资源描述
Name/CN Name
Writer's Features
Writings / CN Writings
Writing's Features
English Literature
The Renaissance Period
1. age: 1500-1660
2. background: stimulated by the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classic; England's Golden Age, especially in literature; the Church of England broke away from the Catholic Church
3. features:
(1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and sonnet;
(2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain
(3)the universal tend of humanism in emphasizing man's dignity and his worldly happiness
Edmund Spenser
埃德蒙.斯賓賽
1. The poet's poet;
2. Perfect melody; a rare sense of beauty; a splendid imagination; a lofty moral purity and seriousness; a dedicated idealism
The Faerie Queen
仙后
(The Shepheades Calender牧人日记;Epithalamion新婚喜歌)
An allegory; "a historical poem" to present the example of a perfect gentleman; a hero represent one of the 12 virtues; fierce warres and faithful loves
Christopher Marlowe
克里斯扥夫.馬洛
（Blank verse
University wit）
1. perfected blank verse and turned it into the principal medium of English drama
2. created a series of images of the Renaissance hero for English drama
Dr Fauctus
浮士德博士
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love多情的牧羊人致情人
1. symbolic of a humanist in the Renaissance; based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil
William Shakespeare
威廉.莎士比亞
The greatest playwright and the most popular sonnet writer; a creation of characters; skillful plot construction; irony; a good use of a language; skilled in various poetic forms; of three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一节偶句); national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity—“The King’s government must be carried on” (在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家，统一是非常必要的)
(Each hero has his weekness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othello’s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.)
literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality
Sonnets
十四行詩
The Merchant of Venice
威尼斯商人
Hamlet
哈姆雷特
(Venus and Adonis维纳斯和安东尼斯; The Rape of Lucrece鲁克丽斯受辱记;romantic tragicomedies浪漫悲喜剧;Romeo and Juliet;
Shakespeare's greatest tragedies are : Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth)
1. 154 poems; English form
2. The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Many people today tend to regard the play as a satire of the Christians' hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews (Shylock).
3. A man of contemplation rather than action; has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death
Francis Bacon
弗蘭西斯.培根
a well known philosopher scientist and essayist; lays the foundation of modern science; his "Essays" is an important landmark in the development of English prose
brevity\compactness\powerfulness
Of Studies
论学习
It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human charater
John Donne
約翰.鄧恩
the leading figure(代表人物) of the "metaphysical school(玄学派); his poems can be divided into two groups: the secular and the religious; sermons; The songs and Sonnets
a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes and a free range of feelings and moods; dynamic rather than static
The Sun Rising
太阳升起
Death, Be Not Proud
死神，莫骄横（Holy Sonnets）
1. dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love
2. a bold challenge to the proud Death
John Milton
約翰.彌爾頓
A versatile writer; fight for freedom in all aspects as a Christian humanist
Paradise Lost
失樂園
Satan, after being defeated in his rebel against God, tempts Adam and Eve to eat the apples from the Forbidden Tree, and causes the Fall of Man
The Neoclassical Period
1. age: 1660-1798
2. background: The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one. Fast development of England as a nation; the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason
3. features:
(1)a furtherance of the Renaissance – the Enlightenment Movement, advocated universal education
(2)reason, "eternal truth", "eternal justice", "eternal equality" was what human society should seek for; advocated universal education
(3)reviving the interest in old classical works (neoclassicism)
(4)keep to order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy
(5)had specific rules for almost every genre of literature
John Bunyan
約翰.班楊
As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggle
Concrete and living language\carefully observed and vividly presented detail
The Pilgrim’s Progress
天路历程
(Symbolizes human world, for "All the cometh is vanity"; everything and anything in this world is "vanity", have no value and no meaning; but this town "lay" in the way to the Celestial City, meaning pilgrims had to resist the temptations there when they made their way through)
Is the most successful religious allegory in the English language; its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of social evils
Alexander Pope
亞歷山大.蒲伯
Strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum
Satiric\concise\smooth\graceful\well-balanced style
On Criticism
論批評
a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism; a typical didactic one; written in the form of heroic couplets, it's plain in style and it is easy to read.
Daniel Defoe
丹尼爾.笛弗
A very good story-teller; his sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration
Smooth\easy\colloquial\mostly vernacular
Robinson Crusoe
鲁宾逊漂流记
Adventure on a deserted island; depicts a hero grows from an inexperienced youth onto a shrewd and hardened man; a song of courage, wisdom, struggle against the hostile natural environment
Jonathan Swift
喬納森.斯威特
Is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose; “proper words in proper places”
Clear\simple\concrete diction\uncomplicated sentence structure\economy and conciseness of language
Gulliver’s Travels
格列佛遊記
Four places: Lilliput, Brobdingnag, the flying island; Houyhnhnm
Henry Fielding
亨利.菲爾丁
First of all the 18th century English novelist to write the "comic epic in prose"; the first to give the modern novel its structure and style; use the third-person narration; “Father of the English Novel ”; “the just copies of human manners”
Easy\unlaboured\familiar\extremely vivid and vigorous\ logic and rhythm
Tom Jones
湯姆.琼斯
Samuel Johnson
賽繆爾.約翰遜
Very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes; no matter how complex his sentences are, the thought is always clearly expressed
To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield
致可敬的吉士菲尔伯爵书
A strong indignation at the Earl's fame-fishing; implying writers independence in economy and writing; open a new era in the development of literature
Richard Brinsley Sheridan
理查德.比.謝立丹
The only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century; in his plays, morality is the constant theme
The School of Scandal
造谣学校
A story about two brothers
Thomas Gray
扥馬斯.格雷
The leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School”
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌
Reflects on death, the sorrow of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy
The Romantic Period
1. age: 1798-1870
2. background: coming along with the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution
3. features:
(1)contrary with the neoclassicism: emphasize that man have in common, focuses on the special qualities of individual mind
(2)tend to probe into the inner world of the human spirit rather narrate daily happenings of the human world
(3)employ rural scenery, legendary and mythological, stories of ancient times, figures from country and Orientals
(4)produce a number of great poets, the Romantic period is an age of poetry
(5)the focus of the everyday life of human beings in the Age brought about the flourishing of familiar essays
William Blake
威廉.布萊克
The first important Romantic poet; the spokesman of vevolt; took “This World” as “a World of Imagination and Vision”, declaring that “The Nature of my work is visionary and imaginative”
Plain\direct\lyric beauty\symbolism
The Chimney Sweeper/Songs of Innocence
扫烟囱的孩子/天真之歌
The Chimney Sweeper/Songs of Experience
扫烟囱的孩子/經驗之歌
The Tyger老虎
1. indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation;
2. reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children
William Wordsworth
威廉.華茲華斯
A “worshipper of nature”; a poet in memory of the past, to him, life is a cyclical journey, its beginning finally turns out to be its end; Advocate the writing of the common people in ordinary language; the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes; natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes, the poor in rural places; reveal the inner workings of individual’s mind; the seeming simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world; poetry originates from “emotion recollected in tranquillity”
Lyrical Ballads
抒情歌謠集
Tintern Abbey
丁登寺旁
（（I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我孤独地漂泊犹如一片浮云
Composed upon Westminster Bridge作于西敏寺桥上
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways她居住在人迹罕至的地方
The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女）
A vivid picture of a beautiful morning I n London; Italian form
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
塞繆爾.特勒.科勒律治
Can be divided into two groups: the demonic and conversational;
Kubla Khan
忽必烈漢
Describes the pleasure dome of the Khan;
George Gordon Byron
喬治.戈登.拜倫
G.G.Byron’s chief contribution: “Byronic hero”: Such a hero is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is right all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and he would fight single – handedly against all the misdoings, political, religious and moral. Thus his figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions.
Song for the Luddites
为卢得派歌唱
Don Juan （The Isles of Greece）
唐璜（哀希腊）
Percy Bysshe Shelley
鉑.比.雪萊
Greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound
A Song : Men of England
英国人民之歌
Ode to the West Wind
西風頌
1. a war cry calling upon all working people of England to rise up against their political oppressors and an address to point out to them the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation
2. The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new Spring; “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”
expressed eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality
John Keats
約翰.濟慈
Sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery; exact and closely knit construction, sensual description
Ode to an Grecian Urn
希腊古瓮頌
Show the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion
Jane Austen
簡.奧斯汀
Main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships; her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions
Delightful and profound
Pride and Prejudice
傲慢與偏見
Wave vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country society
The Victorian Period
1. age:1836-1901
2. background:
(1)early years: rapid economic development as well as serious social problems
(2)the next twenty years: prosperity and relative stability. a national spirit of earnestness, respectability, modesty domesticity
(3)the last three decades: the decline of the British empire and the decay of the Victorian values
3. idea:
(1)Darwin’s The Origin of Species; The Descent of Man shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith
(2)Utilitarianism: whether it could promote the material happiness
(3)socially conscious writers criticized(2)‘s depreciation of cultural values, cold indifference towards human feeling
(4)literature: magnitude and diversity, romantically and realistically
4.critical realist writers: criticized the society, concerned about the fate of common people
Charles Dickens
查尔斯.狄更斯
1. theme: critical realist writers, criticize: poverty, injustice, hypocrisy, corruptness
2. characteristics:
(1)he is skillful in the dialect and have a large vocabulary
(2)character portrayal
(3)characters are mostly innocent ,helpless, persecuted child characters
(4)a mixture of humor and sympathism (pathos)
(5)bizarre figure, horrible
Oliver Twist雾都孤兒
(The Pickwick Paper; David Copperfield; Domeby and Son; A Tale of Two Cities; Bleak House; Little Dorrit; Hard Times; Great Expectations)
the cruelty and hypocrisy of the workhouse system and the dark criminal underworld life
The Bronte Sisters
夏治特.布郎帝
1.scene: vast, rough, untouched moorland wilderness
2. Charlotte’s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happylife. In her mind, man’s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evil
Jane Eyre /Charlotte Bronte
簡愛
Wuthering Heights/Emily Bronte
呼嘯山莊
1.Mr.Rochester and Jane Eyre.
Rochester: a grim-looking, energetic, quick-tempered, but an understanding middle-aged man; has a burning spirit and a longing to love and be loved; struggles for recognition of her basic rights and equality as a woman. It‘s an individual conscious struggle towards self-realization. She gets joy through the sacrifice of herself or her weakness overcome
3. (uses flashbacks)
Nelly: Catherine’s old nurse, narrator, told Mr. Lockwood, a temporary tenant the story
Alfred Tennyson
阿爾弗雷德.丁尼生
Poet Laureate(Wordsworth, Southey)
a powerful expression of the poet‘s philosophical and religious thoughts, his doubts about life, soul; has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expression, and these two with the feelings
Break Break Break
冲激，冲激，冲激
Crossing The Bar過沙洲
Ulysses尤利西斯
1. the feeling of sadness are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfee
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