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现在完成时
教学内容
一、知识结构(5分钟)
二、典例精讲（20分钟）
知识点一 重点单词:
1. litter v. 乱扔 n. 垃圾 11. industry n. 工业
2. bottom n. 底部 12. law n. 法律
3. coal n. 煤 13. afford v. 承担得起
4. ugly adj. 丑陋的 14. recycle v. 回收利用
5. cost v.花费 n. 花费 15. gate n. 大门
6. wooden adj. 木制的 (wood n. 木材) 16. bottle n. 瓶子
7. plastic adj. 塑料的n. 塑料 17. president n. 负责人
8. method n. 方法 18. work n. 作品
9. cruel adj. 残酷的 19. metal n. 金属
10. harmful adj. 有害的 (harm n. 害处)
重点短语:
1.make a difference 起作用；有影响 8. cut off 切除
2. take part in 参加 9. throw away 扔掉
3. turn off 关掉 10. put sth. to good use 好好利用
4. pay for 付费；付出代价 11. put … down 拆下
5. cut down 减少 12. upside down 上下颠倒
6. lead to 导致 13. bring back 恢复
7. hear of 听说
知识点二 近义词辨析
1.与“花费”有关，但用法上有区别。
（1） cost sth. costs (sb.) +money
（2） spend 1）. spend+ time/money on sth. 2）. spend +time/money (in) doing sth.
（3） take It takes (sb.) time +to do sth.
（4） pay pay (sb.)+money for sth.
2. take part in/join/join in/attend 这些动词或词组均含“参加，加入”之意。
take part in 常指参加大型比赛或活动。
join 特指加入党派、团体等；join sb. in (doing) sth. 指“和某人一起做某事”。 join in 多指参加小规模的活动，如：球赛、游戏等。
attend 侧重参加或出席会议、学术活动、音乐会、上课等等，着重强调成为其中的听众或观众。
3. turn词组 Turn on打开 turn off关上 turn up把„„调高 turn down把„„调低 turn out原来是，结果是 turn out (to be) +adj./n turn around转身 turn back返回 turn to翻到„„求助于„„turn into将„„转变为„„；译成„„turn over 翻转
4. afford to do sth.：买得起……，足够支付……
be harmful to：对……有害 Staying up often is harmful to your health. (1). harm：n. 害处 (2). do harm to：对……有害
5. at the top of：在……顶端
There was not enough oxygen at the top of the mountain. 反义词 at the bottom of：在……的底端
6. take action：采取行动
The police had to take action to deal with the riots.骚乱
7. throw away扔掉、错过机会等
Many people throw away cigarette ends carelessly.
拓展： （1）. throw at：扔向…… （2）. throw about：到处扔
8. put sth. to good use：好好利用某物
If you focus your mind on the task, your talents can be put to good use.
9. pull…down：拆毁
They are going to pull down the old building and replace it with a new shopping mall.
10. upside down：上下颠倒
The lid, turned upside down, served as a coffee table. 那个盖子被反过来当作咖啡桌。
11.bring back：归还；使想起
Your article brought back sad memories for me. 你的文章使我想起了伤心的往事。
拓展：bring 词组 (1). bring up：抚养长大 (2). bring in：引进 (3). bring forward：提出 (4). bring about：带来，造成
12 一词多义：work n.工作；（音乐、艺术）作品；工厂 v. 工作
He has much work to do.
拓展：英语中有些名词，单复数形式意义有差别。 manner 方式，方法 manners 礼貌，礼仪 arm 胳膊 arms 武器 water 水 waters 海水，水域 wood 木头 woods 森林
三、巩固训练（10分钟）
1. The river used to be clean, but now the (底部）of the river is (充满着）
of r (垃圾）.
2. People are (乱扔）in the river and factories are (倒入）waste water into the river. That’s why the river becomes dirtier and dirtier. As a result, there is no more fish for (渔民）to catch.
3. A lot of (工业的）waste water comes from the factories.
4. People use a large number of (塑料）bags every day. People are (乱扔）those bags everywhere. This turns the beautiful cities into u ones. What’s worse, they also pollute the earth.
5. The factories that burn (煤)pollute the air with a lot of black smoke. The air (污染）is getting worse and worse.
答案：1. bottom; full; rubbish 2. littering; pouring; fishermen 3. industrial 4. plastic; throwing; ugly 5. coal; pollution
四、小结回顾（5分钟）
本单元重点单词及词组
一、知识结构（5分钟）
6. At present, planes are widely used in our daily life, which, however, makes a lot of (噪音）.
7. Many animals are endangered because of the (残酷的〉over hunting.
8. We aren’t able to see stars in the sky just like before. The problem is that people use too much (灯光）. And it’s also (有害的）to the environment.
9. Many things we used may be thrown away and we hardly ever (再利用）them.
10. We use nice paper to wrap (包装)the present. Do you think the nice paper is (必要）or not?
答案：6. noise 7. cruel 8. light; harmful 9. recycle 10. Necessary
二、典例精讲（20分钟）
知识点一 重点短语
1.at the bottom of the river在河床底部 2. be full of the rubbish充满了垃圾
3. throw litter into the river把垃圾扔入河中 4. play a part in cleaning it up 尽一份力把它清理干净
5. land pollution土地污染 6. fill the air with black smoke使空气中充满了黑烟
7. cut down air pollution减少空气污染 8. make a difference产生影响
9. shark fin soup鱼鳍汤 10. at the top of the food chain处于食物链的顶端
11. in the last 20 to 30 years在最近的20到30年间
12. environmental protection groups around the world 全球环境保护组织
13.develop laws 建全法律 14.the sale of shark fins 鱼鳍买卖
15. take part in 参加 16. can‟t afford to do sth 负担不起做某事
17. take action 采取行动 18. turn off 关掉
19. pay for付费 20. add up累加
21. use public transportation 使用公共交通 22. recycle books and paper 回收书和废纸
23. use paper napkins 使用纸巾 24. turn off the shower 关掉喷头
25. ride in cars 开车出行 26. throw away 扔掉
27. put sth to good use 好好利用 28. pull…down拆下
29. an old boat turned upside down一艘倒过来的旧船 30. be an inspiration to sb 成为…的榜样
31. set up a website 建立一个网站 32. a “metal art” theme park 一个“金属艺术”主题公园
33. be known for 以…而闻名 34. not only…but also…不仅…而且…
知识点二 重点句型
【重点讲练】
1. The air has become really polluted around here. 这儿的空气已经被污染了。 辨析：turn, get 与become
⑴ become多指身份、职位等的变化，它强调变化的过程已经完成，后面可接名词或形容词。 He becomes a teacher. 他成了一名老师。
⑵ get多用于口语，表示一种变化过程，强调的是“渐渐变得”，后常接形容词的比较级形式。
In winter the days get shorter. 冬季白天变得较短。
⑶ turn指在颜色和性质等方面与以前的完全不同，强调变化的结果。
Leaves turned brown in the mountains. 山里的树叶已变成了棕色。
【小试牛刀】用turn, get 和become填空。
① Her mother ____ angry when she heard the news.
② It’s _____ darker and darker outside.
③ The milk has _____ bad.
2. To cut down air pollution, we should take the bus or subway instead of driving. 为了减少空气污染，我们应该乘坐公共汽车或者地铁，而不是开车。
cut down 意为“减少”；是“动词+副词”结构的短语，所带的宾语为名词时，宾语可位于down的前面或后面；为代词时，只能位于down前面。
You’d better cut the article down to about 2,000 words.
你最好能把这篇文章压到两千字左右。
【拓展】
cut down 还可表示“砍倒”的意思。
—Did you tell it to Jack?
—Yes, but we were ____ in the middle of our telephone conversation.
A. cut down B. cut off C. cut up D. cut into
3. It’s good for health and it doesn’t cost anything! 它对身体有好处并且不会花费任何东西。 辨析：spend, cost, take, pay
【小试牛刀】单项选择
1). —Do you take exercise every day?—Yes. I always _______thirty minutes after supper.
A. spend B. cost C. take D. pay
2). I _________ $300 for the bike.
A. took B. spent C. cost D. paid
4. The method is not only cruel, but also harmful to the environment.
这种方法不仅残酷，而且对环境也有害。
harmful 形容词，意为“有害的”。常构成短语be harmful to “对??有害的”。
Staying up often is harmful to your health. 经常熬夜对你的健康有害。
【拓展】
harm 名词，意为“害处”。常用构成短语do harm to “对??有害”，相当于be harmful to. Too much smoking does harm to his health.
= Too much smoking is harmful to his health. 吸烟过多对他的健康有害。
【小试牛刀】改为同义句。
Reading in the sun does harm to our eyes.
Reading in the sun ______ _______ _______ our eyes.
5. Have you ever taken part in an environmental project?
你曾经参加过环境保护活动吗？
辨析：join, join in 和take part in
She joined the Young Pioneers. 她加入了少先队。
Why didn't you join in the talk last night? 昨晚你为什么没参加座谈？
Did you take part in the sports meet? 你参加运动会了吗？
【小试牛刀】单项选择。
1. —Have you _____ a club?
—Yes, I’m in a swimming club and I often _____ the swimming training.
A. joined; take part in B. joined; join
C. taken part in; join D. taken part in; join in
2. —We’re going for a picnic. Would you like to____ us?
—Why not? Let’s go!
A. attend B. join
C. join in D. take part in
6. We can’t afford to wait any longer to take action! 我们不能再等了，要采取行动了。 ⑴ afford是动词，意为“买得起,担负得起”，通常与can, could, be able to连用,多用于否定句中。
They couldn’t afford $50 for a ticket. 他们拿不出50美元买一张票。
⑵ afford后面常跟带to的动词不定式。
We can’t afford to go abroad this summer. 今年夏天我们没有足够的钱出国。
【小试牛刀】单项选择。
Miss Taylor never wastes money on anything too expensive, even though she can _____to. She has donated much of the money she saved to charities.
A. afford B. allow C. remind D. pay
7. And the gate in front of her house is made of rocks and old glass bottles.
她房子的前门是由岩石和旧玻璃瓶子制成的。
【辨析】be made + 介词
【小试牛刀】单项选择。
Books are made _____ paper and paper is made _____ wood.
A. from, of B. of, from C. in, from D. from, in
8. Not only can the art bring happiness to others, but it also shows that even cold, hard iron can be brought back to life with a little creativity.
不仅艺术品能给人们带来快乐，而且冰冷坚硬的钢铁在艺术创作下也恢复了生命。 “not only ? but also ?”是一个并列连词词组，其意思基本等于“both ? and ?”。 使用not only ? but also ? 时须注意的几点：
⑴ not only与but also后面所连接的词的词性必须对等：
They completed the project not only punctually but also perfectly.
他们不仅准时完成工程，而且完成得很出色。
⑵ not only只能连用，而but also既可连用，也可分开用：
Television is not only boring, but it also wastes a lot of time.
电视不仅乏味，而且还浪费许多时间。
⑶谓语动词的数应与but also后主语的数保持一致：
Not only you but also Mr. Zhang teaches in this college. 不仅你，张老师也在此学院教书。 ⑷ not only放在句首，后接句子时要用倒装结构：
Not only had the poor man been fined, but also he had been sent to prison.
这个可怜的人不仅被罚款，而且还被送进了监狱。
【小试牛刀】单项选择。
1. This is my twin sister, Lucy. Not only she but also I ___ good at drawing.
A. is B. am C. are D. was
9. Which parts need to be improved? 哪些部分需要被改善？
辨析：need to be done; need doing与need to do
⑴ need doing=need to be done 需要被?现在分词doing表被动“需要被做”，相当于need to be done。
My watch needs repairing.
=My watch needs to be repaired.我的表需要修了。
⑵ need后加不定式，证明need为实义动词，而非情态动词，这时need有人称和数的变化。 He needs to get up early. 他需要早起。
【小试牛刀】单项选择。
Something is wrong with my car. It needs _____.
三、巩固训练
A: air pollution B: noise pollution
C: water pollution D: waste pollution
以下行为会导致哪些污染，请从ABCD里选择。
( )1. black smoke ( )2. the horn（喇叭) ( )3. washing clothes in the rive ( )4. smoking cigarettes ( )5. use throw-away chopsticks
答案：l. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. D
四、小结回顾
本单元重点句型
一、专题知识梳理（5分钟）
1.at the bottom of the river在河床底部 2. be full of the rubbish充满了垃圾
3. throw litter into the river把垃圾扔入河中 4. play a part in cleaning it up 尽一份力把它清理干净
5. land pollution土地污染 6. fill the air with black smoke使空气中充满了黑烟
二、专题精讲（20分钟）
（1）构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have.
现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式
疑问式
I have not (haven’t) studied….
Have I studied…?
You have not (haven’t) studied….
Have you studied…?
He has not (hasn’t) studied….
Has he studied…?
否定疑问式
简单回答（肯定/否定）
Have I not (Haven’t I) studied…?
Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have you not (Haven’t you) studied…?
Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied…?
Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
（2）用法：
1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。
My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recently, already, just, lately, for…, since…,yet等。如：
I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday.
★注意：
a) since和for的区别
since后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there
for后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。
Exercise: 用since和for填空
1. Jim has been in Ireland ______ Monday.
2. Jill has been in Ireland ______ three days.
3. His aunt has lived in Australia ______15 days.
4. Mary is in her office. She has been there ______ 7 o'clock.
5. India has been an independent country ______1974.
6. The bus is late. They've been waiting ______ 20 minutes.
7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ______ many years.
8. Mike has been ill ______a long time. He has been in hospital ______ October.
2）表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：
He has come here for 2 weeks. ×
The old man has died for 4 months. ×
They have left only for 5 minutes. ×
以上三句话可以改为：
He has been here for 2 weeks.
The old man has ______ _______ for 4 months.
They have _____ _____ only for 5 minutes
2）have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别：表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。试比较：
Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）
Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了？（人不在）
They have been to Canada. 他们到过加拿大。（现在已经不在加拿大）
They have gone to Canada. 他们到加拿大去了。（可能在路上和已经到加拿大）.
3）现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in，但可以和already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。例如：
She has already come. 她已经来了。
I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。
I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。
I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。
They have never been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过延安。
I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。
三、专题过关（10分钟）
Choose the best answer.
1. How long have you _______ here?
A. come B. got C. arrived D. been
2. My grandpa died _________.
A. at the age of my 2 B. for 2 years
C. when I was 2. D. my age was 6.
3. Jane has _____ to BeiJing. She will come back tomorrow.
A. been B. gone C. went D. never been
4. It is ten years _____ I last saw her.
A. after B. since C. for D. that
5.--Who will go to the station to meet Lorry?
--I will. I _____ her several times.
A. met B. have met C. had met D. will meet
答案：DCBBB
四、小结回顾
现在完成时的构成用法及现在完成时的否定句和疑问句
课后作业
一、单选题
1. --What a nice dress! How long _____ you _____ it?
--Just 2 weeks.
A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had
2.--Do you know Lydia very well?
--Yes, She and I _____ friends since we were very young.
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned
3. The Smiths _______ in China for 8 years.
A. has lived B. lived C. have been D. live
4. --Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black?
-- Sorry. He ______ the Bainiao Park.
A. has been to B. has gone to
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