资源描述
英语时态概述
一般现在时:
陈述:主+动词(第三人称单数+s/es)
否定:主+don't/ doesn't +do
疑问:Do/does+主+do
现在进行时:
陈述:主+be(am/is/are)+现在分词
否定:主+be(am/is/are)+not+现在分词
疑问:be (am/is/are )+主+现在分词
一般过去时:
陈述:主+动词的过去时
否定:主+didn't+do
疑问:Did+主+do
过去进行时:
陈述:主+be的过去时(was/were)+现在分词
否定:主+be的过去时(was/were)+not+现在分词
疑问:be的过去时(was/were)+主+现在分词
一般将来时:
陈述:主+will/be going to+动词原形
否定:主+will not/be not going to+动词原形
疑问:will+主+动词原形/be(am/is/are)+主+ going to+动词原形
过去将来时:
陈述:主+would/was或were going to+动词原形
否定:主+would not/was not或were not going to+动词原形
疑问:would+主+动词原形/was/were+主+ going to+动词原形
现在完成时:
陈述:主+has/have+过去分词(-ed)
否定:主+has/have+not+过去分词(-ed)
疑问:has/have+主+过去分词(-ed)
过去完成时:
陈述:主+had+过去分词(-ed)
否定:主+had+not+过去分词(-ed)
疑问:had+主+过去分词(-ed)
现在完成进行时:
陈述:主+has/have+been+现在分词(-ing)
否定:主+has/have+not+been+现在分词(-ing)
疑问:has/have+主+been+现在分词(-ing)
将来完成时:
陈述:主+will/be going to+have done
否定:主+will not/be not going to+have done
疑问:Will+主+have done
Be+主+going to have done
一般现在时
一、构成
一般现在时除主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词要加s或es外,一律用动词原形。
二、用法
■一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语every day, usually, always, often, sometimes, on Sunday等连用。如:
I go to school at 6 every morning.。
■一般现在时表示客观存在及普遍真理。如:
Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
注意:此种用法即使出现在过去的语境中,仍用一般现在时。如:
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.
■一般现在时表示格言或警句。如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
■一般现在时表示目前的情况或状态。如:
I am a teacher.
Peter writes good Chinese but does not speak well. 彼得汉语写得不错,讲的可不行。
■以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
■在下列情况下表示将来:
1. 在状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如:
I will give it to him as soon as I see him. 我一看见他就交给他。
He will come if you invite him. 如果你请他,他会来的。
Suppose he doesn’t agree,what shall we do?假如他不同意,那怎么办?
I shall do as I please. 我高兴怎么做就怎么做。
He will continue the work no matter what happens.
2. 在the more…the more …(越……越……) 句型中,前者通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时,因为前者相当于条件状语从句。如:
The harder you study, the better results you will get. 你学习越努力,成绩就会越好。
3. 在make sure (certain) , see to it, mind, care, matter ,hope后的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如:
See to it that you are not late again. 注意别再迟到了。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
4. 表示按计划或时间表已确定或安排好的事情,通常有表示将来的时间状语。如:
The plane takes off at 11:30 and arrives in Shanghai at l:20.
The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。
注:只限于少数动词能这样用,如 begin, start, , end, finish, stop, go, come, leave, sail, arrive, return, close, open 等。
现在进行时
一、构成方法
现在进行时由 am/is/are 加现在分词(_ing)构成。
二、用法说明
■表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。如:
They’re having a meeting. 他们在开会。
I’m studying at an evening school. 我在上夜校。
■表示计划或安排好了的将来动作,常与一个表示将来的时间状语连用。如:
Mike is coming home on Thursday. 迈克星期四回来。
They’re having a party next week. 下星期他们将开一个晚会。
Are you staying here till next week?
注:表示安排将要做的事,人作主语宜用现在进行时,事物作主语,宜用一般现在时。试比较:
I’m not going out this evening. 今晚我不准备出去。(不宜说I don’t…)
The concert starts at 7: 30. 音乐会七点半开始。
■渐变动词,如:get, run, grow, become, begin及die。
He is dying.
■现在进行时与always, often, forever等连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气。如:
You’re always interrupting me! 你老打断我的话!(抱怨)
My father is always losing his car keys. 我爸老丢车钥匙。(不满)
She’s always helping people. 她老是帮助别人。(赞扬)
■下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时:
(1) 表示心理状态,情感的动作:like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, think, understand, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need.
(2) 表示存在的状态的动词:appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on.
(3) 表示一时性动作的动词:allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete, find.
(4) 表示感官的动词: see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look.另外, be, have, own等动词也无进行时.
一般过去时
一、构成方法
一般过去时用动词的过去式构成,即在动词原形后加ed。
二、用法说明
■表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态。常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等连用。如:
He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。
What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事?
■在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。如:
We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。
注:表示过去经常发生的动作还可用used to 和would。如:
He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn’t now. 他过去经常抽烟,但现在不抽了。
Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. 每当我们遇到困难,他都会帮助我们。
■表示主语过去的特征或性格。如:
At that time she was very good at English. 那时她英语学得很好。
■ 在时间,条件和让步状语从句中,常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。如:
She said she would go fishing if it didn’t rain.
He said he would wait until they came back.
■一般过去时有时可以表示现在,多与 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等动词连用,使语气更委婉。如:
I wondered if you could help me. 不知你能不能帮我一下。
有时用一般过去时也是时态一致的需要。如:
I didn’t know you were here. 没想到你在这里。
注意:
1. 表示一系列的动作,尽管有先后,都用一般过去时,最后两个动词之间用and连结。如:
He opened the door, rushed out and then disappeared. 他打开门,冲了出去,然后就消失了。
2. 注意在语境中理解“我刚才/原来还不……”。如:
—Your phone number again? I didn’t quite catch it. —It’s 2566666. 请再说一次你的电话号码,好吗?我刚才没听清楚。是2566666。
过去进行时
一、构成方法
过去进行时由 was/were 加现在分词构成。
二、用法说明
■表示在过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在发生的动作。如:
What were you doing this time yesterday? 昨天这个时候你在做什么?
During the summer of 1999 she was travelling in Europe. 1999年夏天她在欧洲旅行。
■表示过去将来,多用于go, come, leave, start, take off等动词。如:
He said he was leaving for home in a day or two. 他说他一两天之内就动身回家了。
■表示过去的经常动作,常与always,forever等连用,略带感情色彩。如:
She was always thinking of others. 她老是想到别人。(赞扬)
She was forever complaining. 她老是抱怨。(厌烦)
■表示某个短暂性动作发生的背景。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去,动作时间长的用过去进行时,表达谈话背景;动作时间短的用一般过去时,表达新的信息。如:
I was reading the newspaper when the doorbell rang. 我正在看报,突然门铃响了。
Jim burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner. 吉姆做饭时把手烫了。
I met Diana while I was shopping this morning. 我今早买东西时碰到了戴安娜。
■表示两个同时持续的动作。如:
I was doing my homework while he was listening to music. 我在做作业而他在听音乐。
■过去进行时可以表示客气的语气。如:
I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 不知我可否顺便搭你的车。
一般将来时
一、构成方法
一般将来时由 will/be going to加动词原形构成。
二、用法说明
■表示在将来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
过去将来时
一、构成方法
过去将来时由 would/was(were) going to加动词原形构成。
二、用法说明
■表示过去看来将来将要发生的动作或存在的状态,一般用在宾语从句中。
典型例题
(1)He said he _______ me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeeded
C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed.
答案B. 在时间,条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said,故为过去式。主句用将来时,故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。
现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去,但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成: have (has) +过去分词。
用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is the… that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中,从句要用完成时。
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
比较过去时与现在完成时
1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。举例:
I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了。)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
Why did you get up so early?(强调起床的动作已发生过了。)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子,可能为不公平竞争。)
She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
过去完成时
1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2) 用法
a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left
C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意: had no … when 还没等…… 就……
had no sooner… than 刚…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2)用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
如何正确使用动词时态
现以动词be/work为例将常用的8种时态列举如下表:
一般
进行
完成
现在
be/work
一般现在时态
be(is,am,are)
work(works)
现在进行时态
is(am,are)having
is(am,are)working
现在完成时态
have(has)been
have(has)worked
过去
be /work
一般过去时态
be(was,were)
worked
过去进行时态
was(were)working
过去完成时态
had been
had worked
将来
be /work
一般将来时态
will(shall)be
will(shall)work
过去将来
be /work
一般过去将来时态
would be
would work
牢记以下几点:
1.动词时态的使用,主要看时间状语和上下文。每种时态都有相应的时间状语。见到often,usually,sometimes等时间状语,动词一般用一般现在时态;句中有last week,yesterday,in 2000等时间状语,多用一般过去时态;句中有tomorrow,next year等时间状语,多用将来时态;句中有already,yet,for...,since...等时间状语,多用完成时态。如果没有明确的时间状语,就得看上下文。看看主句和从句的关系,根据主句可以确定从句的动词形式,根据从句也可以确定主句的动词形式。
2.在时间、条件两种从句中,使用时要特殊记:主句是一般将来时态,从句要用一般现在时态。如:①I'll phone you back as soon as I get home.②You'll fail if you don't work harder.其它一般都遵循"时态一致"的原则。而含宾语从句的句子,主句是现在时态,从句可以用所需要的任何时态(注:宾语从句讲的是事实或普遍真理,总是用一般现在时态);主句是过去时态,从句也要用相应的过去时态。
当然除了牢记动词形式、熟悉相关的时间状语和上下文规则外,就是多造句子、多练习。有意识、有计划地练习使用这常用的8种时态。
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