1、,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,I 撰写科技论文前的准备工作,了解科技期刊本身的情况,性质、内容、栏目、投稿须知等,了解读者怎样阅读科技文章,标题、关键词、摘要、作者,了解CAU本科生毕业论文写作要求,1,Contents of a report,Organisation,Title page,The summary,The induction,The main body of the
2、text,The conclusion,Reference,appendices,2,Organisation,Technical and business reports are normally divided into a series of sections which have distinct and well recognised functions.These sections,in order of presentation,are the summary,introduction,main body of the work and the conclusion.They m
3、ay be followed by a list of references and appendices.The functions of each of these sections are described below.,3,标题/题目要求,简洁、准确、信息丰富,无废话,最重要的词组在先,描述/疑问/陈述,6,标题/题目结构,名词短语最常见先确定中心词,再进行前后修饰词序不当,表达不准确,Detection of splenomegaly in poultry carcasses by UV and color imaging,Resistance of soy beans to co
4、mpression,Dehydration characteristics of Kastamonu garlic slices,7,标题/题目字数,在准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,字数越少越好。,美国医学会规定题目不超过2行,每行不超过42个印刷字符,英国数学学会要求题目不超过12个词,8,标题/题目,冠词因趋向简洁,冠词可用可不用时,均不用。,书写方法,全部大写,实词首字母大写,虚词小写,第一个词的首字母大写,其余全部小写,副标题英文期刊常用,9,The summary,The purpose of summary is to give a very brief outline on wh
5、at the rest of the report says for people who do not want to read the whole report(busy bosses),or who want to know what is in the report before reading it.The acid test is whether the content of report is clear to someone who reads only the summary.The summary should,therefore,contain such informat
6、ion(from the introduction,conclusion and main text)that is needed to fully comprehend the contents.,10,The summary should be:,Written after the rest of the report;,Presented at the start of the report;,Factual&concise,but written in proper English.,The summary should not be:a re-statement of the con
7、clusion,11,中/英文摘要写作(Abstract/Summary),基本要素,主要功能,写作四要素,如何写摘要?,主要内容,编写摘要注意事项,12,基本要素,包括研究的目的、方法、结果和结论。,应具有独立性,拥有与文献同等分量的主要/重要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。,13,主要功能,使读者了解论文的主要内容,为科技情报人员和计算机检索提供方便,摘要是读者被标题吸引到文章后首先看到的,应该清楚地总结文章的重要发现,应简明扼要,包含基本事实,14,写作四要素,目标或你打算做什么?,如果方法是有趣的,对其进行简要描述;,主要结果应具有实际价值,不是含糊的形容词;,对结果的重要性和
8、潜在含义的解释。,其中每个因素应该用几个句子描述,不要用仅在正文中被解释过的缩写。不要包括或涉及数据和图表。做简单的有价值的事实陈述,例如:“在治疗后有,86,的病人康复”。,15,如何写摘要?,浏览你选定的杂志,注意其摘要的平均长度,阅读“作者指南”(有何限制),一般摘要字数被限制在,100,150,或,150,250,字符。,16,主要内容,目的,(方法),主要结果,重要性和意义,陈述研究的目标,描述该研究的最重要结果,提及其含义和重要性,不要包括不在该论文范围内的研究,要包括所有相关的发现,并且要准确。,17,编写摘要注意事项,应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容
9、写入摘要;一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。,不得简单重复题目中已有的信息。例如某篇文章的题目是,几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎发生的研究,,其摘要的的开头就不要再写:“为了,,对几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎的发生进行了研究”。,18,编写摘要注意事项,结构严紧,表达简明,语义确切。先写什么,后写什么,按逻辑顺序安排。句子之间要上下连贯,互相呼应。慎用长句,句型应力求简单。每句话要表达明白,无空泛、笼统、含混之词。摘要不分段。,用第三人称。建议采用:“对,进行了研究”“报告了,现状”“进行了,调查”等记述方法标明一手文献的性质和文献主题,不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语。,
10、19,编写摘要注意事项,要使用规范化的名词术语,不用非公知、公用的符号和术语。新术语(注明原文)。,除了实在无法变通以外,一般不用数学公式和化学结构式,不出现插图、表格。,不用引文,除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。,20,编写摘要注意事项,缩略语、略称、代号,除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外,在首次出现时必须加以说明。,采用法定计量单位。,正确使用语言文字和标点符号。,21,英文摘要的表达方式及语言习惯,时态,语态,人称,其它注意事项,22,英文摘要的时态,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。,一般现在时:用于说明研究目的、叙述研
11、究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。涉及公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等。,一般过去时:用于表述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现,某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程),23,英文摘要的时态,例如:,This study(investigation)is(conducted,undertaken)to,The result shows(reveals),it is found that,The conclusion are,The author suggests,24,英文摘要的语态,采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子
12、里混用。,以前强调多用被动语态,理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过,至于哪件事是谁做的,无须一一说明。事实上,为强调动作承受者,还是采用被动语态为好。,现在也有主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多,因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。,It is recommended thatNOT:I recommend that,25,英文摘要的人称,倾向于采用简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如:,To describe,To study,To investigate,To assess,To determine,行文时最好不用第一人称,26,其它注意事项,漏用冠词,要区分,a,和,an,的用法;
13、,数词:避免使用阿拉伯数字作词首;,名词单、复数,特别是不易辨认的词,例如:,criterion/criteria,(标准);,尽量使用短句,因为长句容易造成语义不清;要避免单调和重复。,27,如何撰写英文摘要,细心阅读原文,边阅读原文,边做简单笔记,用自己的句子简明写出全文主要意思不要掺杂个人意见,修改以确保适当、准确,所列事实或论点的次序应与原文完全一致,重新读一遍,再将字数缩减一半,28,如何缩短摘要将从句改为短语,原句:If you take the steak from the freezer now,it will be thawed out in time for dinner.
14、,改为:Taking the steak from the freezer now will make it thaw by dinnertime.,原句:When he finally reached the restaurant he found that his friend had already arrived.,改为:At the restaurant he found his friend waiting.,29,如何缩短摘要用单字代替子句和短语,原句:My friend who is a native of Brazil is coming for a visit.,改为:My
15、 Brazilian friend is coming for a visit.,原句:After he has graduated,he will go into the army.,改为:After graduation,he will go into the army.,30,Words and sentences,Some helpful rules,Never use two words when one word will do,Never use a big word when a small one will do,Never use a long sentence when
16、a short one will do,31,How to improve your style,Remember everyone can improve his or her working skills,often through hard work,constructive feedback and practice.Below are some key tips for improving your style:,32,Always check your work,Before you hand in any work,be it an assignment or an exam s
17、cript,check it for:,Errors in accuracy such as spelling,punctuation etc.,Readability and flow(section numbers etc),Clarity of structure,33,Work with a rough draft,Complete a rough draft and leave for a few days then re-read it or ask a friend to read it and make comments.This gives you time to refle
18、ct on your report,34,Avoid jargon,Keep it clear and straightforward,A good style is one which is clear and concise so the reader can easily follow your argument/analysis,Avoid plagiarism,You know the penalties,35,关键词(Keyword),是科技论文的文献检索标识,是表达文献主题概念的自然语言词汇,是从其题目、层次标题和正文中选出来的能反映论文主题概念的词或词组。,36,关键词(Keyword)分类,叙词(正式主题词):词或词组,已收入汉语主题词表(叙词表),可用于标引文献主题概念,经过规范化,自然语言:词或词组,直接从文章的标题、摘要、层次标题或文章其他内容抽出来的,能反映该文主题概念,37,关键词(Keyword),是科技论文的文献检索标识,是表达文献主题概念的自然语言词汇,是从其题目、层次标题和正文中选出来的能反映论文主题概念的词或词组。,38,