法律英语--十课-侵权法PPT课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,.,*,Lesson Ten,Tort Law,1/12/2025,1,.,Punishment is justice for the unjust.,Augustine British writer,惩罚是对正义 的伸张。,英国作家 奥古斯丁,1/12/2025,2,.,Background,Tort,The,breach of a duty,that results in,an injury,for which there is,a remedy,at law.,www.legal-dictionary.org/,Torts include all,negligence cases,as well as,intentional wrongs,which result in harm.,1/12/2025,3,.,Tort law,州法律,判例法,联邦侵权索赔法,1/12/2025,4,.,Federal Tort claims Act,A statute which,removed the power,of the federal government,to claim immunity,from a lawsuit for damages due to,negligent or intentional injury,by a federal employee in the scope of his/her work for the government.,tort,Negligence or negligent tort,Strict liability tort,Personal tort,Property tort,Remedy-damages,1/12/2025,6,.,Part 1:,Introduction,damages claims要求赔偿,most civil suits大多数民事诉讼,tort law侵权法,1.Automobile accidents,1/12/2025,7,.,Many circumstances,The plaintiff,in a civil suit is ordinarily entitled to,try his claim before a jury,which will often rely more on,human,than on,legal,considerations,民事诉讼的,原告,通常,会向陪审团提出索赔主张,，这主要是出于,人道的,考虑而不是,法律的,考虑。,儿童受伤,1/12/2025,8,.,A permanent disability of loss of a limb,Compensation and damages补偿费和损害赔偿金,Actual loss 实际损害,Intangible damage 无形损害,A plaintiff can play on the,human reaction,of the jury,原告利用陪审团的,人性反应,1/12/2025,9,.,American law permits,the,participation,of the attorney in the plaintiffs,recovery,(,contingent fee,),美国允许律师,分享,原告所获得的,赔偿金,（,胜诉酬金,）,Amount to 25 to 33%of,the verdict,酬金达到法院,判付金额,的25-33%。,1/12/2025,10,.,A tort action 侵权诉讼,A lengthy proceeding,诉讼程序时间长,Large expenses honoraria for experts,代价大（专家证人的酬金）,A very large verdict（in excess of$100000）,判决金额非常大（10万美元以上）,1/12/2025,11,.,2.Tort law and the law of contracts overlap,An injury party has the choice between a,tort claim,and,a suit in contracts,.,Conversion非法占有财产,Personal injury人身伤害,Implied contract默示合同,Personal injury人身伤害,Breach of warranty违背保证诺言,Recovery of intangible damage,1/12/2025,12,.,3.,Everyone,is liable for his tort act,每个人,都要对其侵权行为负责，,in limited form also,children,（however,parents,only when they acted as the childs agent or did not comply with their duty to supervise）,在有限的情况下,儿童,亦然（但是，,父母,仅当其作为该儿童的代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责），,but not the,state,unless,express statutory provision,has abolished,state immunity.,但,国家,不在此列，除非法律明文规定取消了,国家的豁免权。,1/12/2025,13,.,The FTCA permits,recovery of money damages,because of a,negligent,or,wrongful act,or,omission,by,the Federal Government,or,an employee of the Federal Government,while the employee was acting within his/her scope of employment or office.,Federal Tort claims Act,（,FTCA,）,1/12/2025,14,.,4.,Everyone,is protected against tortious act,including the,embryo,.,每个人,包括,胎儿,都受保护，免遭侵权行为的伤害。,The heirs,or,next of kin,may have,a damage claim,for the intentional or negligent death of their,relative,or,testator,(wrongful death action),继承人,或,近亲属,可以对他们,亲属,或,立遗嘱人,因故意或疏忽侵权造成的死亡（,非正常死亡之诉,）提出,损害赔偿要求,。,1/12/2025,15,.,“dram-shop acts”小酒店法令,A party injured,as a result of the,intoxication of the tortfeasor,has a claim against,him who,contributed to the tortfeasors intoxication.,作为,侵权行为人醉酒,之结果而,受到伤害的当事人,有权向,造成,该,侵权行为人,醉酒的人,提出索赔请求。,1/12/2025,16,.,“dram-shop acts”,Dram Shop acts,enacted in the 19th century,usually impose liability for negligence,on the sellers,of alcoholic beverages for sales to:,persons,under the legal drinking age,or,those who are,obviously intoxicated,.,People,who serve alcoholic beverages may,be liable,under state laws,for damages,resulting from the consumption of those beverages.,drunken driving,1/12/2025,17,.,Part 2:Intentional Torts故意侵权行为,Battery 殴打,Assault 侵犯他人身体,Conversion of property 非法侵占财产,False imprisonment 非法拘禁,Trespass to personal and real property 侵占动产、不动产,Defamation 诽谤,Invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权,Products liability 产品质量责任,1/12/2025,18,.,Part 3:Liability for Negligence 过失侵权的责任,Negligent act,Injury,Causality,1/12/2025,19,.,A person is negligent,if he has not complied with his,“duty of care”,and,has not acted as,“a reasonable and prudent man”,.,如果一个人没有尽到,“照看义务”,，没有象,“一个理性且谨慎的人”,那样行事。,过失,1/12/2025,20,.,要考虑到,The special professional qualification for the tortfeasor,侵权者的,特别专业资质,Architect,Different criteria,Construction worker,1/12/2025,21,.,Duty of care,Restrictive interpretation:,The duty must be owed toward the,particular plaintiff,.,必须对,特定的原告,负有照看义务,There is no duty of care to,the public at large,.,不是对,广大公众,负有照看义务,（某人）对侵犯财产者的照看义务比对被邀请客人的照看义务小,1/12/2025,22,.,Guest statutes 宾客法规,Some states,exclude a duty of care,by the driver of a motor vehicle toward passengers whom he,transports gratuitously,.,汽车司机对于他,免费搭载的,乘客,不负照看责任,。,1/12/2025,23,.,In some states,legislation requiring that a,guest passenger,must prove something higher than,ordinary negligence,in order to recover from the,host driver,.,1/12/2025,24,.,No claim for compensation不能要求赔偿,The injured party,has been guilty of,contributory negligence,共同过失,has,assumed the risk,预计到有危险,1/12/2025,25,.,Contributory negligence 共同过失,a doctrine of common law that if a person was injured in part due to his/her,own negligence,(his/her negligence contributed to the accident),the injured party would,not be entitled to,collect any damages(money)from another party who supposedly caused the accident.,negligence 比较过失,共同过失辩护的严格性已经因为一些州采用了“,比较过失,”原则而得到减弱。,It requires that,the respective degree of negligence,of both parties be determined and compensation assessed accordingly.,要求确定当事各方的,各自疏忽程度，,并由此确定补偿金。,1/12/2025,27,.,Comparative negligence,A rule of law applied in accident cases to determine responsibility and damages,based on the negligence,of every party directly involved in the accident.,negligence,The rule under which negligence is measured,by percentage,and damages are diminished,in proportion,to the amount of negligence,attributable to the person seeking recovery.,doctrine of last clear chance,Even the,contributorily negligent plaintiff,will,be compensated,if he can prove that,the defendant,had,the“last clear chance”,to prevent the damage.,有,共同过失的原告,如果能证明,被告,“有最后明显机会”,避免伤害，那么该原告就可以,获得赔偿,。,1/12/2025,30,.,Last clear chance 最后明显机会,The last reasonable opportunity to avoid an accident or injury.One who has the last clear chance to avoid an injury and fails to do so is usually held solely responsible,notwithstanding the injured persons own contributory negligence,.,1/12/2025,31,.,The extraordinarily complex law of negligence,Today leads to two efforts of reform,Strict Liability严格责任,No fault无过错责任,Inconsistent,1/12/2025,32,.,Part 4:Tort law reform,A.Strict Liability,严格赔偿责任,Strict liability,is a legal doctrine that makes some persons responsible for damages their actions or products cause,regardless of any fault,on their part.,1/12/2025,33,.,For instance,The maintenance of,dangerous animals,饲养危险的动物,Defamation,诽谤,A rebuttable presumption,可反驳的推定,The doctrine of,res ipsa loquitur,不言自明原则,1/12/2025,34,.,Strict liability,Deduced,fault or negligence,from the nature of,the thing or act itself,.,从,事情或行为本身,的特性可以,推断出,存在,过错或过失,Defective construction有缺陷的设计,Negligent use过失使用,1/12/2025,35,.,product liability,Dangerous products 危险的产品,The production itself 产品本身、,Its package 包装,In a defective condition,Unreasonable dangerous,to the user or consumer or to his property.,对使用者或消费者及其财产造成,过度危险,1/12/2025,36,.,“defective”,The product does not meet the,reasonable expectations,of the ordinary consumer concerning,the safety of the product,.,“缺陷”是指产品未达到一般消费者关于该,产品安全性能,的,合理期望,标准。,1/12/2025,37,.,b.“No-fault”,Another reform endeavor which seeks to find,more just solutions,for,ordinary claims,based on,negligence,.,另一个改革努力试图寻求对,过失侵权,普通索赔要求,的,更公正的解决方案,。,automobile accidents,1/12/2025,38,.,Professors Robert Keeton and Jeffrey OConnell,Seek to,abolish the fault principle,in tort law,试图,消除,侵权法中的,过错原则,；,To,award compensation,without proof of fault,according to insurance principles.,按照保险原则，在,不要过错证明,的情况下,给予赔偿,。,1/12/2025,39,.,No-fault,Traffic accident,Product liability,Medical malpractice,Grant,compensation,for certain injuries without proof of fault,For actual loss,not for intangible damage,1/12/2025,40,.,Liability,will be limited for the manufacturer,制造商的,责任有限,Require a relatively lesser,insurance premium,to cover the risk,只要就风险承担,比较少的保险费,No-fault 的优点,1/12/2025,41,.,The injured person will be,in a better position,受伤害的人处于,比较有利的位置,，,He will be entitled to,receive immediate compensation,for his actual loss,without lengthy litigation,or,difficult proof of fault,.,他,无须进行漫长的诉讼,或,艰难的过失举证,就有权,立即获得,实际损失的,补偿,。,No-fault 的优点,1/12/2025,42,.,主要专业词汇,Tort Law,Federal Tort claims Act,Intentional tort,Negligence or negligent tort,Strict liability tort,Personal tort,Property tort,1/12/2025,43,.,civil suits,damages claims,Plaintiff,Compensation,Damages,contingent fee,Verdict,1/12/2025,44,.,Conversion,Breach of warranty,state immunity,heirs,or,next of kin,Testator,wrongful death action,Dram-shop acts,Tortfeasor,1/12/2025,45,.,Battery,Assault,Conversion of property,False imprisonment,Trespass to personal and real property,Defamation,Invasion of privacy,Products liability,1/12/2025,46,.,Liability for Negligence,Causality，,Negligent act，Injury,duty of care,Guest statutes,Contributory negligence,Comparative negligence,last clear chance,1/12/2025,47,.,Strict Liability,No fault,The doctrine of,res ipsa loquitur,fault principle,Medical malpractice,insurance premium,Actual loss,1/12/2025,48,.,Exercises,1.,Questions about the text,2.Dictation,3.Discussion,1/12/2025,49,.,