北京师范大学2011年考博英语真题.doc

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北京师范大学 2011 年考博英语真题（回忆版）

1.第一篇听力是执业咨询师给一个咨询者一些建议；第二篇听力是说如何减少房间内噪音的方法和经验；
第三篇是说美国的造纸业？(第三篇没听太懂)。

2.阅读的第一篇有点难，说的是妇女在生产力革命的背景下就业的境遇；第二篇第三篇第四篇都比较短，
词句也短：老年人和青年人的观念冲突；水在变成冰的条件和过程。。。 记不太清了）；最后一篇和第一篇
难度一致。

3.英译汉，有一个超长句，我译完了我也不知道自己在说什么：大致是文艺复兴的源头是在中世纪就开始
了

4.汉译英：提笔忘字，呵呵，始终是打得最不靠谱的一道题；

5.summay：一向的工整，清晰，挑主题句抄，不得法。

总结是比 2010 年难了，听力难度不变，阅读的难度集中于较长的文章（约两篇），汉译英难度不变，英译
汉有超级长难句，summay 稍稍比去年难一点点。

英译汉原题，凭记忆出来的，出自一本书的前言：

The subjects of the following studies are taken from the history of the Renaissance, and touch what I think
the chief points in that complex, many-sided movement.
I have explained in the first of them what I understand by the word, giving it a much wider scope than was
intended by those who originally used it to denote that revival of classical antiquity in the fifteenth century which
was only one of many results of a general excitement and enlightening of the human mind, but of which the great
aim and achievements of what, as Christian art, is often falsely opposed to the Renaissance, were another result.
This outbreak of the human spirit may be traced far into the middle age itself, with its motives already clearly
pronounced, the care for physical beauty, the worship of the body, the breaking down of those limits which the
religious system of the middle age imposed on the heart and the imagination.
I have taken as an example of this movement, this earlier Renaissance within the middle age itself, and as an
expression of its qualities, two little compositions in early French

Summary 原题，google 出来的 too，一个百科全书里的词条：

computer-assisted instruction (CAI), a program of instructional material presented by means of a computer or
computer systems.
The use of computers in education started in the 1960s. With the advent of convenient microcomputers in
the 1970s, computer use in schools has become widespread from primary education through the university level
and even in some preschool programs. Instructional computers are basically used in one of two ways: either they
provide a straightforward presentation of data or they fill a tutorial role in which the student is tested on
comprehension.

If the computer has a tutorial program, the student is asked a question by the computer; the student types in an
answer and then gets an immediate response to the answer. If the answer is correct, the student is routed to more
challenging problems; if the answer is incorrect, various computer messages will indicate the flaw in procedure,

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and the program will bypass more complicated questions until the student shows mastery in that area.

There are many advantages to using computers in educational instruction. They provide one-to-one interaction
with a student, as well as an instantaneous response to the answers elicited, and allow students to proceed at their
own pace. Computers are particularly useful in subjects that require drill, freeing teacher time from some
classroom tasks so that a teacher can devote more time to individual students. A computer program can be used
diagnostically, and, once a student's problem has been identified, it can then focus on the problem area. Finally,
because of the privacy and individual attention afforded by a computer, some students are relieved of the
embarrassment of giving an incorrect answer publicly or of going more slowly through lessons than other
classmates.

There are drawbacks to the implementation of computers in instruction, however. They are generally costly
systems to purchase, maintain, and update. There are also fears, whether justified or not, that the use of
computers in education decreases the amount of human interaction.

One of the more difficult aspects of instructional computers is the availability and development of software, or
computer programs. Courseware can be bought as a fully developed package from a software company, but the
program provided this way may not suit the particular needs of the individual class or curriculum. A courseware
template may be purchased, which provides a general format for tests and drill instruction, with the individual
particulars to be inserted by the individual school system or teacher. The disadvantage to this system is that
instruction tends to be boring and repetitive, with tests and questions following the same pattern for every course.
Software can be developed in-house, that is, a school, course, or teacher could provide the courseware exactly
tailored to its own needs, but this is expensive, time-consuming, and may require more programming expertise
than is available.

-----------------------------
关于大英博物馆的，我可以确切告诉大家，大英博物馆正确译法是 The British Museum

听力语速超快，而且 2 道题目之间间隔也短，需要高度集中精力去听，并最好提前浏览选项，确定听的重
点。

汉语的除非能记住完整的一句话，否则搜索起来太难了，我刚才试了一下“大英博物馆、马克思、青铜、
希腊、罗马”，结果搜出来一大堆。而英语的题找到几个关键词就可以大概找出来了，我还在继续凭记忆
找阅读理解的题，呵呵

-----------------------------

结冰条件的那道阅读理解我找到了，貌似是一道托福真或模拟题，见 Deltas Key to the Next Generation
TOEFL Test: Advanced Skill Google 图书结果 Nancy Gallagher - 2005 - Study Aids - 699 页

下边的这个是从一个论坛里复制过来的，题目与北师大考试的有一道不一样。

Two conditions are necessary for the formation of ice: the presence of water and temperatures below freezing. Ice

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QQ 号：858664873
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in the atmosphere and on the ground can assume various forms, depending on the conditions under which water
is converted to its solid state. Ice that forms in the atmosphere can fall to the ground as snow, sleet, or hail. Snow
is an assemblage of ice pellets. Hail consists of rounded or jagged lumps of ice, often in layers like the internal
structure of an onion. Ice also forms directly on the ground or on bodies of water, it may not form until late
winter because there must be several months of low temperatures to chill such large amounts of water.

On puddles and small ponds, ice first freezes in a thin layer with definite crystal structure that becomes less
apparent as the ice thickens. On lakes large enough to have waves, such as the Great Lakes, the first ice to form is
a thin surface layer of slush, sometimes called grease ice, which eventually grows into small floes may freeze
together into a fairly solid sheet of pack ice. Pack ice may cover the entire lake or be restricted to areas near the
shore.

Because water expands when it freezes, ice is less dense than liquid water and therefore floats rather than sinks in
water. As ice floats on the surface of a lake, ocean, or river, it acts as an insulator and is thus important in
maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. Without the insulating effect of floating ice sheets, surface water would
lose heat more rapidly, and large bodies of water such as the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay might freeze up
completely.

Questions:

1. What condition is necessary for water in the atmosphere to change to its solid state?

A. A solid cloud cover that absorbs the sun's heat.
B. A weather forecast for snow, sleet, or hail
C. A position directly above a large body of water
D. A temperature below water's freezing point

2. Ice that forms in the atmosphere in the form of layered lumps is known as" F.

A. snow
B. pack ice
C. hail
D. grease ice

3. Why does ice form later on very large bodies of water?

A Most large bodies of water are located at low elevations or low latitudes.
B. It takes several months of cold temperatures to cool a large body of water.
C. Large bodies of water are fed by underground springs of warmer water.
D. The waves on large bodies of water prevent the water from freezing quickly.

4. The word it in paragraph 3 refers to

A. water
B. ice
C. surface
D. river

5. Which of the following is an effect of the density of ice?

A. Ice that forms on large lakes has a greasy consistency.
B. Each ice crystal is unique, but all are six-sided structures.
C. Pack ice is restricted to areas near the shore of a lake.
D. Floating ice sheets prevent bodies of water from losing heat.

--------------------

代燃料的那道貌似是一道 GRE 考过的题，呵呵。注意选项可能和考博的不一样，但大部分是差不多的，
我实在记不清了，大家一起回忆一下。

Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles， the
number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently， more than 100 cities in the United States
still have levels of carbon monoxide， particulate matter， and ozonethat exceed legally established limits. There
is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions — short of
a massive shift away from the private automobile — is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with
cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas， liquefied petroleum gas， ethanol， or methanol.

All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline.
These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline， in part because they have fewer， if any， carbon-carbon
bonds and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules，
which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase
the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active
hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand， alternative fuels do have drawbacks.
Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have set of heavy fuel tanks — a serious liability in terms of
performance and fuel efficiency — and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.

Ethanol and methanol， on the other hand， have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels:
they have higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for
distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement， but it is currently about twice as
expensive as methanol， the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol’s most attractive
feature， however， is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone， the most
serious urban air pollutant.

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Like any alternative fuel， methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline
clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the
use of methanol. It is true， for example， that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the
energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal， the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger
and heavier. However， since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than
“gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating
only the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an
immediate lessening of urban air pollution.!

1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with.

[A] countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problem.
[B] reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem.
[C] identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem.
[D] discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it.

2.According to the text， incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative
fuel because

[A] the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons.
[B] the combustion of gasoline embraces an intricate set of reactions.
[C] gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure.
[D] gasoline is composed of small molecules.

3.The text suggests which of the following about air pollution?

[A] Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution
levels.
[B] Attempts to reduce the pollutants that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle emits have been largely
unsuccessful.
[C] Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.
[D] Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air pollution.

4.Which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in the first sentence of the text?.

[A] Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid a tax increase， the town’s tax rate exceeds that
of other towns in the surrounding area.
[B] Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that can be disposed of in public
landfills， illegal dumping continues to increase.
[C] Although a town’s citizens reduce their individual use of water， the town’s water supplies continue to
dwindle because of a steady increase in the total populating of the town.
[D] Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported
goods， the sale of imported goods within the country continues to increase.