第13讲一般时态.doc

第13讲  一般时态
［复习要点］
我们知道，英语的动词从是否独立用作谓语来看，可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。所谓谓语动词，其实就是动词独立用作谓语时的形式；非谓语动词就是动词不独立用作谓语时的形式。前者由动词的各种时态形式来表示，后者则由不定式、分词和动名词来表示。其中一般时态包括：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时四种。
13.1  一般现在时
13.1.1  一般现在时的构成
一般现在时是由动词的现在式来表示的，所谓动词的现在式，是指动词原形和-s形式，后者用于第三人称单数的主语。例如：
I study in a school near here. 
My father often works far into the night. 
实义动词的否定式和疑问式要由助动词do / does来构成，例如：
They don’t like living in the city. 
She doesn’t speak German very well. 
Do you watch TV on Sundays? 
Where does he work? 
13.1.2  一般现在时的基本用法
⑴ 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与always, usually, sometimes, often, every day等时间状语连用。例如：
We have an English class every day except Thursday. 
It often rains here in spring. 
They always go to Italy for their holidays. 
Sometimes I come by train, but usually I come by car. 
⑵ 表示现在的特征和状态，通常不带时间状语。例如：
She likes bread, but she doesn’t like pizza. 
Do you speak English? 
⑶ 表示客观真理、科学事实、格言等。例如：
The sun always rises in the east. 
Twice three makes six. 
Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳。
⑷ 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态。例如：
I will discuss this with you when we meet. 
We will not leave until we are asked to. 
If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go on a field trip. 
They will stand by you even if you don’t succeed. 
13.2  一般过去时
13.2.1  一般过去时的构成
一般过去时是由动词的过去式来表示的，因此，过去式便成了英语动词的基本形式之一。
根据词形变化（主要是过去式与过去分词）规则与否，英语动词可以分为规则动词和不规则动词两种。不规则动词的变化请参见教材中的《不规则动词表》。规则动词的过去式与过去分词均由“动词原形＋-ed”构成，其构成规则可参见教材中的有关内容。
13.2.2  一般过去时的基本用法
⑴ 表示过去某时或某时段内发生的动作或情况，常常带有表示过去时间的状语，如：yesterday, two days ago, last month, in 2000等。例如：
It was Tuesday yesterday. 
When did you meet him?  — Ten minutes ago. 
We lived in a small town for about five years. 
⑵ 表示过去的习惯性动作，通常带有表示频度的状语。例如：
He always carried an umbrella with him. 
He was often late for school last term. 
She went out shopping once a week, in the evenings. 
13.3  一般将来时
13.3.1  一般将来时的构成
一般将来时由“助动词shall / will＋动词原形”构成，shall用于第一人称，will用于第二、第三人称。美国英语在陈述句中不论什么人称一律使用will，英国英语现在也有这种趋势。shall / will在口语中可以略作’ll，如：I’ll, You’ll, He’ll, She’ll, It’ll, They’ll等等。
13.3.2  一般将来时的基本用法
⑴ 表示“纯粹的将来”：
① 表示将来要发生的动作或情况，常常带有表示将来时间的状语，如：tomorrow, next week, in two days, from now on等。例如：
He will come back soon. 
It will be Tuesday tomorrow. 
We shall / will not be there till eleven. 
When will the train arrive? 
② 表示预料将要发生的动作或情况。例如：
I think it will rain this evening. 
You will feel better after having this medicine. 
③ 表示由于习惯或倾向而会经常发生的动作，本用法中的will要重读。例如：
Accidents will happen. 
Boys will be boys.  ［谚语］男孩毕竟是男孩。（意指顽皮是难免的。）
This window won’t open. 
⑵ 表示“带有情态意义的将来”：
① 表示意图，用will。例如：
I will be more careful next time. 
（比较：I shall be more careful next time.  下次我会更加小心。）
I won’t go shopping this afternoon but she will. 
② 在疑问句中，用来有礼貌地征询对方的意见。例如：
Shall I open the window?  — Yes, please.  (= Would you like me to…?) 
What shall we do this weekend? 
Will you have some more tea? 
13.3.3  be going to结构
be going to结构具有助动词的特征，后接不带to的不定式，这个不定式可以是be，也可以是实义动词。be going to也是表示将来时间的一种方式，其基本用法如下：
⑴ 表示现在的意图（事先经过考虑），即打算在最近或将来做某事。主语一般是人。
① 表示在最近的将来要做的事，常带有时间状语。例如：
I am going to watch TV after dinner. 
What are you going to do today? 
② 表示即将要做的事，可不带时间状语。例如：
He is going to lend me his bicycle. 
Are you going to take a walk? 
③ 表示在较远的将来要做的事，常带时间状语。例如：
He is going to be a doctor when he grows up. 
They are going to buy a new car next year. 
⑵ 表示现在已有迹象表明即将发生某种事态。主语有时是人，有时是物。例如：
Look at those clouds! It is going to rain. 
What thick ice! I’m afraid we are going to slip and fall. 
13.4  过去将来时
13.4.1  过去将来时的构成
过去将来时有两种基本形式：“助动词would / should ＋动词原形”和“was / were going to ＋动词原形”。
13.4.2  过去将来时的基本用法
我们知道，一般将来时是以现在时间为基点来看将来。如果说话人以过去某时为基点来看将来，这就需要使用过去将来时。过去将来时多用于宾语从句（包括间接引语），表示从句动作发生在主句动作之后。请比较：
       “I’ll ring you up at six.”
       He said (that) he would ring me up at six.

       “Are you going to send the letter?”
       She asked me if I was going to send the letter.

I thought you would change your mind.  我原以为你会改变想法的。
He told me (that) the train was leaving in five minutes. （本句中的过去进行时was leaving实际上表示将来时间。）
[1] 英语动词共有四种基本形式：现在式（即动词原形与-s形式）、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
［考题分析］
1．〈动词填空〉    Mike ______ (get) up at 7:30 am every day, so he is always late for school. 
分析  本题中有时间状语every day，指的是经常性的行为，要用一般现在时。 答案  gets
2．〈动词填空〉 I don’t know if his brother ______ (come) back tomorrow; but please let me know if he ______ (come) back.
分析  本句中有两个if引导的从句。第一个if从句为宾语从句，要求用一般将来时；第二个if从句为条件状语从句，不可用一般将来时，只能用一般现在时表示将来。
答案  will come; comes
3．〈选择填空〉    The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 ______ Christmas Day.  
   A. is                B. was               C. has been         D. will be
分析  宾语从句表示的是一个客观事实或客观真理时，其时态不受主句时态的限制而使用一般现在时。 答案  A
4．〈选择填空〉    SARS ______ by SARS patients’ breathing, coughs and sneezes(喷嚏).
   A. were spread (传播)  B. was spread       C. are spread  D. is spread
分析  SARS（呼吸系统障碍综合症）是一种的疾病名称缩写词，视为单数，接单数谓语动词。本句指一般的传播途径，并非指某一次，所以不用过去时。 答案  D

［巩固练习］
一、用所给动词的正确时态填空：
1. Please don’t get off the bus until it __________ (stop).
2. Mr Brown will go fishing if it __________ (not rain) tomorrow.
3. Bill is strict with himself. He never              (leave) today’s work for tomorrow.
4. About 400 years ago, Galileo(伽利略) proved that the earth __________  (go) around the sun.
5. You may go fishing if your work __________ (finish).
6. Everyone in our class __________ (worry ) about the coming exam.
7. Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities in China. It __________ (attract) large numbers of tourists.
8. My brother likes English very much. He __________ (practise) reading every day.
9. Young people usually __________ (prefer) pop music to traditional one.
10. Someone __________ (call) you this morning when you __________ (be) out.
11. They __________ (not leave) until you come back.
12. Let’s hurry up. It __________ (rain) very soon.
13. Mr Smith told me that there __________ (be) a talk on American history tonight. __________ you __________ (come)?
14. Nobody could tell exactly how far light __________ (travel) in a year.
15. __________ we __________ (go) to the party together this afternoon?
16. How long ago __________ dinosaurs __________ (disappear) from the earth?
17. The little boy is playing in the street. Who __________ (take) him here?
18. It seemed that those people __________ (start) repairing the road.
19. We __________ just __________ (step) out when the telephone __________ (ring).
20. In about 600 years’ time, each person __________ (have) only one half to one square metre of space to live in.
二、选择填空：
1. Frank last ______ to the doctor about six months ago.
A. goes                 B. has gone               C. gone                   D. went
2. I like my new bike. It ______ very well.
A. rides                   B. is riding                C. is ridden              D. has ridden
3. I don’t know if his uncle ______.  — I think he ______ if it doesn’t rain.
A. will come, comes                                  B. will come, will come
C. comes, comes                                      D. comes, will come
4. They usually ______ to town on Saturdays.
A. were driving        B. drive                     C. have driven          D. will drive
5. At Susan’s office ______ at nine o’clock.
A. starts work          B. work starts           C. works start          D. starts the work
6. I beg your pardon? I ______ quite catch it.
A. didn’t                  B. wouldn’t               C. don’t                  D. can’t
7. It ______ my sister’s birthday the day after tomorrow. She ______ a party.
A. is going to be, will have                         B. will be, is having
C. will be, is going to have                         D. will have, is going to be
8. We ______ to the zoo if it ______ tomorrow.
A. will go, snow       B. won’t go, snows   C. don’t go, snows   D. didn’t go, snowed
9. I ______ along the river when I ______ someone ______ for help.
A. walked, heard, calling                            B. was walking, heard, called
C. was walking, heard, calling                    D. am walking, hear, calling
10. When will they be back?  — They ______ back until the work ______ finished.
A. aren’t, is             B. won’t be, will be    C. aren’t, will be      D. won’t be, is
三、将下列句子译成英文：
1. 太阳从东方升起，从西方落下。

2. 我原以为他很热爱自己的工作。

3. 这位母亲总是担心自己孩子的健康。

4. 三天后，他们离开那个村子进城去了。

5. 起先，那些女孩子有点紧张，但是后来，她们变得越来越自信。

6. 大夫对我说，只要我按时吃药，几天后我就会好的。

7. 直到他告诉我，我才知道他来做什么。

8. 不要着急，我们迟早会想出办法来的。

9. 事情比我原先想的坏多了。

10.老板说他们理应受到优待。

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