1、肺转移瘤(Metastatic tumors of the lung)l肺是转移瘤的好发脏器,大量尸检结果显示,有2054胸外恶性肿瘤的病人发生肺转移。肺转移的途径可以是血行播散、淋巴道转移或邻近器官直接侵犯。以绒毛膜癌、乳腺癌多见,恶性软组织肿瘤、肝癌、骨肉瘤和胰腺癌次之;还有甲状腺癌、肾癌、前列腺癌和肾胚胎癌等。l肺转移瘤以血行转移最为常见,血行转移为肿瘤细胞经腔静脉回流到右心而转移到肺。瘤栓到达肺小动脉及毛细血管后,可浸润并穿过血管壁,在周围间质及肺泡内生长,形成肺转移瘤。淋巴道转移多由血行转移至肺小动脉及毛细血管床,继而穿过血管壁侵入支气管血管周围淋巴结,癌瘤在淋巴管内增殖,形成多发的
2、小结节病灶。常发生于支气管血管周围间质、小叶间隔及胸膜下间质,并通过淋巴管在肺内播散。肿瘤向肺内直接转移的原发病变为胸膜、胸壁及纵隔的恶性肿瘤。l肺部转移性肿瘤较小时,很少出现症状,特别是血行性转移,咳嗽和痰中带血并不多见。大量的肺转移可出现气促,尤其是淋巴性转移。通常起病潜隐而进展较快,在数周内迅速加重。胸膜转移时,有胸闷或胸痛。肺部转移性肿瘤变化快,短期内可见肿瘤增大、增多,有的在原发肿瘤切除后或放疗、化疗后。有时可缩小或消失。典型肺转移多能明确诊断,主要表现为:典型肺转移多能明确诊断,主要表现为:l1.血行转移:多发是肺转移瘤特征(在多发肺结节中,转移瘤占70%80%),表现为两肺多发结
3、节灶,边缘多清楚、密度均匀,以两肺中下野、外周常见,67%见于胸膜下,25%发生在肺野外1/3。较大的病灶可达10cm以上,较小的病灶为粟粒结节病灶,小结节及粟粒病灶多见于甲状腺癌、肝癌、胰腺癌及绒毛膜上皮癌转移;多发及单发的较大结节及肿块多见于肾癌、结肠癌、黑色素瘤、骨肉瘤及精原细胞瘤等的转移。l粟粒样肺转移:DMLD(diffuse micronodular lung disease),each nodule being 3mm in diameter and occupying more than two-thirds of lung volume on chest radiograph
4、,can be differentiated by its distribution.Centrilobular distribution is seen in DPB(diffuse panbronchiolitis),infectious bronchiolitis,H.influenza,bronchogenic disseminated tuberculosis,pneumoconiosis,primary lymphoma,and foreign body-induced necrotizing vasculitis.Perilymphatic distribution is not
5、ed in pneumoconiosis,sarcoidosis,amyloidosis.Random distribution is found in miliary tuberculosis and pulmonary metastasis.The nodules in pulmonary metastatic disease appeared to be slightly larger and are more variable in size than those in miliary tuberculosis.They show relatively well defined mar
6、gins.Miliary metastases are most likely to be due to thyroid,renal carcinoma,bone sarcoma,trophoblastic disease,or melanoma.l2.淋巴道转移:淋巴转移以癌性淋巴管炎及淋巴结肿大为特征。多见于胃癌和乳腺癌。HRCT是诊断淋巴道转移的重要方法,当胸片正常时,HRCT间有典型表现。表现为支气管血管束增粗,并有结节,小叶间隔呈串珠状改变或增粗,小叶中心有结节灶,并有胸膜下结节。可并有肺门淋巴结增大,以单侧为主 l3.肿瘤直接侵犯:肿瘤直接侵犯:纵隔、胸膜和胸壁的恶性肿瘤直接蔓延到
7、肺部,表现为大小不等的转移灶。CT和MRI可以显示肺内转移灶与原发灶的关系和肋骨及胸膜的侵犯情况。临床经常遇到非典型肺转移,就需与其他肺部非恶性疾病相鉴别。临床经常遇到非典型肺转移,就需与其他肺部非恶性疾病相鉴别。临床经常遇到非典型肺转移,就需与其他肺部非恶性疾病相鉴别。临床经常遇到非典型肺转移,就需与其他肺部非恶性疾病相鉴别。其放射学表现包括:其放射学表现包括:空洞、钙化、瘤周出血、气胸、含气间隙病变、空洞、钙化、瘤周出血、气胸、含气间隙病变、空洞、钙化、瘤周出血、气胸、含气间隙病变、空洞、钙化、瘤周出血、气胸、含气间隙病变、肿瘤栓塞、支气管内膜转移、单发转移、瘤内血管扩张、灭活性转肿瘤栓塞
8、、支气管内膜转移、单发转移、瘤内血管扩张、灭活性转肿瘤栓塞、支气管内膜转移、单发转移、瘤内血管扩张、灭活性转肿瘤栓塞、支气管内膜转移、单发转移、瘤内血管扩张、灭活性转移瘤移瘤移瘤移瘤(sterilized metastases)(sterilized metastases)、良性肿瘤肺转移。、良性肿瘤肺转移。、良性肿瘤肺转移。、良性肿瘤肺转移。l一、空洞一、空洞 空洞较少见,仅占4%,较原发肺癌发生率(9)低,其中70%为鳞癌转移。但最近有研究表明,在CT上腺癌和鳞癌发生空洞性转移的几率无显著性差异。此外,转移性肉瘤也可发生空洞,同时合并气胸。化疗也可导致空洞形成。空洞的发生机制常难确定,一般
9、认为是肿瘤坏死或向支气管内侵犯形成活瓣所致。空洞以不规则厚壁多见,肉瘤或腺癌的肺转移可为薄壁空洞。肉瘤转移可伴有空洞,但常合并有气胸 lChest CT scans show a spiculated mass in the apex of the left lung with multiple small nodular lesions in both lungs.Some of the nodules appear as cavitary or ring-like lesions.Discussion Cavitation of metastatic nodules is not as c
10、ommon as with primary lung carcinoma.The frequency of it is 4%,in contrast to 9%of primary lung carcinomas.Among metastatic nodules associated with cavitation,70%are metastatic squamous cell carcinoma.The head and neck in males and the genitalia in females are the most common primary organ sites.Cav
11、itation is observed rarely in metastatic adenocarcinoma,particularly that from colon cancer.Metastatic sarcoma can also be accompanied by cavitation,and pneumothorax is a relatively frequent complication.Chemotherapy is known to induce cavitation in metastatic pulmonary nodules.l二、钙化二、钙化肺结节发生钙化常提示为良
12、性,最常见于肉芽肿性病变,其次是错构瘤。但有些恶性肿瘤的肺内转移性结节也可发生钙化或骨化,可见于骨肉瘤、软骨肉瘤、滑膜肉瘤、骨巨细胞瘤、结肠癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、甲状腺癌的肺转移和经治疗的转移性绒癌。钙化机制包括:骨形成(骨肉瘤或软骨肉瘤)。营养不良性钙化(甲状腺乳头状癌、骨巨细胞瘤、滑膜肉瘤或经过治疗的转移性肿瘤)。黏液性钙化(胃肠道和乳腺黏液腺癌)。CT是发现钙化的准确方法,但不能区分转移性结节与肉芽肿性病变或错构瘤内的钙化。l三、瘤周出血三、瘤周出血比较典型的CT表现是结节周围出现磨玻璃样密度或边缘模糊的晕(晕轮征)。但晕征不具特异性,还可见于其他疾病,如侵袭性曲霉菌病、念珠菌病、Wege
13、ner肉芽肿、伴咯血的结核瘤、细支气管肺泡癌和淋巴瘤等。胸片上表现为边缘不规则的多发结节。血管肉瘤和绒癌的肺转移最易发生出血,可能因为新生血管壁脆弱而易破裂。lHemorrahgic Metastasis from Choriocarcinoma(绒毛膜癌)Radiologic FindingsChest radiograph shows multiple,ill-defined nodular opacities in both lungs.HRCT scan shows multiple,ill-defined nodules with halo of ground glass atten
14、uation in the periphery zones of both lungs.Diagnosis was made based on clinical history of choriocarcinoma and radiologic findings.Serum HCG level was as high as 59,100 IU/ml.Brief Review The incidence of pulmonary metastases varies with the primary tumor and the stage of the disease.In autopsy ser
15、ies the most common sources of metastases to the lungs include tumors of breast,colon,kidney,uterus,prostate,head,and neck.Tumors such as choriocarcinoma,osteosarcoma,Ewings sarcoma,testicular tumors,melanoma and thyroid carcinoma have a high incidence of pulmonary metastases,but because they are no
16、t as prevalent in the population,lung deposits from these tumors are encountered less frequently.Hematogenous metastases usually result in multiple,large,well-defined nodules and tend to involve mainly the lower lung zones and frequently have a peripheral distribution.On occasion,if the metastases h
17、ave bled into the surrounding lung,they show ill-defined edges.The reported incidence of pulmonary metastasis of choriocarcinoma has ranged from 5.1-67%.The pattern of thoracic metastasis from choriocarcinoma is variable,including pulmonary nodules with surrounding hemorrhage,miliary nodules,nodule
18、or masses with arteriovenous aneurysm formation,and pulmonary or pleural metastasis with spontaneous hemothorax.l四、自发性气胸 少见,文献报道骨肉瘤的肺转移最易并发气胸,见于57的病例。其他肉瘤或易发生坏死的恶性肿瘤发生气胸也有报道。发生机制可能是胸膜下转移瘤发生坏死形成支气管胸膜瘘所致。骨肉瘤病人发生气胸时应高度警惕肺转移。五、含气间隙病变 腺癌的肺内转移可以类似细支气管肺泡癌,沿完整的肺泡壁向肺内蔓延。放射学表现类似肺炎,可表现为含气间隙结节、伴含气支气管征的实变、局灶或弥漫的
19、磨玻璃密度、伴晕征的肺结节。可见于胃肠道腺癌、乳腺癌和卵巢腺癌的肺转移。由于这种类型的转移瘤在组织学上与细支气管肺泡癌表现相似,因此在诊断细支气管肺泡癌之前,应先除外肺外腺癌的存在。六、肿瘤栓塞六、肿瘤栓塞实性恶性肿瘤病人尸检中有24260可在镜下见到瘤栓。瘤栓常较小,常位于小或中等肺动脉分支内。恶性肿瘤病人如出现急性或亚急性呼吸困难和低氧血症,而胸片正常,则常提示肿瘤栓塞的可能。此时行放射性核素灌注扫描常常显示出多发、小的周围性亚段灌注缺损。典型的肺动脉造影表现为段肺动脉充盈延迟及三、四级肺动脉分支突然截断和扭曲,偶可见亚段肺动脉内充盈缺损。瘤栓的CT表现为周围亚段肺动脉分支多处局限性扩张、
20、串珠样改变,并可见肺梗死所致的以胸膜为基底的楔形实变影。CT和肺动脉造影能发现主、叶或段肺动脉内的较大瘤栓。原发瘤常见于肝癌、乳腺癌、肾癌、胃癌、前列腺癌及绒癌。l七、支气管内膜转移七、支气管内膜转移 发生率低,肉眼可见的大气道内转移仅见于2的病例。原发瘤常为肾癌、乳腺癌和结肠直肠癌。多表现为肺叶或一侧性肺不张,CT上可能见到圆形支气管内膜转移灶,但难与原发支气管癌相鉴别。支气管内膜转移的途径有:通过吸人肿瘤细胞、淋巴或血行直接播散转移至支气管壁。淋巴结或肺实质内的肿瘤细胞沿支气管树生长,并突破支气管壁形成腔内病变。l八、单发转移八、单发转移 无恶性肿瘤史的病人单发肺转移的发生率低(0490)
21、。有胸外恶性肿瘤史的病人发生单发肺结节时2546为转移瘤。其中有头颈部、膀胱、乳腺、宫颈、胆管、食管、卵巢、前列腺及胃癌瘤史的病人发生原发肺癌的几率远多于单发转移性病变;而黑色素瘤、肉瘤和睾丸癌发生单发肺转移较原发肺癌多见。lWhen a solitary nodule is detected in a known case of malignancy,the possibility of its being a metastasis is 25%1.Usually metastatic pulmonary nodules are well-circumscribed with smooth
22、margin.Because tumor cells hematogeneously transferred to the lung proliferate into the perivascular interstitium,they appear interstitial lesions having clear,smooth margins.However metastatic tumors can actually grow out the vessels into the adjacent interstitium and alveolar air-space and then pr
23、oliferate,destroying the lung parenchyma.Metastatic nodules with irregular margins can the expected to be relatively common.In one study regarding CT of pulmonary metastasis with pathologic correlation 2,well defined,smooth margins on HRCT corresponded histopathologically to an expanding type and to
24、 an alveolar space-filling type;those with poorly defined margins,to an alveolar cell type,and those with irregular margins,to an interstitial proliferating type.A solitary metastatic nodule with irregular margin may be difficult to differentiate from a primary lung cancer.Actually development of a
25、solitary pulmonary nodule in patients previously treated for breast cancer may represent something other than recurrent disease.Casey et al 3 found that 52%of breast cancer patients presenting with a solitary pulmonary nodule had primary lung cancer,43%proved to have metastatic breast cancer,and 5%p
26、roved to have benign lesions.Histologic confirmation is necessary for appropriate staging and treatment.l九、瘤内血管扩张九、瘤内血管扩张增强CT上转移性肺结节内有时可见到扩张、扭曲的管状强化结构,为肿瘤血管,常见于肉瘤如蜂窝状软部肉瘤(alveolar softpart sarcoma)或平滑肌肉瘤。l十、灭活性转移瘤十、灭活性转移瘤有些转移性肺结节经充分化疗后大小不变或轻微变小,手术切除后发现为坏死性结节伴或不伴纤维化,没有存活的肿瘤细胞,称为灭活性转移瘤,常见于绒癌、睾丸癌转移化疗后。
27、这类结节在放射学上难以与残存的有生命力的肿瘤相鉴别。生物学标志物如人绒毛膜促性腺激素(pHCG)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)的检测有助于确定其活性。PET检查结节的生物学活性也有助于鉴别诊断,必要时可行穿刺活检。l十一、良性肿瘤肺转移十一、良性肿瘤肺转移肺外良性肿瘤发生肺内转移罕见,在组织学上仍为良性。常来源于子宫平滑肌瘤、葡萄胎、骨巨细胞瘤、成软骨细胞瘤、唾液腺多形性腺瘤和脑膜瘤,在放射学上难与恶性肿瘤肺转移相区分。与恶性肿瘤相比,良性肿瘤的转移性肺结节常常生长缓慢。lBenign Metastasizing Pulmonary LeiomyomaRadiologic FindingsInitial
28、 chest radiograph showed multiple variable sized nodular lesions on both lung fields,which have not been noted 6 months ago when vaginal myoma operation was performed.On CT,multiple nodular masses on both lung parenchyma with smooth or spiculated margin with close association with vascular structure
29、 and subpleural location.Percutaneous cutting needle biopsy of left lower lung nodule revealed characteristic findings of leiomyoma showing spindle cells,which was confirmed by immunohistochemical stain.Brief Review It is quite uncommon that histologically benign leiomyomas of the uterus are associa
30、ted with independent extrauterine leiomyomas.Common sites of metastasis include the lung and pelvic lymph nodes.This disease is characterized by a less aggressive course than leiomyosarcoma,especially in postmenopausal patients.Typical manifestation of this disease is asymptomatic,middle-aged women
31、showing multiple nodules in the lung,who have had a history of previous hysterectomy for uterine leiomyoma.Although typical appearance of this disease is multiple parenchymal nodules,a pedunculated leiomyoma with cystic dilated glands,large cyst formation or a giant cyst with multiple nodules have a
32、lso been reported.The primary source for the pulmonary metastasis is the uterus in women,while primary lesions in man include the saphnous vein,diaphragm and soft tissue.There is a controversy regarding the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas and related extrauterine leiomyomatous tumors.Some authors
33、 suggest that such conditions are multicentric benign leiomyomatous growths,rather than embolic metastases from benign uterine leiomyomas by way of blood and lymphatic vessels.There are several reports about uterine and other smooth muscle neoplasms co-occurring in various organs such as lung parenc
34、hyma,cardiac,intracaval and regional lymph nodes.lMetastatic Choriocarcinoma Findings Chest radiograph shows multiple ill-defined nodules and masses associated with patch increased opacities in both lungs with predominant distribution in lower lung zones.CT scans reveal multiple nodules and masses w
35、ith/without sorrounding ground-glass opacities in both lungs.Discussion The lung is the most common site of metastasis in patients with choriocarcinoma,in which blood borne metastasis often develops early because of the affinity of trophoblast for blood vessels and the majority of metastases go to t
36、he lungs(75%).The major form of pulmonary involvement is invariably hematogenous and is usually manifested roentgenographically by multiple parenchymal nodules,and miliary or“snowstorm”opacities.Hemorrhage about the periphery of the metastatic nodules can be seen in choriocarcinoma resulting ill-def
37、ined margin.Intratumoral hemorrhage is also developed.In this case,necrotic tumor tissue and blood occupy the central portions of pulmonary metastatic nodules.Less often,tumor embolization occurs when tumor invades the systemic veins and proceeds to the right side of the heart and pulmonary arteries
38、.This entity is distinct from hematogenous dissemination in that there is no proliferation of metastases within extravascular tissues.The majority of patients with nodular metastases are usually asymptomatic,probably due to the predominantly peripheral distribution of lesions,although dyspnea may de
39、velop and hemoptysis can occur as a result of intrapulmonary hemorrhage.In contrast,tumor embolization may cause symptoms consistent with acute or subacute cor pulmonale or pulmonary infarction.On occasion,hemorrhagic infarction is developed.Calcification has been noted at the site of successfully t
40、reated metastatic choriocarcinoma.l十二、迟发性肺转移瘤l在进行马哥疑难病历讨论时,zhouyisheng主任曾指出:“我们碰到乳腺癌10年才转移的患者”。于是马哥斗胆提出一个“迟发性肺转移瘤”的概念供大家商榷。l大家在临床上可能经常见到一些肺转移瘤,病人到死,医生也未能搞清原发病灶在那里;还有一些患者肺转移瘤在原发肿瘤出现10多年后才出现。为了强调这些情况。俺认为可以根据肺转移瘤出现的时间,分为以下类型:l1.早发性肺转移瘤:原发病灶未发现之前出现的肺转移瘤;l2.即发性肺转移瘤:原发病灶发现3年以内出现的肺转移瘤;l3.晚发性肺转移瘤:原发病灶发现310年
41、出现的肺转移瘤;l4.迟发性肺转移瘤:原发病灶发现10年以上出现的肺转移瘤。l以上观点目前还未有充分的文献支持,请各位战友指点.l以下是俺在网站上找到的一篇文章,供大家参考.癌瘤转移规律的探讨(来源:佛山市一医院)癌瘤的扩散与转移是两个相互有关的,各自不同的概念。扩散意味着肿瘤的局部侵袭或远处转移,它可以与瘤体相连或远离主体,而转移是肿瘤细胞离开主体,在远隔器官或组织形成一种与原发肿瘤类型相同的肿瘤,它是肿瘤扩散的一个主要形式。一、肿瘤扩散的主要方式:一、肿瘤扩散的主要方式:1肿瘤细胞直接蔓延:这是肿瘤扩散的基本条件,通常可见瘤细胞从瘤母体直接向外侵袭,它常沿着组织间隙,淋巴管,血管,体腔或脑
42、脊髓腔等肿瘤细胞沿着这些途径,不间断的扩散到达远隔部位。但它仍然与肿瘤的主体相连。肿瘤细胞的局部直接侵袭,是恶性肿瘤生长过程的必然阶段,但各种不同类型的肿瘤,它的扩散潜能可以有很大差别,这是受很多因素所决定的。因而有些肿瘤以局部浸润为主,转移并不占主要地位。相反,有些肿瘤以广泛转移为主。例如宫颈癌,它的临床特点是局部蔓延,肿瘤细胞沿着组织间隙,直接向宫颈或宫体以外扩展,在肿瘤侵袭过程中,局部结统组织增生,肿瘤局部广泛浸润时,往往形成冰冻骨盆,其实质为肿瘤直接浸润的结果。就宫颈癌来说,临床上的主要问题是局部侵袭,转移并非主要问题,如我们在19例宫颈癌的尸检中发现器官转移不多(肺及大肠转移各占15
43、8),淋巴结转移也不多,患者主要死亡原因是肿瘤浸润所造成的共发症,如果临床能将宫颈癌的局部处理好,就事半功倍。又如食管癌,肿瘤沿组织间隙向深部侵袭,甚至破坏食管壁向四周蔓延,直接累及临近脏器,导致各种并发症,甚至因此而导致患者死亡。如我们在观例食管癌的尸检中,肿瘤直接累及脏器的有:累及主动脉占522 累及支气管或气管占415,累及肺及纵隔各占244,在41例尸检中,无淋巴结转移者占317。无脏器转移者占634,因此可见,这些非手术治疗的食管癌,肿瘤转移并不广泛,这组病例患者的主要死亡原因是肿瘤局部浸润所造成食管一主动脉展,食管一气(支)气管疾及食管癌穿孔所造成的纵隔障炎等。总之,通过文献报道及
44、我们的材料分析,可见食管癌的主要问题也在局部而不在全身,有此而知,对食管癌来说,肿瘤的直接浸润所造成的并发症,是食管癌患者的主要死亡原因,而转移并不占据重要地位。肿瘤的直接侵袭,除沿肌间隙,筋膜间隙等较疏松的组织浸润以外,也可沿着淋巴管直接扩展,如原发性肺癌,当癌细胞累及淋巴管时,在胸膜的脏层(或称肺膜)显示白色条索网状结构,有人称它为癌性淋巴管炎或淋巴管癌变。有时足部的恶性黑色素瘤,累及下肢淋巴管时,可呈线条状从足底伸展至腹股沟。镜下可见瘤细胞沿淋巴管成“柱状”生长。有时肿瘤可沿神经周围或血管周围的淋巴间隙,持续而不间断的扩展。这种淋巴管或淋巴间隙的扩展,有时可累及很广泛的一个区域,如所谓炎
45、性乳癌,它的本质是淋巴管瘤栓体有局部炎症,所造成的红肿热疼,甚至形成橘皮样。此外,肿瘤的直接蔓延,也可沿着静脉腔扩张,如肝癌可形成门静脉,脾静脉瘤栓,也可沿着肝静脉进入上腔静脉过右心房,从而瘤栓脱落导致脏器的转移。l2淋巴道转移:这是癌的主要扩散方式,各脏器的淋巴管,如同网络,相互沟通,各有特色,各脏器的淋巴管分布不甚均一,在腔道脏器(如食管,胃,肠等)它的淋巴管分布虽然各层均有,但以激膜下层,浆膜层分布最为广泛,因此当癌瘤侵入食管壁的劾膜下层,肌层或浆膜层时,往往淋巴结的转移也很广泛。反之,税膜内癌或原位癌极少发现淋巴结转移。淋巴道的转移,癌瘤必先累及局部淋巴管保F劳和而淋巴液的引流方向,各
46、器官有所不同。如肺的淋巴引流主要面向肺门区的淋巴结,乳腺的淋巴引流主要面向腋窝或乳内静脉区的淋巴结,因而临床医师了解各脏器的淋巴管分布及引流方向是十分重要的,又如同样是男性生殖器官,阴茎的淋巴引流主要是流入腹股沟淋巴结,而奉儿的淋巴引流则完全不同,它的引流方向是流入腹膜后淋巴结。因而阴茎癌首先转移至腹股沟淋巴结,而奉九恶性肿瘤首先转移至腹膜后淋巴结。淋巴道的扩散与转移,受众多因素的影响,而临床期别(早期一中期一晚期),是淋巴道转移最主要因素之一,例如:手术切除的癌瘤标本,与同样癌瘤的尸检标本,淋巴结转移有很大差别。如我们在849例手术切除的食管癌标本,淋巴结转移占42l,而同一作者的41例食管
47、癌尸检标本,淋巴结转移占633%,又如我们分析手术切除胃癌标本795例,淋巴结转移者占力低而无淋巴结转移占27同一作者的26例胃癌尸检,全部病例均有广泛的淋巴结转移。癌瘤的淋巴道转移,首先累及区域性引流的淋巴结,如我们在854例外科切除的胃癌中,胃周淋巴结(第一站淋巴结)转移556例(占65l),而脾区等第二站淋巴结转移只有37例(占43),说明癌瘤的转移首先是肿瘤附近的淋巴结,而后才有第二站淋巴结转移。但也有例外,少数病例,肿瘤发生跳跃性转移,当肿瘤细胞沿着淋巴管进入胸道管后,可在左颈内静脉和锁骨下静脉汇合处,进入血循环,发生血道转移。l3血道转移:这是肉瘤最常见转移之途径,如骨肉瘤,很早就
48、可出现肺转移。但在上皮性癌,通常中晚期才出现血道转移。当瘤细胞侵入血管时(一般进入小静脉或毛细血管,动脉较难侵入),可沿血行到全身各处脏器,而发生血道转移。肿瘤的血道转移,瘤细胞一般首先侵入毛细血管或小静脉有时先形成瘤栓,然后瘤细胞脱落,顺着静脉系统的血流方向运行。如胃肠道肿瘤,首先累及肠系膜上下静脉,然后进入门静脉,发生肝转移(图5)因而胃肠道癌的中晚期,肝往往是最先发生转移之脏器,肝的转移瘤,瘤细胞可脱落,沿着肝静脉进入下腔静脉,通过心脏进入肺脏,发生肺转移。而躯干或四肢软组织肉瘤,瘤细胞常常进入体循环的静脉系统,直接引流进入肺脏,出现早期的肺转移(图6)。众多资料显示,软组织肉瘤最早出现
49、肺转移,其肿瘤发生的部位以及血流方向是其原围之一。血道转移另一条重要途径是通过脊柱静脉系,它是不同于体循环或肺循环的第三组血液循环系统。它的特点是无静脉瓣,位于椎管内和胸腹部脊柱的附近,在后纵隔或者腹膜后肿瘤受到挤压(或者胸压或腹压增大时),瘤细胞可以通过脊椎静脉系,不经过肺脏,而直接进入脊椎或颅腔转移,因此,临床往往见到脊椎或脑转移瘤的患者,并见不到肺的转移灶,就是这个道理。血道转移,是肉瘤的早期的主要转移途径,如骨肉瘤,横纹肌肉瘤等等,其中主要原因之一是肿瘤血管十分丰富,而且多数血窦之壁本身就是瘤细胞构成的,因而很易脱落进入血流,出现肺转移,由此,肺的转移灶中,瘤细胞脱落而进入体循环,形成
50、其他脏器或组织的转移灶。但在临床工作中,常常见到中晚期癌血道转移的出现,而且有时十分广泛,因此,癌的血道转移也不可忽视。如我们的400例完整的癌瘤尸检分析,我们非常仔细的常规采用双侧颈部,双腋窝,纵隔,腹膜后,肠系膜及腹股沟等处淋巴结以及全身的脏器,发现癌除了广泛的淋巴结转移之外,脏器的转移(多数通过血道)率也很高,其脏器血行转移频率依次为肺及肝各162例(各占405),说明癌的血道转移以肺或肝最多。其次为肾上腺79例(198)。胰腺60例(15.0),骨骼56例(14.0),脾49例(123),肾46例(115),隔肌46例(115),大肠壁利例(103),小肠壁37例(93),其他转移脏器