第009章冠词和数词.doc

第九章 冠词和数词
一、冠词的种类
冠词可分为不定冠词a（an）,定冠词the和零冠词（即不用任何冠词的场合）三种。冠词与名词的搭配情况如下：
冠词
单数可数名词
复数可数名词
不可数名词
A(n)
Book

The
Book
Books
Rice

books
rice
二、不定冠词的用法：
不定冠词与数词one同源，相当于汉语的“一”，但不强调数目概念，用于单数可数名词之前，泛指某一些人或物中的“任何一个”。在辅音音素（而不是字母）前用a,在元音音素前用an.例如：
a B.A 一位文学士 an apple一只苹果 a European country 一个欧洲国家
an honor一种荣誉感 a unit一个单元 an umbrella一把
1、不定冠词用在单数名词前，起泛指作用，表示同类事物中的代表。
例如：
A car has a steering wheel. 汽车有方向盘。
A bird has wings. 鸟有翅膀。
２、不定冠词表示一个人或事物。例如：
I met her in a coffee shop near the station. 我在车站附近的一家咖啡和她碰面。
Ａstudent came to visit me.有个学生来看我。
３、不定冠词a(n)用在抽象名词前表示一个具体的特征。例如：
To offer your seat to the old, that’s a kindness, indeed.你把座位让给老年人，真是好心。
I heard a crashing in the kitchen in the midnight.我在半夜里听到厨房里有东西碎裂的声音。
４、与物质名词（不可数名词）连用，表示种类，一杯之量等。例如：
Bring me a coffee, please.请给我一杯咖啡。
This is an excellent wine.这是一杯上等的葡萄酒。
５、与of连用，表示“同一，相同”等。例如：
They are people of a kind.他们是同类人。
These swords are of a length.这些剑一样长。
６、当单数可数名词之前的形容词有too, so, as, however, how等词修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。例如：
I have never seen so amusing a film.我从来没看过这么有趣的电影。
This is too difficult a job for them to do.这个工作对他们来说是太难了。
７、不定冠词在与half, quite, such ,what, rather等词连用时，通常要放在这些词之后。但是，当rather和quite所修饰的名词前有形容词修饰时，不定冠词也可放在和之前。例如：
She is quite a good actress.(She is a quite good actress.)她是一个相当好的女演员。
That job is rather a bore.那份工作相当无聊。
It is rather a cold day.(=It is a rather cold day.)那是个相当寒冷的日子。
８、某些固定搭配中要求用不定冠词。常见的用：
come to an end结束 as a rule通常
all of a sudden突然 as a result因此
have a good(bad) time玩得愉快（不愉快）
have a rest(sleep/swim)休息（睡／游）一会
have a cold患感冒 have a cough咳嗽
in a hurry匆忙地 in a way有些
in a sense从某种意义上讲 in a word总之
keep on eye on注意着 make a living谋生
make a fool of愚弄 make a fortune发大财
make a study of 研究 put an end to结束
take an interest in 对……感兴趣with a will决心
三、定冠词的用法
定冠词用于各类名词前（单数可数名词、复数可数名词和不可名词）表示特指。其基本意义是“这，那”。
1、 表示上文提及的人和事物，或由前后关系或情况而知道所指为何物或何事的名词前，要加定冠词。例如：
He was with a boy and a girl. The boy looked about three years old and the girl looked about seven.他带着一个男孩和一个女孩。那男孩看起来差不多三岁，那女孩差不多七岁。
Let’s go to the station to see her off. 让我们到车站去送地。
2、用于指独一无二的自然现象，或表示方位、左右等的名词之前。例如：
Which is farther from the earth, the sun of the moon?
太阳和月亮哪一个离地球远些？
The sun rises in the east and set in the west. 日出于东而落于西。
注：如果这些表示自然现象的名词前有形容词加以描述时间可用不定冠词。例如：
A new moon is hanging in the sky. 一轮新新月高悬于空中。
3、与单数可数名词连用，代表一类人和物。例如：
The ox is a useful animal.牛是有用的动物。
The compass was first invented in China.指南针首先是中国发明的。
4、与某些形容词或分词连用，代表整个类别或某一抽象概念。例如：
The old are apt to catch cold.老年人容易感冒
The beautiful can never die. 美是永恒的。
5、定冠词加在表示单位的名词前，意为“每，每一”的意思。例如：
I rented the house by the month. 我按月租用那房子。
Pencils are sold by the dozen.铅笔是按打买的。
6、由普通名词组成的专有名词前通常要加定冠词the。例如：
the Orient Express东方快车 the White House白宫 the United States美国
7、定冠词加在表示人体某一部位的名词前，形成一习惯用法。例如：
The man took me by the arm.那男人抓住我的手臂。
This is the second time that I have seen the film.她母亲拍打她的手。
8、在形容词最高级、序数词和only之前，通常要加定冠词the。例如：
This is the most of expensive of all the clothes.这是所有衣服中最贵一件。
This is the second time that I have seen the film.这是我第二次看这部电影。
Mr Brown is the only person able to do it.布朗先生是惟一会做那件事的人。
9、在西洋乐器前通常要加定冠词the.例如：
My mother always tells me that I’ll be glad not to have given up practicing the piano.
我母亲总是告诉我，我将会很高兴没有放弃练习钢琴。
Would you play a tune on the flute? 请你用横笛为我们吹奏一曲好吗？
10、定冠词在与whole连用时，要放在whole的前面。但是，当定冠词与all, both, half, much等连用时，要放在其后面。例如：
The whole text is not difficult to understand.整篇课文不难理解。
All the trees have lost their leaves. 所有的树叶都已经掉了。
Both the books are interesting.这两本书都很有趣。
11、定冠词the用于逢“十”的复数词前，指世纪中的年代或人的大致年岁。例如：
He was not in 50 China in the fifties.年代他不在中国。
That man doesn’t look his age. I think he’s somewhere in the thirties.
那人不显年纪。我想他大约三十几岁。
12、用在姓氏的复数形式或民族名称前，表示全家或整个民族。例如：
The Turners are sitting at lunch table. 特纳一家正吃午饭。
The Chinese are a brave and hardworking people.中华民族是勤劳勇敢的民族。
13、在江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾、沙漠等名词之前要加定冠词。例如：
the Pacific(Ocean)太平洋 the South-China sea 南中国海
the Panama Canal 巴拿马运河 the Maldives马尔代夫群岛
the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山脉 the Sahara撒哈拉沙漠
the Persian Gulf波斯湾
14、某些固定搭配中要求用定冠词。常见的有：
beside the question离题 by the way顺便提一句
in the dark在暗处 in the future在露天
in the sun阳光下 in the open相反
on the increase/rise增长 on the decrease/fall下降
on the spot当场 on the whole总的来说
out of the question不可能 to the point切题
play the fool做傻事 set the fashion标新立异
in the morning(afternoon/evening)在上午（下午/晚上）
四、零冠词的用法
零冠词，即不用冠词。表示名词的泛指功一般概念。它主要用于物质名词、抽象名词、复数可数名词，也能用于某些单数可数名词。
1、 物质名词、抽象名词或复数名词前，通常要用零冠词。例如：
Blood is thicker than water.血浓于水。
Wisdom is better than strength.智慧胜于力量
Books are what I like best.书籍是我最喜欢的东西。
2、在与by连用的交通工具名称之前，通常用零冠词。例如：
I used to go to school by bus.我过去常乘公共汽车上学。
They are going to travel by train.他们打算乘火车去旅行。
3、在科学名词、球类运动、棋类游戏、竞赛技能等名词前，通常用零冠词。例如：
Students play basketball every afternoon.学生每天下午都打篮球。
I like playing chess.我喜欢下棋。
4、在一个以“普通名词+as”开始的让步状语从句中，此普通名词前用零冠词。例如：
Child as he is, he seems to know everything.他虽然是个孩子，但他似乎什么都知道。
5、有些名词如bed, church, class, college, court, hospital, market, prison, school, society, space, town, university等与介词连用时，通常用零冠词。例如：
He was thought to be a danger to society.他被认为是社会的危险人物
The murderer was sent to prison.那个杀人犯被关到监狱。
6、表示家庭成员或nurse, cook（厨师）,teacher等用作称呼的名词前用零冠词。例如：
Mother says that we should help him. 妈妈说我们应该帮助他。
Teacher was pleased with our work.老师对我们的作业感到满意。
7、表示日常饮食方面的名词前用零冠词。例如：
Have you had your lunch? 吃过午饭了吗？
注：但如果是特指或指具体的饮食时，可用定冠词。例如：
The lunch we having was prepared by father.我们正吃的午饭是爸爸.
8、表示季节的名称前面零冠词。例如：
Winter in South China is not so cold.华南的冬季不这么冷。
注：但如果季节的名称在句中含有特定的时间概念，应有定冠词。例如：
I met him in the winter of 1989. 我在1989年的冬天遇到过他。
9、呼唤语以及表示感叹意味的名词前用零冠词。例如：
Stay where you are, boy! 小伙子！呆在那里别动。
Young man, mind! A car is approaching.年轻人，当心！车来啦！
10、单数可数名词用作紧密联系的并列结构或作列举之用时，一般用零冠词。例如：
He was covered with snow from head to foot.他浑身上下都是雪。
We are brother and sister.我们是兄弟。
11、在作同位语或补足语表示正式的或独一无二的职位、头衔的名词之前，常用零冠词。例如：
Mary is captain of the team. 玛丽是这个队的队长。
He has been elected chairman of the students’ union. 他已当选为学生会主席。
William Faulkner, American novelist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1949
美国小说家威廉福克纳，1949年被授予诺贝尔文学奖。
12、turn作系动词用，后接职业、职位时，用零冠词。例如：
He has turned scientist. 他成了科学家。
He has turned chairman of the committee. 他成了委员会的主席
13、在某些固定用语中，要求用零冠词。常见的有：
at anchor在抛锚 in sight of看见 at hand在手头 in hospital住院
at first起初 keep in mind记在心上 at present目前 take place发生
by chance碰巧 take care of照顾 at bottom在底部 in face of面对
in peace平安、平静 in place of取代 in trouble有麻烦 take part in参加
by accident偶然
五、冠词用法的其他问题
1、如果两个名词代表着两个人或物，通常在各个名词前都要加冠词。
例如：
The teacher and the parents of the boy were discussing his case.
男孩的教师和父母都那时正在讨论他的情况。
Have you seen the red and the white roses in the garden?
你看见花园里的红玫瑰和白玫瑰了吗？（指两种玫瑰花）
2、有些名词常成对出现视为一体，一般只用一个冠词。例如：
There is a horse and cart in front of the house.房前有一套马车。
类似的情况还有：a knife and fork一副刀叉，a cup and saucer一套茶具，a watch and chain一块带表链的手表，等等。
3、如果指同一个人（物）或整体的一部分，一般只用一个冠词。例如：
Have you a French and English dictionary? 你有法英词典吗？
Have you seen the red and white roses over there? 你看到那里红白相间的玫瑰花了吗？
4、某些名词前使用不同冠词时意义有差异：
My son has gone to school. 我儿子上学去了。
I am going to the school to see the headmaster. 我要去学校见校长。
My daughter usually goes to bed at nine o’clock. 我女儿通常9点上床就寝。
Lie down on the bed. 躺在这床上。
His father was sent to prison. 他父亲被关进监狱。
We drove past the prison. 我们从监狱旁驶过。
-Can you finish reading the book in a month?
-你能一个月读完这本书吗？
-Yes, it’s out of question.是，没问题
-No, it’s out of question. 不，根本不可能。
You can ask him for help in case of need. 需要时，你可让他帮忙。
This is the case with me. 这就是我的情况。
Those garments are no longer in fashion. 那些衣服不再流行了。
He can speak French in a fashion. 他马马虎虎能讲一点法语。
The children have taken quite a fancy to their teacher.
孩子们十分喜欢他们的老师。
The exhibition took the fancy of the visitors.
展览品吸引着这些参观者。
第二节数词
数词可分为基数词和序数词两种。
一、基数词
基数词表示人或物的数量。如three books三本书，ten teeth十颗牙
1、十位数与个位数之间要用连字符“-”。例如：
ninety-nine九十九 forty-five四十五
2、百位数与十位数之间，英国英语中用and,而美国英语中一般不用。
例如：three thousand two hundred and twenty-one三千二百二十一
3、英语中无“万”级词，要用ten thousand表示。例如：
sixty thousand六万 twenty thousnad二万
4、基数词在修饰名词时不加-s例如：
four hundred people 400人 three thousand students三千学生
但是，当基数词在与of连用时，就要加-s.例如：
hundreds of people数百人 thousand of数千
tens of thousands of 成千上万的 hundreds upon hundreds of成千上万的
millions of数百万
5、数词常与名词构成复合定语。这些词构成成分间要用连字符，且只用名词的单数形式。例如：
a two-hundred-page book一本200万页的书
a ten-month leave一次10个人月的休假
二、序数词
1、序数词表示人或事物的次序，通常要与定冠词the连用。例如：
这时我第二次见面到你。
我在比赛中得第二。（序数词作表语时不加冠词）
2、 序数词如果表示的是“又一次或再一次”进，前面就要用不定冠词a(n)。例如
They have a second house. 他们另外有一栋房子。
You’d better take a second pair of pants. 你最好再带一条备用的裤子。
3、 基数词变序数词的特殊形式。例如：
one-first two-second three-third five-fifth eight-eighth nine-ninth
twelve-twelfth
其余都是在基数词词尾加th.
4、十位整数的基数词变为序数词时，先将基数词词尾中的变成，然后加。其余两位数的基数词变为序数词时，只需将个位数变为序数词，十位数不变。例如：
twenty-twentieth fifty-fiftieth forty-two-second eighty-five-eighty-fifth
三、分数
分数是由基数词和序数词合成的，分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示。分子是“1”的情况下，分母不加-s。除了分子是1的情况外，作为分母的序数词要用复数形式。例如：
one-third三分之一 two-fifths五分之二
three-fourths四分之三 one and two-fifths一又五分之二
四、倍数
英语中倍数增减表示法种类繁多，其含义与汉语不尽一致，使用时应特别注意。
1、表示倍数的方法
表示倍数的常用方法有：
(1) 主语+be + times+形容词或副词比较级+than + times+被比对象
(2) 主语+be + times+形容词或副词比较级+than + times+被比对象
(3)主语+ be + times+ n. of+被比对象
(4)主语+ be + times +that of +被比对象
The volume of the earth is 49 times as heavy as the hydrogen atom.
地球的体积比月球的体积大49倍。
The oxygen atom is nearly 16 times as heavy as the hydrogen atom.
氧原子的重量几乎是氢原子的16倍。
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
地球是月亮大小的49倍
The volume of the plastic container is three times that of the metal one.
塑料容器的容积是金属的3倍大。
2、表示倍数增减的方法
英语中也常用一些动词来表示倍数的增减。常用的方法为：
increase(go up, rise, raise……) by(净增减多少)
主语＋ decrease(go down, reduce, drop, fall)+ to(增减到多少) +百分数（数字，倍数）＋被比对象
The production of detergent has been increased by 3 times since 1990
1990年以来，洗涤剂的产量增加了三倍。
The total consumption of coal in this city has decreased to 300,000 tons.
这座城市煤的总消耗量下降到30万吨。
This year the consumption of electricity has gone up 52 per cent as compared with that of last year.
今年去去年相比耗电量增加52%
有时倍数也可用double, triple等词来表示。例如：
He doubled his income in three years.三年内他收入增加一倍。
The grain output is quadrupled.粮食产量翻了两番。
Exercise 9
I.选择题
1.I’ll come in minute; in fact, I’ll come second I’m through.
A. a, the B. a, a C. the, a D. the, the
2.I saw waiting in line applying for the only position.
A. a lot of unemployment B. unemployments
C. a lot of the unemployed D. a lot of unemployee
3.There used to be beautiful old bridge, but during the war bridge was blown up.
A. the, the B. a, the C. a, a D. the, a
4.The committee have decided by majority to ask you to remain.
A. a B. an C. / D. this
5. When we saw her face, we knew was bad.
A. the news B. some news C. a news D. news
6. is very important in daily life.
A. Friendship B. The friendship C. Friendships D. A friendship
7.“What musical instrument do you like to play?”“ .”
A. The violin B. A violin C. Violin D. Violins
8.“Make yourself and help yourself to some candy”.Mary said to me.
A. at the home B. in the home C. at home D. in home
9. The man was put for theft.
A. in the prison B. at the prison C. in prison D. into prison
10.In the ancient time, sailors believed they went in power of the mighty spirit of sea.
A. a, a B. the, the C. a, the D. the, a
11. I’ll never forgot of 1983 when I entered college.
A. a summer B. summer C. the summer D. summers
12. I went to bed to pick up some papers that I had left on it.
A. the B. a C. a small D. /
13. There is truck the classroom.
A. in the front of B. in front of C. in front D. at the front of
14.His honesty is .He can be always trusted.
A. out of question B. out of the question C. not the question D. in the question
15. students the meeting held the day before yesterday.
A. The number……attend B. A number of……attended
C. The number of……attended D. A number……attend
16. On Sundays, they often go to to hear music.
A. a church B. the church C. church D. some churches
17. The dancer and has arrived already.
A. singer B. a singer C. the singer D. singers
18. are a brave and hardworking people .
A. Chinese B. The Chinese C. A Chinese D. Some Chinese
19. I’ll keep eyes on the baby when she is away.
A. the B. one C. an D. much
20. Mercury freezes if it is cooled to .
A. a too low temperature B. too low temperature
C. a low too temperature D. too low a temperature
21. I am determined to go there instead of taking a bus.
A. on the foot B. on foot C. by foot D. on two feet
22. I think you should have before you go to work.
A. sleep B. a good sleep C. the sleep D. some good sleep
23. I haven’t read book and I read half of it. At least I know something about the subject now.
A. whole B. all C. all of D. the whole
24. Thank you, sir, You have done me .
A. kindness B. a kindness C. kind D. the kindness
25. Boys often take in teasing girls.
A. a pleasure B. pleasure C. the pleasure D. pleased
26. as he is, Tom couldn’t have done such a thing.
A. A fool B. Fool C. The fool D. Fools
27. A young man cannot have .
A. experience of world B. experience of the world
C. the experience of the world D. the experience of world
28. My bike has been stolen, so I will have to .
A. buy a new one B. buy the one C. buy the other D. buy the other one
29.He is expert in Chinese history but he is also interested in history of Japan.
A. a, the B. an, the C. an, a D. a, /
30. “what is he?”“He is ”
A. a poet and novelist B. a poet and a novelist
C. poet and novelist D. the poet and novelist
31. “How did you pay the workers?”“As a rule, they were paid ”
A. by an hour B. by the hour C. by a hour D. by hours
32. more to be pitied than blamed.
A. Uneducated are B. Uneducated is
C. The uneducated are D. The uneducated is
33. teacher and guardian of the child were discussing his case.
A. A, a B. The, a C. A, the D. the, the
34. People believe in the resurrection of of a soul whic