资源描述
框架结构
Unit 1 Know yourself both…and…
not only…but also…
either…or…
neither…nor…
Module 1
Getting along with others Unit2 Colours that
Object clauses if/whether
Unit3 Teenage problems
question words
before,after,when,while
Unit4 Growing up
Since,till,until Time clause
As soon as ,whenever
because
Unit5 Art world the clause of reason
If since/as (意义用法相同)
Module 2 Unit6 TV programmes
unless
Entertainment although/though
Unit7 Films
so…that & such…that
Unit8 Detective stories defining relative clauses
Relative pronouns
Unit1
Unit2
that引导的宾语从句
宾语从句是指一个句子充当宾语,在主句与从句之间有一个引导词。
A. 引导词本身的省略与不省略
1.可以省略
连词that引导宾语从句,只起连接主、从句的作用,它本身无意义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如:
He says( that) he is a Young Pioneer. 他说他是个少先队员。
2.不可以省略
(1)从句的主语是that时,that不省略。如: We know that that is an interesting story. 我们知道那是一个有趣的故事。
(2) that引导的宾语从句中若再有复合句时,that不能省略。如:
I think that if you have lost the library book, you must pay for it.我认为如果你已把图书馆
的书丢失了,你就必须赔偿。
(3)主、从句之间有插入语时,that不能省略。如:
It says here, in the newspaper, that English is getting more and more important. 报纸上写着,英语正变得越来越重要。
B.何时使用that引导的宾语从句
that引导的宾语从句,表示陈述一件事,即由陈述句转化而来。如: He says( that) he is listening to the weather report. 他说他正在听天气预报。
1.主句的谓语动词是think,hear,hope,wish,remember,forget,know,say,guess等时,常接that引导的宾语从句。如:
I hope( that) he will be fine soon.我希望他很快好起来。
2.主句由“连系动词+形容词”构成的“系表”结构,常接that引导的宾语从句。这类形容词多表示感情,如happy,glad,pleased,sad,sure,afraid等等。如: I'm afraid( that) he can't come.恐怕他不能来了。
C.that引导的宾语从句相关的内容
1.语序
不论什么情况下,宾语从句都要用陈述语序,即“主语+谓语+其它”。如: Do you think( that) the radio is too noisy? 你认为收音机太吵吗? 2.时态
that引导的宾语从句,主句用一般现在时,从句可以用符合句意要求的任一时态。如: He says( that) they have returned already. 他说他们已经回来了。
如果主句用一般过去时,从句要用过去时态的某种形式(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时)。如:
He said( that) he bought a new dictionary. 他说他买了本新词典。
【友情提醒】
如果从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然现象、名言、警句、格言、谚语等等,尽管主句用一般过去时,从句也要用一般现在时。如: He said that time is life.他说时间就是生命。 B if和whether引导的宾语从句
1.何时使用if或whether引导的宾语从句
if或whether引导宾语从句时,作“是否”讲,常放在动、词ask,see,say,know和find out等后面。一般情况下,两者常可换用,在口语中多用if。如: Nobody knows whether( if)it will rain tomorrow. 没有人知道明天是否下雨。
2.if或whether引导宾语从句时,要注意三个方面,即连词、语序和时态。 (1)if或whether不能和that或其他连词(副词)同时使用,也不能省去。如:
I don't know if(whether) he will come here today.
我不知道他今天是否会来。
(2)if或whether引导的宾语从句时,虽具有疑问意义,但从句语序应用陈述句语序。 (3)if或whether引导的宾语从句应和主句的时态保持一致。即主句为一般现在时,从句用任一种时态;主句为一般过去时,从句则用过去时中的任一种时态。如: I don't know if(whether) he has come here. 我不知道他是否来过这儿。 3.if和whether的区别:
(1)在动词不定式之前只能用whether。如: I can't decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。
(2)在whether„ or not的固定搭配中。如: 1 want to know whether it's good news or not. 我想知道是否是好消息。
(3)在介词后,只能用whether。如:
His father is worried about whether he loses his work. 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
(4)宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whether。如:
Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem.他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。
(5)用if会引起歧义时,只用whether。如: Could you tell me if you know the answer?
这句话有两种意思:“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?”或“如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?”。如用whether可避免歧义。
Unit3
连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
1) 连接代词what ,who ,whom, whose, which 和连接副词 when, where, how, why 等引导的宾语从句
中,连接代词与连接副词有具体词义,并且在宾语从句中充当句子成分。
在从句中,连接代词多作宾语、主语和定语
连接副词多作状语
Do you know who is singsing? (who作主语)
I don’t know whom he is talking with ( whom作宾语)
注意:who与whom都指人,期中who为主格,whom为宾格。大多数情况下,可用who
代替whom
2)宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序
She wants to know the train will arrive.
3)含有宾语从句的复合句的标点由主句决定。
No one knows what he is ding.
Could you tell me how I get to the hospital?
表建议的句型
Why not +V(原)
Why don’t you +V(原)
Shall we+ V(原)
What/How about +n./pron./doing “……怎么样”或“……如何”
Let’s do sth 否定形式: Let’s not do sth
Unit4
时间状语从句是指在复合句中充当时间状语的句子。连词before, after, when, while引导时间状语从句时,既可以放在句首,也可以放在句中。
1) before, after, when 和while引导的时间状语从句
1.before引导时间状语从句时,意为“在……之前”,表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前。
Close the window before you leave the room
2.after引导时间状语从句时,意为“在……之后”,表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。
I went to school after I finished my breakfast.
3. When引导时间状语从句时,意为“当……时候”,表示主句动作发生的特定时间。
The days get longer when spring comes.
It was snowing when we got to the airport
注意:在when引导的时间状语从句中,从句的时态多用一般现在时或一般过去时。
从句的谓语可以是延续性动词,也可以是非延续性动词。
4.while引导时间状语从句时,意为:“在……期间”,表示主句动作发生在从句动作进行的过程中
While we having a meeting, Li Ming came in.我们在开会时,李明进来了。
While还可以表达“与……同时”,强调主句动作和从句动作是同时发生的。
Some students were reading while others were writing.
注意:while引导的从句的谓语必须是延续性的
2)since, till 和until引导的时间状语从句
1. since引导时间状语从句时,意为“自从……以来”。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。
We have been friends since we were in primary school.
2. till 和until 引导时间状语从句时,意为“到……为止”,一般情况下,两者可以互换。但until可以放在句首或句中,而till不可以放句首
Walk until/till you see a white house.
Until引导时间状语从句时,如果主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词,必须用否定形式,即“not…until”
结构,表示“直到……才”,如果主句中的谓语是延续性动词,用肯定或否定形式都可以。
The children won’t come home until it is dark.
注意:until后面的从句不能用一般将来时,应该用一般现在时代替。即所谓的“主将从现”
他将待在这儿直到妈妈回来。
He ______ stay here until his mother________ _________
3) as soon as 和whenever 引导的时间状语从句
1. as soon as引导时间状语从句,意为“一……就……”
As soon as I got to the bus stop, the bus started.我刚到公共汽车站,汽车就开了。
2.whenever引导时间状语从句时,意为“每当;任何时候”
You can ask for help whenever you need it.
Unit5
辨析because,since和as
三者都可以用作表示“原因”的连词,语气由强到弱依次为because→since
Because
从属连词
因为
表直接原因,回答why的提问,一般放在主句之后,可单独存在
Since
从属连词
因为,既然
侧重主句,从句表示显然的或已知的理由
As
主句说明结果,主从并重。
Unit6
1) if引导的条件状语从句
在含有if引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句中,如果主句时态为一般将来时,祈使句,或含有情态动词时,if引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来
We will have a sports meeting if it _______ rain tomorrow
You can go home if you ______ your homework
2) unless 引导的条件状语从句
unless意为“除非,如果不”,相当于“if…not”
Unless you work hard, you won’t get good grades.
口诀: 状语从句表条件,if/unless来引导
主句常常前面走,从句紧紧跟其后
从句若在主句前,从句句尾加逗号
They will go for a picnic unless it rains tomorrow.(改为同义句)
They will go for a picnic______ it _______ ________ tomorrow
Unit7
1.although 和though引导的让步状语从句
1).让步状语从句表示即使出现从句中的情况,主句动作仍然会发生
He makes very slow progress although he works very hard.
2).although意为“虽然,但是,即使’,引导让步状语从句,与though同义。在一般情况下,两者可以互换。只是though常用于口语中,although更正式。
Though/Although is was raining, we went there.
注意: although/though与but不能在同一个句子中
虽然下着雨,我们还是去了那儿。
2. so…that和such…that引导的结果状语从句
(1)结果状语从句用来说明主句动作发生所带来的结果。
It was so dark that he couldn’t see anything.天太黑了,以至于他什么也看不见。
(2)so…that和such…that的意思均为“如此……以至于……”
•so…that中的so为副词,后面跟形容词或副词。
▪such…that中的such为限定词,后面接名词或名词词组。
在两者中间出现单数可数名词,且该名词前有形容词修饰时,二者可以互换:
so+adj.+a/an+n.=such+a/an+adj.+n.
She is so good a teacher that we all love her.
=She is such a good teacher that we all love her. 她是一位如此好的老师,以至于我们都爱她
注意: 当that前面被表示数量多少的many, much, few,little等词修饰时,只能用so
当that前十不可数名词或复数可数名词时,则必须用such
◐.They are such interesting books that we all want to read them
◐. He had so little money that he had to get a job.
3.so that 引导的目的状语从句
(1)目的状语用以说明主句动作发生的目的。
I got up early so that I could catch the early bus.我早起床,以便能赶上早班车。
(2)引导目的状语从句时,表示“以便;为了”,从句中常使用can /could ,may /might , would /should等情态动词;主从句之间没有逗号
My mother began to study computer at the age of 50 so that (=in order that ) she might keep up with times. 我妈妈在50岁的时候开始学习电脑,以便跟上时代。
Unit8
定语从句:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句
如:1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.
2) You must do everything that I do.
上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词,叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who(宾格who, 所有格whose)
关系副词where, when、why
关系词常有三个作用:1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词 3、在定语从句中担当一个成分
(2)关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人,在从句中做主语
1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
2)Yesterday I helped an old man ______lost his way
2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about.
注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略
3. which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主语)
2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做宾语)
4.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语
1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor
5.that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。
在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略
【拓展】
(1) 当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+ which/whom”结构。例如:
① This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。
② Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.
请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2) 关系词只能用that而不用which的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which。例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b. 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which。例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which。例如:
This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that,而不用which。例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that。例如:
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f. 主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which。例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
语法检测
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