中学英语语法漫谈-高中英语语法讲解带习题相当好的资料.doc

高考英语培训讲义 阿胜老师（点滴之间，直击命题）2013年高考英语语法编讲：阿胜老师（中高考英语金牌主讲）一、冠词用法小结冠词的用法在英语学习中较为复杂，千头万绪，尤其是惯用法，请同学们平时学习时注意积累。以下不过是谈谈冠词的一些常规的用法。一、 不定冠词的用法：1、 泛指人或事物的类别，相当于any, 如: A hammer is tool.A steel worker makes steel.2、 泛指某人或某物。A boy is waiting for you. There is a book on your desk.3、 表one或every。We work 8 hours a day.I go home twice a month.4、 表示the same 的意思。Birds of a (= the same) feather flock together; people of a kind come together.5、 用在不可数名词前a)（用在物质名词前）一种，一份 A large coffee for me.It was a wonderful tea.b)（用在某些表示风、雨等的名词前）It was clear daylight now and a fine rain was falling.There is a cold wind this morning.c)（用在抽象名词前）一种That is a great disappointment.Its a pleasure to work with you.6、 （用在某些专有名词前）某个叫的人，一张的画，一个象的人等。I saw a Mrs. Smith on the 12th at 2:00.He had a Van Gogh in the dining-room.What a strange London they saw!Hes a living Lei Feng.7、 用于某些固定词组中。a few, a little, a good many, a lot of, all of a sudden, as a rule, have a cold等。8、 在元音音素开头的名词前应用an, 如an apple, an English book。要以发音为准，并非以元音字母而定。如a university, an hour, an “h”, an X-ray examination.二、 定冠词的用法。1、 表特定的或上文提到的人或物。The boy likes the film.Shut the door, please. The old poor peasant has a son. The son is a model worker.2、 表示世界上独一无二的东西。the earth, the moon, the stars, the sun（但space前不用）3、 用在序数词、形容词或副词最高级前。the second, the tallest, the last, the first.4、 用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派或组织机构等的专有名词前。the United States; the Peoples Republic of China; the Communist Party of China; the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army; the No. 15 Middle School; the department of Education.5、 用在某些建筑物名称前。The Great Hall of the People; the Monument to the Peoples Heroes; the Great Wall; the Capital Theatre; the Space Museum; the Peace Hotel。6、 用在江河海洋，山脉群岛，海峡海湾等专有名词前。The Changjiang River, the Red Sea, the Dabie Mountains, the English Channel, the Taiwan Straits, the Persian Gulf。7、 用在报纸、会议、条约等专有名词前。the Peoples Daily（但：China Daily） the New York Times, the 15th Party Congress, the Geneva Agreement8、 用在方位名词前，某些习惯短语中或结构搭配中。on the left, in the east, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end, hit sb on the head, catch sb by the arm9、 用在形容词前表一类人。the poor, the dead, the young, the rich, the wounded.10、 用在双方都知，不言而喻的名词前。Give me the book. Whos the man?用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妇二人。the Smiths, the Greens, the Wangs, the Turners11、 用在单数可数名词前泛指某类人或物(指整个一类)。The horse is a useful animal.The computer was invaded not long ago. （但更多时候表特指：The horse is ill. ）12、 指世纪的年代。in the 1890s或in the 1890s13、 用在表示乐器的名词前。play the piano (the guitar, the violin, the flute)14、 用在某国语言前，构成the language的形式。The English language is very widely used all over the world.如果单用国家变来的语言名词形式，则不用the。Chinese has the largest number of speakers in the world.15、 用于“论（或按）计”之类的意思。He got paid by the hour. They sell the cloth by the meter.三、 不用冠词的场合。1、 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名前一般不用冠词。China, Johnson;Air is matter.Sound is invisible.2、 当名词已被指示代词、物主代词、名词所有格限制时。This book is good.I read my English book every day.3、 注：指示代词和物主代词亦不能并用。my that book, 应该说：that book of mine.街名、广场名、公园名前。Wall Street. Tiananmen Square, Hyde Park.4、 省市、大学名前。Hubei Province (但the Province of Hubei); Wuhan City(但the City of Wuhan); Qinghua University(但：the University of Qinghua)5、 湖泊前一般不用冠词。East Lake, Salt Lake, Dongting Lake6、 山峰前不用冠词。Mount Hua, Mount Tai, Mount Everest7、 月份、星期、节日、三餐饭的名词前。March, Christmas, Sunday;Have you had lunch?Spring is the best season of the years.(但月份或季节被限定则须冠词。I arrived here in the winter of 1993.)8、 称呼语，表示头街或职务作宾补或同位语的名词。Whats this, John?We made Li Hai monitor.9、 学科名、球类、棋类名词六前。We like maths.They often play football.10、 泛指的复数名词前。Students must work hard at their lesson.11、 与by连用的交通工具或表示方式、手段的名词前。by bus, by hand, by radio, by air, by water.冠词用法巩固练习1. Im afraid I dare not speak in _ public. Just have _ try.A. a; 不填;B. 不填; a C. the; a D. the; the2. As you know, _ man cant live without _ water.A. 不填; 不填;B. a; theC. a; 不填;D. 不填; the3. The police have _ power to arrest bad people by _ law.A. the; the B. 不填; the C. 不填; 不填;D. the; 不填;4. Paris is _ most beautiful city, where you can see _ famous Eiffel Tower.A. a; the B. a; 不填;C. the; a D. 不填; the5. Do you like the novels? I dont like either of them. Please show me _ third one.A. aB. the C. XD. an6. Keep away from the cage. _ lion is _ fierce animal.A. The; the B. A; the C. A; 不填;D. The; a7. The class named _ Lei Fang is one of the best classed in this school.A. in honor of B. in the place of C. in favor of D. in the way of8. What about _ bike? Do you think it all right to buy him that bike as _ birthday gift?A. a; a B. the; aC. a; the D. the ; the 9. First aid is _ science of giving _ medical care to _ person.A. the; 不填; a B. the; the; a C. a; 不填; the D. 不填; a; the10. Please pay attention to your spelling. Youve dropped _ “n” here.A. an B. the C. 不填;D. a11. Bill Clinton took _ office on January 20th, 1993, and became _ 42nd US President.A. an; the B. 不填; theC. the; 不填;D. 不填; 不填;12. Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this morning? I think I saw _ one somewhere. Is it _ red one?A. a; the; aB. a; a; theC. the; 不填; aD. a; 不填; a13. The news is spreading from mouth to mouth. Yes, its become _ talk of _ town.A. a; aB. the; 不填;C. the; theD. a; 不填;14. Now the machine runs at double _.A. a speed B. speedC. the speedD. for speed15. I hope you will be ready to leave on time. Dont worry. Ill be ready _ the taxi arrives.A. by the timeB. in time forC. at the time of D. until the time when16. If he goes on swimming in that lake for _ four hours, he _ in it for twelve hours.A. another; will have been swimmingB. a; will swimC. other; has swumD. the; will be swimming17. Charley Oakley, _ NBA All-star, hasnt missed _ game in past three years. I cant believe it.A. an; a B. a; the C. the; a D. an; the18. What did you think of the place? I didnt car for it at _ first, but after _ time I got to like it.A. 不填; the B. the; aC. the; 不填;D. 不填; a19. In the past ten years, there have been many changes in family life. Are these changes _?A. better or worseB. for best or for worstC. for the good or for the badD. for the better or for the worse20. The letter _. I should have received it this morning.A. is to be mailedB. has been mailedC. had been mailedD. was being mailed21. Towards _ morning, _ heavy snow began to fall.A. the; aB. an; a C. a; 不填;D不填; the22. My mother is usually on _ duty in her office every _ few days.A. the; a B. 不填; aC. 不填; 不填;D. a; 不填;23. He has finished _.A. a day workB. days workingC. a days workD. a day-work24. May we come in right now? Certainly, but only two are allowed _.A. at a timeB. in a whileC. at one timeD. for a while25. No wonder _ failed in the driving test for _ second time.A. has she; the B. she has; the C. has she; aD. she has; a26. When did you recognize her? _ I met her.A. A momentB. The momentC. The moment whenD. For a moment27. Is this radio show still _? No. It will be broadcast again next month.A. by airB. through the airC. on the airD. in the air28. The evening meal for Americans is usually long and _ for families to gather together.A. time B. a dateC. a timeD. the date29. Duffield White, who is in _ charge of the competition, said that the boy was the youngest winner of _ prize.A不填; a B. the; the C. 不填; the D. one; the30. The building was named Ford Hall _ a man named James Ford.A. for memory of B. in the memory thatC. in memory of D. in a memory for31. Oh, Mary, _ you have given us! I _ so soon.A. how pleasant surprise; had no idea that you comeB. how pleasant surprise; dont suppose you will comeC. how pleasant a surprise; didnt suppose you would comeD. what pleasant surprise; dont think you have come32. These two rooms are of _ size. But another two rooms are three times _ size of them.A. the; the B. a; the C. a; aD. the; a33. It is not rare in _ that people in _ fifties are going to university for further education.A. 90s; the B. the 90s; 不填;C. 90s; theirD. the 90s; their34. Whats your elder sister? She is _ teacher and _ writer.A. the; the B. a; 不填;C. a; a D. the; a35. Professor Smith had not given _ talk on Shakespeare for a long time, so he had to brush up on some of _ plays.A. 不填; 不填;B. a; the C. the; 不填;D. the; the36. _ played an important roll in field hospitals during the war.A. A X-ray equipmentB. An X-ray equipmentC. X-ray equipmentsD. X-ray equipment37. At midnight they reached _ small village _ east of _ Ever-white Mountain.A. a; 不填; the B. a; 不填; 不填;C. the; the; theD. the; an; an38. Young as he is, David has gained _ rich experience in _ society.A. 不填; 不填;B. the; the C. a; 不填;D. 不填; the39. What do you think of the TV play “Hand in Hand”? Just so-so. However, I dont think it is worth watching _.A. a second timeB. the second timeC. for the second timeD. secondly40. The warmth of _ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _ wool used.A. the; theB. the; 不填C. 不填; theD.不填；不填Key 110. BADAA DABAA 1120. BDDCA AADAD 2130. ACCAD BCCCC 3140. CBDBB DAAAB二、介词介词又叫做前置词，是一种虚词，不能单独在句子当中担当成分，它后面必须接名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类搭配（介词宾语）构成介词短语；和动词搭配构成短语动词，然后才能够在句子当中充当成分。介词分为简单介词，如：at, in, on, besides, since, for等；合成介词，如：inside, outside, without, within, into, onto等；短语介词（或成语介词），如：because of, in front of, instead of, in spite of等；二重介词，如：from behind, until after等。一、 介词短语的句法功能介词在句子中可以充当定语、状语、表语、以及宾语补足语等。1. 作定语介词短语在句中做定语时须位于被修饰词之后。The key to the door is missing.The water-tower in front of our school was built in 1988.2. 作表语（或称为：主语的补足语）Some students are in the classroom, and some on the playground.As we know, Japan is to the east of China.3. 作宾语补足语（或称为：宾语的表语）Did you see a pen under my desk this morning?They have sent another rocket into the sky.4. 作状语1) On Sundays, the family are mostly out. （时间状语）2) On top of the hill stands a TV tower. （地点状语）3) He is used to sleeping with all the windows open. （伴随状语）4) In the search for the lost child, the villagers went all out. （目的状语）5) All the work must be done by hand. （方式状语）6) At times, I go to the cinema. （频度状语）7) She is by far the best student in our class. （程度状语）8) Because of poverty, he couldnt go to school. (原因状语)9) To my surprise, he got the first prize in the contest. （结果状语 / 或评注性状语）10) Without our Party, we couldnt live a happy life. （条件状语）11) In spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through. （让步状语）12) As a matter of fact, nobody agreed to his project. （评注性状语）In my opinion, youd better go with us. 二、 介词的复合结构“介词宾语补足语”可以构成介词的复合结构，在句子当中可充当表语、定语、状语、补语等。这种结构中的宾语和补足语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，使得句子意义更加丰富。常见的这类介词有with, without, like, of等。1. 介词宾语形容词He is used to sleeping with all the windows open. 2. 介词宾语分词Bamboo leaves swing in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.At the beginning of school, the noise of desks being opened and closed and lessons (of being) repeated at the top of the childrens voices could be heard out in the street.The wounded boy glared at the nobleman with his teeth clenched.3. 介词宾语不定式The cat humped its back just like a fierce tiger to jump upon me.4. 介词宾语副词The little boy rushed out of the house without anything on.5. 介词宾语介词短语The teacher entered the classroom with a book under his arm.三、 介词的叠用在少数介词之后还可接另一个介词短语，也就是我们所称的二重介词。如：The naughty boy suddenly rushed out from behind the tree to frighten the girl.In the spring, new bamboo shoots come out from around their own roots.He kept on working until after lunch.四、 介词and介词有些介词短语用两个意义相反的介词构成从而使句子精简化。Not knowing what to do, the worried officer walked up and down the room.There are many trees in and outside the town.五、 介词与其同形的与副词区别有些介词可做副词用，但我们知道副词可以单独在句子中担当成分，而介词须加宾语构成短语才可在句子中充当成分。试比较：Please come in. (in为副词 = into the room) We have no car, but we can go there without. (without为副词 = without a car)Although the exam was difficult, I managed to get through. (through为副词 = through the exam)六、 常易混用介词的区别1. 表示“上、下”等方位的介词。见下图：2. 表示地点的in和at的区别a) at表示位置，in表示“在内”如： Where is he? He is at the cinema. (问话者想知道的是位置) Is he in the cinema? Yes, he is. (问话者可能已经在影院门外)b) at表示小地点，in表示大地点They arrived at the village at seven.They arrived in Beijing at seven.但若某一个大地点并不是最后的终点，仍然用at。例如：The train from Beijing to Guangzhou will arrive at Wuhan at twelve oclock.(武汉只是从北京开往广州这趟列车途中的一个站，并非目的地。)3. in, to和on在方位名词前的区别in表示在某范围之内；to表示某范围之外的地方；on表示“毗邻、接壤”Taiwan lies in the east of China.Taiwan lies to the east of the mainland of China.Mongolia (蒙古) is (lies) on the north of China.4. 表示时间的in和after用于将来时态时，in后面接“时段”；after后面接“时点”。试比较：He will be back in five hours.He will be back after five oclock.after后面也可接“时段”，但应该用在过去时态的句子中。They came back after five days.5. 表示时间的at, in和on1) at表示“钟点时刻、黎明、正午、黄昏、夜晚、午夜、周末、节日期间”He often gets up at daybreak (dawn).They will begin their journey at New Year.2) in表示“上(下)午、晚间、星期、月份、年份、世纪”He was born in 1988.3) on表示具体日期或具体的上（下）午，节日的当天，美国英语周末前也用on.He died on the morning of August 15th, 1985.但若morning, afternoon, evening等词前面有early或late等修饰语则仍然用in。如：He died in the early morning of August 15th, 1985.6. 表时间的since和forsince后接时点；for接时段，均常与完成时态连用。He has been here since last Friday.He has been here for five days.当表示“多少次” 时不能用for; 表示“第几次”位于句首时须加for，而位于句尾时for可以省略也可保留。He has been to Beijing three times. (不可用for three times)For the first time, I have come here.I have come here (for) the first time.7. 表示位置的between和amongbetween表示“个与个之间”，并非只能指两者，可用“and”也可接复数名词。如：The teacher sat between Tom, Jack, Kate, Jane and Mary.Youd better eat nothing between meals.among则笼统地指“在之中”，后接复数名词或代词。The teacher sat among the students.8. except, besides, but, except for, but for, except that/ when1) except用作介词，意为“除了”。整个句子所表达的意思重点在except所构成的介词短语上。例如：Nobody felt anxious except him. （只有他才焦虑不安）2) except 和 besides两者都有“除去”之意，但前者指“但并不包括”，是“排除”之意；后者指“除此之外还有”，有“外加”之意。例如：There are six of us besides Tom. （除汤姆外，另外我们还有6个人。）3) except和 butbut用作介词时，意思是“除外”，“别无”，“只有”；but多与no one，nothing，who，all，everyone等连用，它可与except互换。例如：No one but a fool would believe it.Who but he would do such a thing？4) except for 和 ex