资源描述
四级写作
吴天芸
celia88@
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Astronomy 天文学：
Total eclipse 日全食
Star/planet 行星
Solar calendar 阳历
Lunar calendar 阴历
Milky way 银河系
Venus 金星
Mars 火星
Mercury 水星
Jupiter 木星
Saturn 土星
Upgrade
Accumulate
V: vary
Pass away/commit suicide/abandon the world/return to dust/violent death
I: input
P: practice
对立观点型：1
解决问题型：2 （negative）
书信：3
图表：4
口头作文
谚语警句型
模块
面临问题：
废水 waste/polluted water
废气 waste/polluted gas
废渣 waste/polluted residue
全球变暖 global warming
温室效应 greenhouse effect
温室气体 greenhouse gas(es)
濒危野生动物 endangered wildlife
工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes
白色污染 white pollution (by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics)
有机污染物 organic pollutants
森林砍伐率 rate of deforestation
水土流失 water and soil erosion
土壤盐碱化 soil alkalization
环境恶化 environmental degradation
城市化失控 uncontrolled urbanization
拯救措施
中国环保基本政策 the basic policies of China’s environmental protection
预防为主、防治结合的政策 policy of prevention in the first place and integrating prevention with control
治理环境污染 curb environmental pollution; bring the pollution under control
可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags
垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill
垃圾焚化厂 refuse incinerator
防止过度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation
水土保持 conservation of water and soil
水资源保护区 water resource conservation zone
造林工程 afforestation project
珍稀濒危物种繁育基地 rare and endangered species breeding center
绿化祖国 turn the country green
全民义务植树日 National Tree-Planting Day
森林覆盖率 forest coverage
防风林 wind breaks （防沙林 sand breaks）
速生林 fast-growing trees
降低资源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation
开发可再生资源 develop renewable resources
环保产品 environment-friendly products
自然保护区 nature reserve
710 425
Distribution 正态分布
20万 35%
9：00-11：20
9：00-9：15
9:15-9:45 writing 30min 15%
9：45-10：00 fast reading 10% (1%*7 单选+1%*3 细节填空)
10:00-10:35 listening 35min 35%
10:35-11:20 15选10 5%
大阅读 2passages*5*2%=20%
综合：完型（0.5%*20=10%）/改错（1%*10=10%）
翻译 1%*5=5%
听力 阅读 35%
综合 10% 写作 20%
06.6.24/12 07.6/12 08.6/12 09.6
Effective & efficient
4200
《大学英语考试大纲》中明确规定：四级大学英语写作考试时间为30分钟。要求应试者写出一篇不少于120个词的短文；写作命题源于日常生活和有关科技、社会文化等方面的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。其命题方式有：给出题目、或规定情景、或给出段首句续写、或给出关键词写短文、或看图作文。要求内容切题，文理通顺，表达正确，语义连贯，无重大语言错误。
Superior/inferior to
promising future
3300 4200
Proper/suitable
Appropriate to
l/n
nowadays
避免头重脚轻 it
Create imitate 化繁为简
人们认为：it is generally/ widely believed/ held/ agreed that
越来越：be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of
30min 120w
扫：字数够不够 8-10w 0.5
3 clean &clear :formal
找:关联词 3-5
to begin with/in the second place， last but not least
闪光词汇 upgrade
藏拙 14 11 8 5 2
I adore you.
With you, I find myself lost;
Without you, I find myself wanting to be lost again.
You were my eyes when I couldn’t see; you were my voice when I couldn’t speak.
Important: critical/crucial/
Essential/vital/
Significant/
fundamental
Input/output
Accumulate
Reading makes a full man;
Writing makes an exact man.
评分标准 感 14 11 8 5 2
简单原则，安全第一
As few grammar mistakes as possible
VIP：vary (多样化)
Input
Practice
Some people think
An (increasingly) amount of/several individuals believe/argue/
claim/contend/
maintain/assert/hold the viewpoint that…./take the attitude that…/harbour the idea that…
First of all, I wish that all of you have a sound body and mind.
Framework框架
拓展思路和将句子扩充方法：
Pets reduce loneliness.
Keeping pets, such as …..(rat/ox/tiger: roar/rabbit/dragon/snake; serpent/horse: horses for courses 知人善任/sheep/monkey/
Rooster: crow/dog: bark/pig) reduce loneliness to some extent 在一定程度上 for both adults and children, especially the senior citizens/the elderly and people who cannot see(blind), people who cannot hear(deaf), people who cannot speak(dumb) and other people suffering from various kinds of diseases. 详述法
1、 时间要求：30分钟
1） 审题（3分钟）：
2） 写作（25分钟）：
3） 检查（2分钟）：语法（时态、冠词、主谓一致）、拼写、标点
【2005.06】For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay/composition/paper/thesis in honor of teachers on the occasion of Teacher's Day. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:
1. 向老师表达节日祝贺
2. 从一件小事来回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献
3. 我如何回报老师的关爱
September 10th is the day that every student should bear in mind. It is the time to express our congratulations to our teachers, who have devoted most of their time and energy to us.
I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude. I am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi. If it had not been for my teacher’s timely assistance in giving me first aid, I fear that the consequences might have been much serious. Everyone agrees that it was his quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome.
I will repay my teacher’s kindness with my unselfish help to others. Although nowadays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish, we see very few people practice what they preach. If there were more people like my teacher, this world would be a much nicer place.
（1）Once in front of me, stood an outstanding/excellent teacher. Yet, I did not value/cherish him. Not until the moment I lost him, did I realize how regretful I was. If God gave me another chance/opportunity, I would repay him.
（2）I sat outside in the hall. Everything inside me has gone away. I didn’t think. I could not think. I knew she was leaving me, but I prayed she not.（Ernest Hemingway: The Sun also Rises）
2、 具体要求：
1） 语言第一位：表达通顺、无重大语言错误 it’s not what you say; it’s the way you say it
（1） 基础一般：简单原则、安全第一
（2） 基础较好：句子结构词多变
V:IP
2） 结构第二位：structure
（1） 逻辑性：
A. 并列：and/or/but
B. 因果：because/in that, since/as, for
C. 转折：but/however
（2） 关联词：
起：启动观点，开篇点题
First, firstly, first of all, in the first place, in the second place,,first and foremost, for one-thing- for another, on the one hand- on the other hand
承：正面论证
Besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what is more
The last but not the least, last but not least
More importantly, even worse
转：反面论证
Nevertheless, yet, whereas= while, instead, by contrast, in comparison, on the contrary, conversely
合：文章结尾，合并归纳（3）
Thus, hence, in brief, in short, in conclusion, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, to sum up, in general, generally speaking
3） 内容第三位：
Last night, I was kicked by my girl friend. She ran away with a small white face. She is my green plum and bamboo horse. Now I know that love is blind. Beauty is but skin-deep. Money is the root of evil. However, I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country. Could you please tell me why the injured is always me. It is high time that you teachers devoted your love to me. If you do not give me full mark, I will commit suicide immediately.
第 一 节
一、考试题型
3、 应用文（7考）：口头作文（2考）、书信作文（5考）
4、 论说文（25考）：提纲作文（23考）、图表作文（2考）
5、 段首句作文：4考
6、 课程安排：
1） 考试题型、考试要求、评卷实例
2） 口头作文、书信总论
3） 书信详解
4） 论说文、翻译
7、 学习方法：实力（高分策略）＋技巧（万能框架）
四级作文万用结构:
• 起：起动观点，开篇点题:
• 应用文：firstly, first, lastly
• 议论文：用有文采的,比如:
• First of all, in the first place, first and foremost, for one thing, on the other hand
• It goes without saying that…
• 承：正面论证，解析观点:
Besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what’s more
• Last but not least, even worse, more important
• 转：反面论证，与众不同:
• It is admittedly that, Admittedly,
• Nevertheless, yet, whereas=while 比较圆润 but 生硬
• Instead, by comparison, by contrast, on the contrary, conversely, in comparison
• 合：总结归纳，画龙点睛
• 一篇文章至少3个表示合的词，第2，3段最后，第3段开头
• Thus, hence, in brief, in short, in conclusion, in summary, to summarize, as a result, to sum up, as a consequence, in general, generally speaking.
• 原则：1 写的每个词必须是背过或者看过，自己编造容易错
• 2 想到的第一个词永远不要使用
二、考试要求
万能理由（Omnipotence）
1. 方便：convenient/ convenience
2. 效率：efficient/ efficiently/ efficiency
3. 节省和浪费：save time/ money/ space/energy; time-saving，economical, thrift 节俭的
waste time/ money/ space; time-consuming 耗时的, costly, lavish，luxury
4. 人的心理健康：independent: internship实习 cooperative, competitive,
considerate, confident, creative, sociable,
perseverance;坚持不懈
self-centered, isolated 孤立的
5. 人的身体健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic/vigorous 活力充沛的
6. 娱乐：colorful, pleasure, add joy to life, recreation=entertainment
recreational activity, relax (get oneself relaxed 松弛身心)
tired/be exhausted 筋疲力尽的, boring/dull/tedious
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
All shall be well;
Jack shall have Jill.
There are other fish in the sea.
7. 环境：environment/surrounding/circumstance情境, green house effect 温室效应pollute/pollutant 污染源：H: hydrogen 氢, +bomb
O：oxygen 氧
N：nitrogen 氮
CO2：carbon dioxide
SO2: sulfur dioxide
Hydrocarbon 烃类
Melamine
poisonous, dirty
8. 安全和危险：safe/secure, security, danger, risk
9. 经验：experience, enrich/broaden social experience, enter the society
10. 人际：humane, fair, unfair, help, aid/assistance, freedom, freely
3+25+2:check detail
写完之后修改注意：（内容方面尽量不要修改）
1、字母大小写
2、怪符号
3、单词拼写
4、主谓一致
5、动词时态
6、名词单复数
1、 两大原则：
1） 句子写作：
（1） 句子原则：长短结合、以短句为主
（2） 基本句型：NCE 3 动词：非谓语动词/从句
A. 主谓：I succeed.
B. 主谓宾：I like Caicai.
C. 主系表：ZY is smart.
D. 主谓双宾：Wei Xiaobao gave Ake an English dictionary.
E. 主谓宾宾补：Tulongdao makes many people selfish.
（3） 长句写法：
A. 并列句：and/or/but/while/whereas
B. 从句：
a. 定语从句：who/that/which/when/where
b. 状语从句：when/where/if/because/though
c. 名词性从句：主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句
The fact that a great many teachers are respected shows/indicates/suggests that we should repay them.
What they fail to understand is that we should reciprocate out teachers.
C. 非谓语动词：
a. 动名词：
b. 分词：过去分词、现在分词
c. 不定式：
d. 独立主格：Time permitting, I will go to Beijing tomorrow.
议论文 framework
2） 段落写作：
（1） Introduction：引言/起始/淘金段，3句
A. Thesis statement：中心思想，1句
B. Background information：背景信息，2句
Cheat: urgent
Security office
vivid
a. Background背景
b. Facts事实
c. Others’ opinions反方观点
（2） Body：主体/拓展段，4句
A. Topic sentence：主题句，1句
B. Argument：论证，2句 6
a. Classification：分类
b. Exemplification：举例
Numerous examples can be given, but this/these will suffice.
I can think of no better illustration than the following one(s).
This story tells us that….
c. Cause and effect：因果
d. Comparison and contrast：比较和对比
e. Definition and explanation：定义和事实
f. Statistics and facts：统计和事实
According to the recent survey/data/figure/statistics/study by the Chinese Academy of Social Science, …%(percent)….
C. Summary：小结，1句
（3） Conclusion：结论段，3句 模版
A. Topic sentence：主题句，1句
B. Argument：论证，1句
C. Summary：小结，1句
Deadline/extension
介绍几种开头方式：
• 1讲述背景知识
• 例 人为什么越活越长？
• 背景知识：自1990以来，中国人的平均寿命增加了4年多
• 这种写法要求你们由非常丰富的课外知识：
• 搜集背景信息：Google…
• 2．引用法开头（名人名言）
• 例 学校有一笔钱；买书？计算机？
• Sir Francis Bacon said that knowledge is the power. 知识就是力量。
• 要求比较高：积累了许多名人名言…
• 注意：一定要引用贴切；要符合西方人的习惯：不要翻译中国的名人名言；
• 例：住校 & 住外面？
• 中国学生：There is famous saying: you can every kind of bird in the large forest.
• A proverb says, “you are only young once.” /It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.
• 3．定义法开头
• 对你所要描述的主题作一个客观的、符合事实的定义
• A is B太一般：A is defined as/understood as/referred to as B；
• 注意：有些抽象概念不要下定义：例如progress无法定义；
• 4．问句法开头
注意：问句分高质量和低质量
• 低质量：
• 一篇6级作文：练习英语阅读的最好办法是精读还是泛读？
• In order to improve our English reading capability, should we read intensively or extensively?
• 低质量：通过问题无法看出作者的立场！
• 高质量：Do you know how many people die from traffic accidents every 23 minutes?
• 你去黄山看过日出吗？你去大海里游过泳吗？如果没有的话，你的人生是多么的不完整啊！
• 高质量：通过问题作者的立场非常清楚！
• 论证方法：如何展开论证argument：6种方法
• 1．分类法:brainstorm classification
• 面对一个非常抽象abstract的idea，一筹莫展时，分类法可帮你一下撒开思路；
• 例1：TV programs are for entertainment or education？
• 2．举例说明法 exemplify/
• exemplification
• 举例原则principle：convincing信服（不一定noble）：honesty is the policy自己身上的例子最convincing；
• 关键是举例时的关联词：for example, for instance太普通；
• 推荐recommend：take …as an example, to illustrate/as an illustration, a good case /another case in point is…
• 万能：Numerous 无数的 examples can be given, 可以给出无数的例子but this/these will suffice. 但以下的例子就足够。
• 充分的，足够的：adequate, sufficient
• I can think of no better illustration/example(s) than the following one(s). 我再也想不到比如下例子更好的。
• 3．对比/比较法compare and contrast: 辅助手段
• 例：Confidence is important.
• 你可以用举例法：Mrs. Curie/Edison （万能论据）
• 总结：有了自信，你就能所有事情都成功；
• 1．With confidence, you are to将来时 succeed in almost everything.
• Without（with找不到更好的反义词）confidence, you are doomed（命中注定）to（这个to是prep，+ O） failure in almost every field.
• 替换：without à in the absence of confidence（自信缺席）；present/absent
• “反之”：conversely, otherwise, on the contrary
• 4．数字论证法
• 数据的好处：convincing；
• 数字可以编，不要太离谱；
• 编数字有技巧：95% or 94.85%？94.85%好；
• 本题：编数字：1500、2000都可以，但不要太离谱；编数字不难，关键是模版：
• 经典句型：
• According to the recent/current survey/data/figure/
statistics 统计数字/study by the Chinese Academy of social science 根据最新的中国社科院的调查/研究/数据，….(比较状语从句)
Academy Awards 学院奖
Base basis/ crisis crises
Ashes/ authority 权威
Authorities 当局
Glasses/pants/scissors 单复数
• On the basis of a recent survey (conducted) by a group of outstanding /excellent scientists, statistics show that…
• Perfect/excellent/
• Outstanding/fascinating 引人入胜的/fantastic/terrific/
• Splendid/gorgeous/
• Amazing/brilliant/
• marvelous
• 5．名家名言来论证
• 名人名言可以编，但要编的像样：
• 反例：I think where there is hope there is a way. I think错误；
• 技巧：
• Just as an old Arab proverb 谚语 goes/says,
• Ancient garden
• An ancient Chinese sage（智者）once said… 美国人不认识Chinese；
• 万能论据：Chinese sage换为Confucius；孔子
• Confucius’ Temple 夫子庙； raining flower terrace 雨花台 Dr. Sun Yat Sen’s mausoleum
• Rich green
• 替换：said à remarked, claimed（子曰…）
• A famous British/Greek sage once said… ；Socrates/Plato/Aristotle/
William Shakespeare
Haste makes waste.
Masterpiece
Rock &roll
Teach sb. a lesson 教训
Better late than never.
Eternity 永恒
Soul mate
11-6
Contend/content 形相近意相远
A hedge between keeps friendship green. 君子之交淡如水。
Self-respect自重
Self-esteem 自尊
Self-discipline 自律
Bottom line
CNS: central nerves system
Chew 咀嚼
Digest 消化
Absorb 吸收
甜蜜的：sweet
酸的：sour/acid rain
苦的：bitter bittersweet
辣的：spicy/ hot pot火锅/hot pot hot 麻辣烫
咸的：salty
计划生育国策:
Family planning policy
One-child policy
改革开放政策
The policy of reform and open-up
Transform
Transplant 移植
Transport
Transmit
• 6．经典废话模式
• A．Numerous evidences suggest that… 无数证据表明
• 替换：suggest à demonstrate, illustrate, prove, indicate, show, reveal，convey
• B．Numerous psychological 心理学的/sociological 社会学的/economic经济学 studies show that…
• C．Common sense informs us that… 常识
• It accords with common sense that…
• D．Both common sense and our experience inform us that…
• E. It is a question/problem/issue both basic and profound.
• 各类电影推荐：对写作大有裨益！
浪漫爱情故事 romantic love story: Titanic/Gone with the wind/Rome Holiday/love story
悲剧:
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