170 to 200 grams of food a day .if the ducks have access to grass and a pond, they will be able to find for themselves approximately 70% of their daily dietary, requirements in warmer months but less than half that in colder times. Therefore it is important that they be fed enough food, such as grain, every day.Experienced duck keepers raise ducklings every three years or so because it is after this period of time that ducks, egg-laying powers begin to seriously weaken. If the aim is to hatch ducklings, keepers should be aware that not all ducks make good mothers, and that certain breeds of duck appear to be worse than others. The poor mothers abandon their eggs a few days after laying them. A sure way of making sure the rejected eggs hatch is to place them next to chicken eggs under a hen.The eggs of ducks as food for humans have a mixed reputation. This is because of a number of cases of salmonella food poisoning in Europe in the 1970s. Although it was never conclusively shown that duck eggs were to blame, the egg-eating public stopped buying and many duck egg producers went bankrupt. Indeed. There is a risk of salmonella poisoning when ducks lay their eggs in damp conditions, such as on ground that is constantly wet, but the same can be said for the eggs of hens. And commercial duck egg production in France and England, where the out-breaks of salmonella poisoning took place, followed the same standards as those used in the hen egg industry, which experienced no salmonella problems. (Storage of eggs, whether those of hen or duck, can also be a factor in contamination. Studies have found that bacterial growth reaches potentially dangerous levels at storage temperature of 5 or greater.)The salmonella scare was over by the early 1980s but, at least in smaller markers like Australia and New Zealand, few producers wished to risk investment in ducks for fear of problems. No large-scale commercial duck egg production exists in these countries. It has thus been left to small producers, and more commonly, home duck keepers.Questions 1-6Classify the characteristics listed below as belonging to:D DucksH Hensor NI if there is no information in the reading passage Write the appropriate letters in boxes 1-6 on your Answer Sheet.Example Answer more vulnerable to illness H1 more eggs per week 2 lengthier laying period 3 less likely to uproot plants 4 dangerous to grass 5 eat more grain 6 better mothers Questions 7-10Complete the partial summary below. Choose ONE or TWO words from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 7-10 on your Answer Sheet.To prevent their 7 from getting dirty, ducks should have access to water. This may be provided by building a pond, but ducklings under 8 of age should be prevented from entering it because of the 9 of the water. If too mangy ducks are kept on a plot of land, the oil may eventually become 10 as a result of compaction. For this reason, it is advised that one limits the number of ducks per half hectare of land to 100.Questions 11 and 12Choose the appropriate letters (A-D) and write them in boxes 11-12 on your Answer Sheet.11 Salmonella food poisoningA. resulted from consumption of duck eggs.B. created difficulties for the duck egg business .C. occurred all over Europe D. was found in both duck and hen eggs .12 Duck eggsA. have been produced in large quantities in New Zealand since the early 1980s.B. are more at risk of salmonella contamination than hen eggs.C. may be contaminated when laid in wet conditions.D. should be kept at 5 to prevent contamination.P132-135You should spend about 20minutes on question 1-13 which are based on reading passage 1 below.Part one A Air pollution is increasingly becoming the focus of government and citizen concern around the globe. From Mexico City and New York, to Singapore and Tokyo, new solutions to this old problem are being proposed; trialed and implemented with ever increasing speed .it is feared that unless pollution reduction measures are able to keep pace with the continued pressures of urban growth, air quality in many of the worlds major cuties will deteriorate beyond reason.B Action is being taken along several fronts: through new legislation, improved enforcement and innovative technology. In Los Angles, state regulations are forcing manufacturers to try to sell ever cleaner cars; their first of the cleanest, titled Zero Emission Vehicles , have to be available soon, since they are intended to make up 2 per cent of sales in 1997. Local authorities in London are campaigning to be allowed to enforce anti-pollution laws themselves; at present only the police have the power to do so, but they tend to be busy elsewhere. In Singapore, renting out road space to users is the way of the future C When Britains Royal Automobile Club monitored the exhausts of 60,000 vehicles, it found that 12 percent of them produced more than half the total pollution. Older cars were the worst offenders; though a sizeable number of quite new cars were also identified as gross polluters, they were simply badly tuned, California has developed a scheme to get these gross polluters off the streets; they offer a flat $700 for any old, run-down vehicle driven in by its owner. The aim is to remove the heaviest-polluting, most decrepit vehicles from the roads.D As part of a European Union environmental programme, a London council is testing an infra-red spectrometer from the University of Denver in Colorado. It gauges the pollution from a passing vehicle-more useful than the annual stationary test that is the British standard today by bouncing a beam through the exhaust and measuring what gets blocked. The councils next step may be to link the system to a computerized video camera able to read number plates automatically.E The effort to clean up cars may do little to cut pollution if nothing is done about the tendency to drive them more. Los Angeles has some of the worlds cleanest cars far better than those of Europe but the total number of miles those cars drive continues to grow. One solution is car-pooling, an arrangement in which a number of people who share the same destination share the use of one car. However, the average number of people in car on the freeway in Los Angeles, which is 1.3, has been falling steadily. Increasing it would be an effective way of reducing emissions as well as easing congestion. The trouble is, Los Angelinos seem to like being alone in their cars.F Singapore has for a while had a scheme that forces drives to buy a badge if they wish to visit a certain part of the city. Electronic innovations make possible increasing sophistication; rates can vary according to road conditions, time of day and so on. Singapore is advancing in this direction, with a city-wide network of transmitters to collect information and charge drivers as they pass certain points. Such road-pricing, however, can be controversial. When the local government in Cambridge, England, considered introducing Singaporean techniques, it faced vocal and ultimately successful opposition.Part two The scope of the problem facing the words cities is immense. In 1992, the United Nations Environmental Programme and the World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that all of a sample of twenty mega cities-places likely to have more than ten million inhabitants in the year 2000-already exceeded the level the WHO deems healthy in at least one major pollution .Two-thirds of them exceeded the guidelines for two, seven for two, seven for three or more.Of the six pollutants monitored by the WHO-carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulphur dioxide, lead and particulate matter-it is this last category that is attracting the most attention from health researchers. PM 10, a sub-category of particulate matter measuring ten millions of a meter across, has been implicated in thousands of deaths a year in Britain alone. Research being conducted in two counties of Southern California is reading similarly disturbing conclusions concerning this little-understood pollutant.A word-wide rise in allergies, particularly asthma, over the past four decades is now said to be linked with increased air pollution. The lungs and brains of children who grow up in polluted air offer further evidence of its destructive power. The old and ill, however, are the most vulnerable to the acute effects of heavily polluted stagnant air. It can actually hasten death, as it did in December 1991 when a cloud of exhaust lingered over the city of London for over a week.The United Nations has estimated that in the year 2000 there will be twenty-four mega cities and a further eighty-five cities of more than tree million please. The pressure on public officials, corporations and urban citizens to reverse established trends in air pollution is likely to grow in proportion whit the growth of cities themselves. Progress is being made. The question, though, remains the same; Will change happen quickly enough? Questions 1-5Look at the following solutions (Questions 1-5) and locations.Match each solution with one location.Write the appropriate locations in boxes 1-5 on your Answer sheet .NB you Meyer use any location more than once .SOLUTIONS 1 Manufacturers must sell cleaner .2 Authorities want to have power to enforce anti-pollution laws .3 Drivers will be charged according to the roads they use .4 Moving vehicles will be monitored for their exhaust emissions.5 Commuters are encouraged to share their vehicles with others .LOCATIONSingaporeTokyoLondonNew YorkMexico CityCambridgeLos AngelesQuestions 6-10Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-10 on your Answer Sheet write YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 6 According to British research, a mere twelve per cent of vehicles tested produced over fifty per cent of total pollution produced by the sample group.7 It is currently possible to measure the pollution coming from individual vehicles whilst they are moving.8 Residents of Los Angeles are now tending to reduce the yearly distances they travel by car.9 Car-pooling has steadily become more popular in Los Angeles in recent years. 10 Charging drivers for entering certain parts of the city ahs been successfully done in Cambridge, England. Questions 11-13Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 11-13 on your Answer Sheet. 11 How many pollutants currently exceed WHO guidelines in all mega cities studied? A. one B. two C. three D. seven12 Which pollutant is currently the subject of urgent research? A. nitrogen dioxide B. ozone C. lead D. particulate matter13 Which of the following groups of people are the most severely affected by intense air pollution? A. allergy sufferers B. children C. the old and ill D. asthma sufferersP44-46Read the advertisements below and answer Questions 8-14.A STEADMAN & CO CHARTERED ACCOUONTANTS All professional services, including Auditing, accountancy and Taxation from Small Business to Large Corporations. 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