虚拟语气课件.doc

1) 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。
条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
表示与事实情况相反 条件从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式
表示现在情况 过去式(did)
(be常用 were) would / could / might / should +动词原形(do)
表示过去情况 过去完成式(had +done) would / could / might / should +have done
表示将来情况 ①过去式 (did)(were)
②should + do
③were to + do would / could / might / should + do

一、在条件从句中 (叫虚拟条件句)，表示与事实相反的条件。分三种情况(以 do 为例)：

[例句]? If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 要是你早来几分钟的话，你就能见到他了。(与过去事实相反)
2. If it were(were to be/should be) sunny tomorrow, I would come to see you. 明天要是天气好的话，我来看你。(与将来事实可能相反)
3. If I were you, I would go now. 假如我是你的话，我现在就走。(与现在事实相反，事实上我不可能是你)
二、省略 if 的条件从句
当从句中有 were, had 或 should 时，可省略if ，而把它们放在句首。
? If I were to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it.
Were I to meet him tomorrow,…
? If he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again.
Should he fail in the experiment…
If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.

但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.

三、错综时间的条件句（交叉虚拟）
即从句与主句的动作发生的时间不同。此时，需要按时间来确定虚拟形式。如：
? If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.
如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。
? If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.
如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。

1、记住：这些动词后面接的宾语从句：表示愿望( wish), 建议(suggest, advice, propose, recommend) ，要求(demand, request, require, insist), 命令(order, command)等。
2、除wish外，其它动词用should + do 构成, should 可以省略。
3、 wish接宾语从句有三种情况：
1) 现在：用过去式
2) 过去：用过去完成式 (had done) 或
could/would have done
3) 将来：用情态动词(would / could) + do

[例句]
1. I wish she would be on my side.
我希望她能站在我一边。
2. I wish I were 30 years younger.
我但愿自己能年轻三十岁。
3. I wish (that) you would get a good job.
我希望你能找到一个好职业。
4. He wished he hadn't done it.
他想要是他没这样做该多好。
5. He ordered that the students(should)wash the clothes every week by themselves.
他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。

4、记住：insist / suggest 各有两种意思，要用不同的语气
Insist 表示“坚决要求”时，用虚拟形式，即 should + do;
Insist 表示“坚称，坚持说”时，用陈述语气，表示事实。
Suggest 表示“建议”时，用虚拟形式。
Suggest 表示“表明、暗示”时，用陈述语气。
[例句]
? The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.
老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。
? He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means.
他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。
? He insisted that he was right.

? 在would rather(宁愿) would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer引导的宾语从句中
当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用一般过去时;表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时。
I would rather he/you came tomorrow than today.

? 注：
? ①若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形
I would rather stay at home today．
? ②would rather．．．than．．．中用动词原形
I would rather stay at home than go out today．
“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
? 用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.
? 我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。

? 在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.
我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。

主句的主语常是表示说话人愿望(wish / desire)、建议(suggestion / advice) 要求(requirement / demand)、命令(order, command)等的名词，表语从句的谓语动词用 (should) + do.
Our suggestion is that you (should) be there on time.

同位语从句的先行词常是表示说话人愿望、建议、要求、命令等的名词。
? The suggestion that students (should) learn something practical is worth considering.

? Do you know the order that you (should) keep watch？

在句型 “It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... ” 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形
[例句]
? It’s necessary that we should have a walk now.
我们有必要出去散散步。
? It’s natural that she should do so.
她这样做是很自然的。
? It’s important that we should take good care of the patient.
重要的是我们要照顾好病人。

? * natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (极好的)advisable（合理的），compulsory（必须的），crucial（紧急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（惊人的），necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（紧迫的）。
常用的过去分词(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)* ordered (命令)
虚拟语气在 在主语从句中
? (1) 虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的用法
? ① 由连接词whether, if, even if/though, whatever, so ong as 引导的状语从句，其谓语可用虚拟语气，即其谓语用动词原形。如：
Whether the figures be accurate or not, they have to be rechecked.
不管那些数字准确与否，都得重新核对。
The earth is powerful magnet and all magnets behave the same whether they be large or small.
地球是一个强大的磁体，而所有的磁体无论大小其作用都是一样的。
They have decided to build a reservoir, whatever the difficulties may be.
他们决心建造一座水库，不管有多少困难。

? I won’t let you in whoever you may be.
无论你是谁我都不让进去。
However hard the task may be, we must fulfill it on time.
不管任务多么艰巨，我们必须按时完成。
If the defendant be found guilty, he shall have the right of appeal.
即使被告被判有罪，他有权上诉。
? ② 倒装的让步状语从句中的虚拟语气。如：
Come what may，we will go ahead.
不管怎样，我们一定要前进。

? (2) 虚拟语气在方式状语从句中的用法
? 在as if /though从句中，常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式 (had done).
? You speak as if you had really been there.
你说的好像你真的去过那里。
Light often behaves as though it were made of particles.
光的性状，常常有点儿像由粒子组成的。
He spoke to me as if I were deaf.
他跟我说话时就好像我是聋子似的。

? (3) 虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的用法
以lest, for fear that 和in case 引出的状语从句（谓语多用should加动词原形构成）。如：
? Batteries should be kept in dry places lest electricity should leak away.
电池应放在干燥的地方，以免漏电。
? He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.
他小心地弄那仪器，生怕把它弄坏。
? I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.
我给你留一个位子，说不定你会改变主意。

不接虚拟语气的用法，表示可能或真
实的情形。

1. It looks as if I am going to
be busy.

2. It looks as though it is going
to rain.

1. if only 意为：若是...那该多好啊; 真希望...; 只要, 只要...就好
表示现在的情况,应用过去式; 如果是过去的情况,应用过去完成时态
If only I had arrived in time!
If only she didn’t drive so fast.

2. It’s (high/right) time that…
that 从句要用虚拟语气：谓语用过去时或should + do
It’s time that you left/should leave here.

3.虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法
一些介词短语, 如:but for(要不是), without, otherwise(否则), 等表示含蓄的条件,这时主句要用虚拟语气
Without your help, we would not have made such rapid progress.
But for my brother's help, I would not have finished it on time.
I had to do something more important,otherwise I might have helped.

? It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately.
? 不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障
? （暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately）
? Alone, she would have been terrified.

虚拟语气中的几个特例
? 6.不用if引导的非真实条件句条件句
? 非真实条件句的条件从句除用if引导外，还可用unless, lest, as if, for fear, in case, on condition that等词语来引导。如：
? Steel parts were usually covered with grease lest they should rust.
钢部件通常涂有油脂以免生锈。
Unless I were well, I wouldn’t be at work.
除非我好了，否则我不会去上班。

? The electric current flows through a conductor as if it were a fluid.
电流好像液体般地流过导体。
? He handled the instrument with care for fear (that) it should be damaged.
他小心地摆弄那仪器，生怕把它弄坏。
Take some more money with you in case you should need it.
多带点儿钱以备急用。
He can use the car on condition that he should return it tomorrow.
如果明天车能还回来，他就可以把车借去。
Suppose you were given a chance to get the job, would you accept?
假如你有机会得到那份工作，你会接受吗？
但要注意：与if一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句也可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事。

7. 某些简单句的固定句型：
? Heaven help him!
? God bless you!
? May you succeed!
? Long live the People’s Republic of China!

1、表示说话人的要求、建议、命令时，常用(should) do表示虚拟形式, 主要用于名词性从句中。

2、其它情况常用两种形式：表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；表示与过去事实相反用过去完成式。

? Alan ___ the party if he had gone to London.
A. would have missed B. had missed C. would miss D. missed
2.—It was the drug，not the disease，that killed the boy.
—He would be still alive today if he ___ that drug.
A.not take B.shouldn’t have takenC.didn’t take D.hadn’t taken
3. If only I ___ to my parents! (But I didn’t.)
A. listened B. had listened C. should listen D. would listen
4. Tom suggested that Ann ___ the house.
A. sell B. sold C. shall sell D. would sell
5. I wish this bus ___ to the university.
A. go B. went C. has gone D. had gone
6. Simon looks as though he never ___ a square meal(吃得饱), though his parents feed him very well.
A. get B. getting C. got D. should get
7. He is talking so much about America as if he ___ there.
A. had been B. were C. was D. been
8. I ___ you some money, but I hadn’t got any then.
A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent
9. – Have you ever been to Beijing?
-- No, but I wish I ___.
A. have B. will C. do D. had
10. I don’t think it is the right time that you __.
A. will go B. went C. go D. must go
11. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ＿＿＿＿.
A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken
? 12.Look at the trouble I am in! If only I _______ your advice.
? A.followed　　　　　　B.would follow C.had followed　 D.should follow
? 13.It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ________ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
? A.wouldn??t have fallen B.had not fallen C.should fall D.were to fall
? 14.She insisted that she ________ ill of him behind him，but he didn??t believe it.
? A.hadn’t spoken B.shouldn’t speak C.wouldn’t speak D.not speak
15.It is high time the child ___ to the hospital.
A.is sent B.would be sent C.be sent D.were sent
16.If it ________ so hard，we’d go to town.
A.isn’t raining B.weren’t raining C.doesn’t rain D.has rain
? 18.Had you listened to the doctor，you ________ all right now.
? A.are B.were C.would be D.would have been
? 19.I'd rather you ________ know the secret.
? A.didn’t　　 B.hadn’t　　? C.not　　　 D.not to
? 20.Without your help，we ________ this task.
? A.don't finish B.will not finish C.didn't finish D.would not have finished
'? 21.Isn't it about time that you ________ to pick up the visitors from New York?
? A.went B.would go C.go D.will go
? 22.I wish I ________ you yesterday.
? A.saw B.did see C.had seen D.were to see
? 23.His silence at the meeting suggested that he ________ to your plan.
? A.didn't agree B.hadn't agreed C.wouldn't agree D.not agree
? 24.The father insisted his daughter ________ a rich man.
? A.would be engaged to B.be engaged to C.should engaged to D.must be engaged to
? 25.You ________ earlier.The bus left a moment ago.
? A.would come B.should have come C.must come D.could have come
? 26.She made a suggestion that the plan ________ carefully.
? A.be considered B.was considered C.should consider D.would be considered