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A Jewish spring.doc

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[导读]迈克尔·斯坦哈特与查尔斯·布隆夫曼共同创立了“以色列生存权(Birthright Israel)”项目,此项目旨在给每一个海外犹太青年提供免费游历以色列的机会。以色列的未来会怎样发展? Looking ahead 展望未来 A Jewish spring? 犹太人的春天要来了吗? There are reasons to hope for a more temperate kind of Jewish nationhood 有理由相信,犹太民族会更加冷静、克制 Jul 28th 2012 | from the print edition APATHY, ALIENATION, ASSIMILATION—all these traits of an open society naturally weaken Jewish solidarity in the diaspora and threaten what community leaders call “Jewish continuity”. Those leaders think they have found at least a partial answer. Every Jewish young person in America, and in other diaspora countries too, is offered a ten-day trip to Israel, free of charge. Last year some 35,000 went from North America alone, and the numbers are rising. 一个开放的社会是冷漠的,它还能离间、同化他人。对于流离海外的犹太人来说,这些特性很自然就削弱了他们的团结力量,并威胁着社区领袖所称的“犹太民族延续性”。这些领袖认为,他们至少找到了部分答案。在美国,及其他流离国家,每一名犹太青年都能免费参加一次以色列十日游。去年,仅北美洲就有3.5万犹太青年参加,而且去的人越来越多。 The project is called Birthright Israel. It was originally conceived by Yossi Beilin, a left-wing Israeli politician, and is largely paid for by philanthropists such as Sheldon Adelson, an American billionaire casino owner and prominent Republican Party supporter. It seems to be working—at least judged by that crude but cogent criterion, intermarriage. According to Leonard Saxe, who has tracked Birthright alumni over 12 years, “they are 50% more likely to in-marry than comparable youngsters who did not go on Birthright. That is a very big deal.” 这个项目叫做“以色列生存权”(Birthright Israel)【1】。它最初是由以色列左翼政客约西·贝林(Yossi Beilin)【2】构想出来的,主要是慈善家在资助,比如谢尔登·阿德尔森(Sheldon Adelson)【3】。这位号称美国“赌王”的亿万富翁,还是共和党重要的支持者。至少从异族结婚情况来看,这个项目还是有成效的。此标准虽然原始简陋,但令人信服。莱纳德·撒克逊(Leonard Saxe)一直和“生存权”项目的参与者保持联系,已经12年多了。据他所说,“和同等条件下没参加过该项目的年轻人比,他们与本族人结婚的可能性要高50%。这就非同小可了。” The Israeli government, as well as diaspora philanthropies, also provide longer study courses in Israel for diaspora youngsters, along with gap-year programmes and semesters for high-school students. These attract thousands every year, and thousands more study at Israeli yeshivas. “It has exploded in the past decade,” says Ted Sasson, a sociologist at Brandeis University. “More than half of young American Jews will have had an Israel experience before the age of 30.” 在以色列,政府及流离在外的犹太慈善家们,也为这些青年提供了时间较长的学习教程,还有为高中生准备的空档年计划【4】及学年计划。每年都有上千人慕名而来,还有更多人到叶史瓦大学以色列校区【5】学习。布兰迪斯大学(Brandeis University)的一名社会学家——泰德·萨松(Ted Sasson)说到,“在过去十年里,参加的人数激增,”“一半以上的美国犹太裔在30岁前,都会经历一次以色列之旅。” How exactly Israel works on them is hard to explain. “Just to be on a bus, and everyone’s Jewish—that’s very comforting,” says Rose, a sophomore at Tufts University just back from a trip. “I had zero desire or need to come to Hillel [the Jewish student club] before,” says Lia, another student from the same university. “Now I’m connected to the Jewish community at Tufts. I can come alone and sit at a Friday night dinner and feel welcome.” 以色列到底对他们有什么样的影响,现在还难说。塔夫斯大学(Tufts University)【6】的大二学生罗斯(Rose)刚刚旅行归来,她说,“就像坐公交,全车都是犹太人——这真是太大的安慰了。”“我之前根本不想、也没必要来希勒尔(Hillel)[犹太学生俱乐部],”罗斯的校友丽莎(Lisa)说:“但现在,我和塔夫斯的犹太社区紧紧相连。我可以独自一人来参加犹太周五晚宴,而且感觉很受欢迎。” One reason for Birthright’s success is that it transcends denominational divides among visitors and hosts alike. And it tries to keep away from politics. The programme leaves out the Palestinians on the West Bank and generally soft-pedals the conflict, which draws fire from the Israeli left. Still, the students at Tufts insisted they were not brainwashed. They know perfectly well that there is an occupation. “生存权”能够成功,原因之一就是它同时超越了访客与主人间的宗教界限。而且,它还尽量回避政治问题。该项目不涉及巴勒斯坦的约旦河西岸地区,从而在大体上缓和了战事,因此避免了与以色列左翼分子发生争,。尽管如此,塔夫斯大学的学生仍强调,他们没被洗脑。他们非常清楚,犹太民族是有一席之位的。 Is Israel’s left justified in suspecting that the diaspora leaders’ efforts to strengthen Jewish identity are coloured by the country’s rightist-religious Zeitgeist? If so, they will always exclude Jewish liberals. Worse, they will shore up an aggressive pro-Israel loyalism that denies the only feasible future for a Jewish, democratic Israel: sharing the land with a Palestinian state. Israel needs to recover its pragmatic Zionism. It cannot afford a governing ethos infused by a religious fundamentalism concerned chiefly with settlement, conquest and conflict. 以色列左翼分子认为,海外犹太人的领袖是受了国家右翼宗教联盟“时代精神”的影响,才努力加强犹太人的民族认同感。他们这样怀疑是有道理的吗?如果是,那他们会一直把自由派的犹太人排除在外。更糟糕的是,他们将支持亲以色列派,但这种效忠情怀过于激进——它否定了以色列唯一可能的未来:民主的犹太国将和巴勒斯坦共享土地。犹太复国主义(Zionism)【7】是实际可行的,以色列需要恢复这种精神。宗教原教旨主义(fundamentalism)【8】主要和殖民、征服、冲突相关,如果它融入执政精神,以色列会承担不起的。 Judaism itself, which the Israeli governing camp has tried to harness to its policies, needs to quell this dangerous strand of zealotry within it. During 2,000 years of exile without a state, the Jews developed a sophisticated, sublimated reading of the Bible that is still embraced by the haredim. It would serve the faith better than the fundamentalism of settler rabbis. 以色列政府一直试图利用犹太教,来掌管它的政策。但在犹太教体内,有一股危险的狂热气焰。犹太教自身必须设法平息。两千年来,犹太人背井离乡,没有属于自己的国度。慢慢地,他们对《圣经》有了另一种解读,久经世故但纯洁净尚。直到现在,这种解读还为哈勒丁派(haredim)【9】信奉。比起殖民者拉比(rabbis)【10】所拥护的原教旨主义,它更加忠实于信仰。 Open wide 敞开视野 The haredim, perhaps incongruously, could offer hope for a more temperate, less obdurate ethos of Jewish nationhood. They have enjoyed a remarkable renaissance. Demographically they are racing ahead. Politically they are still flexing their muscles. Diaspora communities seem to view them with distaste and trepidation. When haredim come up in conversation, diaspora leaders automatically shift from the first person plural to the third. That needs to change. 哈勒丁派,也许不太和谐,但它可能会让犹太国家的精神多一点克制,少一些固执。他们已经历过一次非凡的复兴。从人口上说,位居前列;从政治上说,他们仍在活动筋骨,准备大展身手。离散的犹太群体似乎不喜欢他们,还有一种恐惧心理。只要谈到哈勒丁派,海外犹太人的领袖就自动改了称谓,从第一人称“我们”变成了其三人称“他们”。这需要有所改变。 Israeli leaders, too, especially moderate ones, would be wise to draw the haredim into the mainstream of national life. Haredism, for all its religious extremism, is the natural enemy of nationalist extremism. Impending changes to the army draft for haredim offer hope for more integration in the future. 对于以色列领袖,尤其是温和派而言,把哈勒丁派引入国民生活的主流中,将是明智的作法。在所有的宗教极端主义中,哈勒丁主义是极端民族主义的天敌。哈勒丁派的军队草案即将有所更改。这样在未来,就可能实现更多整合。 The plethora of religious innovation, both in Israel and in the diaspora, is hopeful, too, reflecting Judaism’s diverse efforts to reconcile modernity and faith. Granted, the haredim are not currently part of that ferment, but nor are they oblivious to it. The issues—the soul of the Jewish state, the spirit of its supporters abroad, the Jewishness of its immigrant citizens—are too important to be left to rabbis and politicians still fighting old factional wars. 在以色列和犹太人离散地区,宗教改革过多,但仍有前途。因为这反映出犹太人为了化解现代性和信仰的冲突,正在做各种努力。即使目前哈勒丁派没有导致国家动乱,但他们从没忘记过。拉比、政治家们仍和旧派冲突不断,而犹太国家的灵魂、海外支持者的精神、移民的犹太身份——这些问题太重要了,绝不能留给他们管。 For now, haredi Orthodoxy is in the ascendant. But that ascendancy might be its own salvation, because with it comes responsibility. The last word should go to Moshe Halbertal, the philosopher, in conversation with an unnamed haredi on an El Al (Israel’s national airline) flight. “Why”, the professor asked, “are you blithely defying the pilot’s instruction to buckle your seat belt?” The haredi explained affably that for him the pilot was the poritz, Yiddish for the autocratic Polish squire who lorded it over the Jewish shtetl. “One day soon”, Mr Halbertal replied, “you’ll understand that you’re the poritz now.” 目前,哈勒丁东正教(Orthodoxy)【11】的势力正在崛起。但这种统治也许是它的自我救赎,因为责任随之而来。最后,应该谈谈哲学家摩西·哈伯达(Moshe Halbertal)。在一趟El Al(以色列国家航空公司)航班上,他和一位没有透露姓名的哈勒丁派人士聊天。“为什么”,哲学家问,“飞行员要求你扣好安全带,而你却完全不在乎,还公然抵抗呢?”哈勒丁派人士友好地解释说,对他来讲,这名飞行员就是poritz。在意第绪语(Yiddish)【12】中,指专横的波兰乡绅,他们在犹太人的小村子面前作威作福。“不久的将来”,哈伯达答道,“你就会明白,你如今就是个poritz。” from the print edition | Special report Background 【1】以色列生存权(Birthright Israel) 此项目旨在给每一个海外犹太青年提供免费游历以色列的机会。 【2】约西·贝林(Yossi Beilin) 以色列前司法部长 【3】谢尔登·阿德尔森(Sheldon Adelson) 百度百科 福布斯中文网 美国400大富豪排行榜第3名,财富仅次于比尔·盖茨和沃伦·巴菲特 今年初,赌场大亨谢尔登•阿德尔森颠覆了美国的政治舞台: 他向共和党总统候选人纽特•金里奇(NewtGingrich)捐赠了数千万美元 【4】空档年(gap year) 在西方,学生们在大学前的一年,走出传统的欧洲,“壮游”,相当于我们的成人礼 【5】叶史瓦大学(Yeshiva University) wikipedia 百度百科 1886年建于纽约。 是美国最古老的综合性大学之一,因为是由犹太教信徒赞助所以也叫犹太大学。 纽约有6个校区,以色列1个 【6】塔夫斯大学(Tufts University) 塔夫茨大学建于1851年,校址在马萨诸塞州的梅德福 是一所综合性私立大学,现有学生8000多人。 【7】犹太复国主义(Zionism) 犹太复国主义又称锡安主义,是犹太人的政治运动 也指支持犹太人在以色列土地建立家园的意识形态 【8】原教旨主义(fundamentalism) 原教旨主义是指这样一种宗教现象:当传统的、理所当然地接受的最高权威受到挑战时,人们毫不妥协,仍反复重申原信仰的权威性,并坚决回击,一旦有必要,甚至动用政治和军事手段。所以,原教旨主义有极强的保守性、对抗性、排他性及战斗性。 【9】哈勒丁派(haredim) 哈勒丁派(Haredim)是反犹太复国主义者 反犹太复国运动形成于20世纪30年代中期 虽然它在伦敦和纽约有一大批拥护者,但它的成员仍然主要居住在耶路撒冷城及其周边 他们反对政治上的犹太复国主义是基于神学 上帝将犹太人驱逐出圣地,因此,在他选择救世主来拯救犹太人之前,他们建立以色列国是一种罪。 【10】拉比(rabbis) “拉比”中文意为“老师” 指接受过正规犹太教育,系统学习过《塔那赫》、《塔木德》等犹太教经典 担任犹太人社团或犹太教教会精神领袖或在犹太经学院中传授犹太教教义者主要为有学问的学者 是老师也是智者的象征 【11】东正教(Orthodoxy) 它是与天主教、基督新教并立的基督教三大派别之一,目前也是第二大教派 【12】意第绪语(Yiddish) 属于日耳曼语族 全球大约有三百万人在使用,大部分的使用者还是犹太人
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