第014状语从句.doc

第十四章 状语从句
状语从句就是充当句子状语的从句，它可分为表示时间、地点、方式、比较、原因、结果、目的、条件和让步等从句。
第一节 时间状语从句
一、when, while和as引导的状语从句
这三个词在引导时间状语从句时，既有共性，也有不同。
１、都可以与具有持续性动作的动词连用，表示一般时间。例如：
He entered the room when (while, as)the meeting was going on.
正当开会的时候，他走进了房间。
As (while) I was walking down the street, an American asked me for directions to the nearest station.
当我走在街道上时，有个美国人问我到最近的车站怎么走。
２、when通常指一时的动作或状态，可表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生，或先于主句动作；while常用来引导两个同时进行的持续时间较长的动作；as常用来引导两个动作紧接着发生；强调“同一时间”或“一先一后”。例如：
When I meet the right man, I will get married.
当我遇见合适的人时，我会结婚的。
While the teacher explained the text, the students listened attentively.
老师讲解课文时，学生们专心听讲做笔记。
He sang songs as he was taking a bath.
他一边洗澡一边唱歌。
As spring warms the earth, all flowers begin to bloom.
随着春回大地，百花开始绽放。
注：when和while有时可起并列连词的作用
（１）when作并列连词用时意为“突然”，“正在这时”，通常位于句末，不能位于句首。从句的谓语动词常用一般过去时，主句通常用过去进行时，过去完成进或be about to 结构等。例如：
She was about to leave when Mark arrived so she stayed a little longer.
她正要离开时马克到了，所以她又多呆了一会。
He had been walking under the trees when an apple fell down.
他在树下散步，突然一个苹果掉了下来。
（２）while意为“¼¼而¼¼，¼¼但是¼¼”连接两个意义上相互对比的成分。例如：
He knew how to answer the question, while I couldn’t answer it.
他知道怎样回答那个问题，而我却不能。
Jane was dressed in brown while Mary was dressed in blue.
珍穿褐色衣服，玛丽却是穿蓝色衣服。
二、一些形式上为副词的连接词引导的时间状语从句
有些表示时间的副词如once, directly, immediately等也可作连接用来引导时间状语从句，意为：“一¼¼就¼¼”。例如：
Directly I received your letter, I came back at once. 我一收到你的信，我就马上回来了。
Immediately he came home, I told him about it. 他一回到家，我就告诉他那件事。
Instantly the button is pressed, the mine explodes. 一按电钮，地雷就爆炸。
三、某些表示时间的名词短语引导的时间状语从句
某些表示时间的名词词组如：the moment, the minute, the instant, the day, the year, any time, last(first) time, next time, each time, every time等也可用来引导时间状语从句。例如：
Every time I met him, I found him to be taller. 每次我见到他我都觉得他长高了。
You can call me any time you want to . 你可以随时给我打电话。
The last time I went to the United States, I visited many cities.
我上次到美国时曾游览过许多城市。
The instant the result came out, she told us.　结果一出来，她就告诉了我们。
The moment he saw me, he turned pale.　他一看到我就脸色苍白。
四、连接词As soon as, since, no sooner than¼¼等引导的时间状语从句
１、连接词as soon as, hardly/scarcely/barely¼¼when/before¼¼,no sooner¼¼than¼¼等引导的时间状语从句，意为：“刚（一）¼¼就¼¼”例如：
As soon as their mother came in, the children cried out with pleasure.
母亲一进来，孩子们就高兴地叫起来。
Jack had scarcely/hardly seen me when/before he left the room.
杰克一看到我就离开了房间。
The spy had no sooner returned home than he was told to go to another country.
那个间谍一踏进国门就奉命要去他国。
注：在no sooner¼¼than, hardly/scarcely/barely¼¼when/before¼¼引导的时间状语从句中，若把no sooner, hardly, scarcely, barely放在句首，则要用倒装结构。例如：
No sooner had he heard the news than he fainted. 他一听到那个消息，就晕了过去。
Scarcely had he entered the room when the telephone rang. 他刚一走进房间，电话就响了。
２、在since引导的时间状语从句中，从句通常用过去式，主句则要用完成式。例如：
since I was a child, I have lived in the city. 我从小就住在这个城市。
She has never called on me since she moved to the country.
自从她搬到乡下之后就没来看过我。
注：当since作副词或介词用时，谓语动词也通常用现在完成时。例如：
His first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since.
他的第一本书非常畅销，从那以后他就成了一位名作家。
I have been in the business since 1988. 1988年以来，我一直在从事这项工作。
五、 till与until
１、这两个词的意思完全一样。till在口语中用得较多，until多在正式文体中使用，但是句首只能用until。在肯定句中谓语为延续性动词时表示“直到¼¼为止”，在否定句中谓语为终止性动词时表示“直到¼¼才”在否定句中相当于before.例如：
I’ll wait until/till he came back.
我将一直等到他回来。
Until you told me I had no idea of what she said.
直到你告诉我才知道她说的是什么意思。
２、如果not until位于句首时，需用倒装结构。例如：
Not until after the was did they meet again.
直到战后他们才又相见。
Not until he told me did I knew it.
直到他告诉我我才知道这件事。
３、It is not until¼¼not¼¼结构表示强调。例如：
It wasn’t until they had a discussion that they made up their mind.
他们直到讨论过后才下定决心。
It wasn’t until she had arrived home remembered her appointment with the doctor.
A. when B. that she C. and she D. she
答案为B. that在句中引导强调句型。译文：直到她到家才想起与医生有个约会。
六、状语从句中省略动词be的情况
在when, whenever, while, till, until, once引导的时间状语从句中，如果从句的谓语动词为be动词形式，这时从句中主语和谓语动词be有时可省略。例如：
I didn’t notice it till(it was) too late. 等我注意到这事时已经太晚了。
When (I was )a boy, I looked at such things differently. 小时候我对这些事情的看法不同。
We will to our best to help them whenever (it is) possible.
无论什么时候有可能，我们都会尽最大努力帮助他们。
七、时间状语从句中一般现在时表示将来时
在使用时间状语从句时，若主句为一般将来时，从句谓语动词需用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如：
They’ll go home after they finish their work. 完成工作后，他们将回家。
I’ll let you know as soon as he arrives. 他一到我就告诉你。
第二节　地点状语从句
地点状语从句一般由where, wherever, everywhere和anywhere引导。例如：
You should put the book where it was. 你应该把书放在原来的地方
Wherever he went, he was warmly welcome. 无论他走到哪里，他都受到热烈的欢迎。
Everywhere they went, they were kindly received. 他们所到之处，都受到热情款待。
I will meet you anywhere you like. 我愿意在你所喜欢的任何地方见你。
第三节 原因状语从句
一、because, since和as引导的原因状语从句
１、这三个词都可引导原因状语从句，其中because语气最强，多表示所叙述的理由是本句的重点，故because所引导的从句多在句末，在回答由why引出的问句时，只能用because;在语气上since次之，as最弱。since和as表示的原因，多是既成事实，原因以外才是叙述的重点，因而两者多用于句首。例如：
“Why were you late?”“Because the traffic was too heavy.”
“你为何迟到了？”“因为交通太拥挤了”
As it is raining, let’s stay at home.
因为下雨，我们就留在家里吧。
Since you have no license, you are not allowed to drive.
因为你没有驾驶执照，所以你不可以开车。
２、在强调句式中，若强调原因状语从句，只能用because引导的从句。
例如：
It was because he was careless that he failed.他是由于粗心而失败的。
It was because he was ill that he didn’t go with us. 正是因为他病了，他才没和我们一起去。
３、在because引导的从句中，如果主句为否定句，而主句和后面的从句之间又没有逗号分开，这时not修饰的是后面的整个从句。例如：
The machine did not stop because the fuel was used up.
机器停了下来，并不是因为燃料用光了。
You should not despise a man because he is poor. 你不应该因一个穷而轻视他。
如果主句和从句之间用逗号分开，那么意思就不同了。例如：
I was not kind to him, because he was rude. 我对他不友好，因为他无礼。
二、for和because的区别
because总是表示因果关系，而且语气最强；而for引导的是并列分句，它只是对前面的分句加以解释，说明推断的理由，并且只能后置。例如：
We did not go out because it was raining. 因为下雨，我们没有出去。
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
昨夜一定下雨了，今天早上地都是湿的。
（该句不能用because,因为现在地面湿不是导致昨夜下雨的原因）
It is morning, for the birds are singing.天亮了，鸟儿在鸣叫。
（鸟鸣不能引起天亮，所以本句不能用because代替for）
三、复合连词引导的原因状语从句
复合连词in that, now that, seeing that, considering that, not that¼¼but that, inasmuch as等可用来引导原因状语从句。例如：
A gas differs from liquid in that it has no definite shape.
气体不同于固体就在于它没有一定的形状。
Now (that) you are ready, we’ll start working at once.
既然你们准备好了，我们马上开始工作。
They did the job quite well, considering that they had no experience.
考虑到他们没有什么经验，他们干得还是不错的。
I haven’t finished writing the report yet, not that I’m lazy, but that I have no time.
我还没有写完报告，不是因为我懒，而是因为我没有时间。
Seeing (that) he is ill, he is unlikely to come.　他生病了，不可能会来。
四、介词词组引导的原因状语从句
有些介词词组加by reason, for fear, for the reason, on the ground等可直接跟that，用来引导表示原因的状语从句。例如：
I eat potatoes for the simple reason that I like them. 我吃土豆仅仅是因为我喜欢土豆
I daren’t tell you what he did, for fear that he should be angry with me.
我不敢将他的事告诉你，因为怕他对我发脾气。
He was not severely punished for his crime on the ground that he was young.
他没有受到严厉的惩罚是因为他年纪太小。
第四节 结果状语从句
一、 so¼¼that, such that, such¼¼that引导的结构状语从句
在由so¼¼that和such(a) ¼¼that引导的结果状语从句中，要注意so和such之后跟的词。其常见的情况为：so+ adj. /adv.+ that; such a(n)+n. +that……,such+ n.+ that……,such+复数可数名词+that……等结构。例如：
He ran so fast that I couldn’t catch up with him.
他跑得了如此之快，以致我都跟不上他。
It was such a bad accident that decades of people were killed.
这次事故非常严重，有几十个人
He painted such beautiful pictures that the visitors were lost in admiration.
他的画非常美，参观的人赞叹不已。
The shock was such that she was almost driven mad.
因为打击太大，她差点发疯。
He gave me such good advice that I finished the task easily.
他给我的建议这样好，我很容易地完成了任务。
注：so或such 位于句首时，主句需用倒装语序。例如：
So fierce was their dog that no one dared come near.
他们的狗真凶恶，没有人敢走近它。
Such was his behavior that everyone disliked him.
他的行为那么坏，使得大家都不喜欢地。
Such a good grammar book is this that you ought to have it.
这是一本很好的语法书，你应该买。
二、 so ,that和so that等引导的结果状语从句
he made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.
他做了错误的决定，结果毁掉了半生。
He didn’t obey the contract, so he was fined.
他没有遵守条约，因此被罚了款。
What has happened that all of them look so excited?
发生了什么事情使他们显得那样激动呢？
三、to such a degree that, t such an extent that, with the result that等引导的结果状语从句
The temperature rose to such an extent that the firemen had to leave the house.
温度如此之高，以至于消防队员不得不离开那个着火的房子。
I was in the bath, with the result that I didn’t hear the telephone.
我正在洗澡，结果没有听到电话铃响。
第五节 目的状语从句
一、so that, in order that等引导的目的状语从句
So that, in order that常与many, can, should, might等情态动词连用，引导目的状语从句。由in order that引导的从句一般用于正式文体，可在主句之前，也可在主句之后；而由so that引导的从句通常放在主句之后，有时也可放在主句之前。例如：
We left early so that we could catch the first train.
我们很早出发，以便能赶上第一班火车。
In order that he shouldn’t wake up his wife, he came in quietly.
他轻轻地进了屋，为了不吵醒他妻子。
We must improve the farming method in order that we may get high yields.
我们必须改进耕作方式，以便可以获得高产。
三、 lest, for fear that, in case引导的目的状语从句
lest, for fear that, in case引导的目的状语从句通常要用虚拟语气结构，其形式为：should+动词原形，意为：“以防”，“以免”等。lest, for fear that句中的should通常可以被省略in case引导的目的状语从句可用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气（请参阅虚拟语气章节）。例如：
I hid the book for fear that/in case/lest she should see it.
我把书收藏了起来，以防被她看见。
Take a taxi in case you are late for the meeting.
坐出租车去，免得开会迟到。
He doesn’t dare leave the house for fear that he (should) be recognized.
他不敢离开房间，以免被人认出来。
He ran away lest he (should) be caught.
他怕被抓，因而逃走了。
三、so that引导结果状语从句和引导目的状语从句的区别
so that引导的目的状语从句，可放在主句之前或之后，并常与may, can, will, could, might, should等情态动词连用；so that引导的结果状语从句只能放在主句之后，并常有逗号和主句分开。例如：
She was exhausted, so that she couldn’t eat dinner.
她疲惫得吃不下晚餐。（结果状语从句）
He spoke loudly so that everyone could hear him.
他大声地讲话，以便每个人都能听见。（目的状语从句）
So that he can buy the books he wants, he has gone to the city.
为了能买到他所需要的书，他去了城里。（目的状语从句）
第六节 条件状语从句
条件状语从句可分为真实条件句和if引导的非真实条件句。此处只讲真实条件句，非真实条件句可查阅本书虚拟语气部分。
一、if, unless引导的条件状语从句
Unless在意义上相当于if……not。Unless一般不用于非真实条件句。例如：
If you have a good eating habit, you can stay healthy.
如若你有良好的饮食习惯，你就能保持健康。
I will not lend the book to you unless you can return it in time.
我不会把书借给你的，除非你能及时归还。
Unless表示除外的惟一条件，通常不能用and连接两个unless从句，而if…… not却不受此限。例如：
She won’t lose weight if she does not keep a diet and if she does not take exercise every day.
不能说：
She won’t lose weight unless she keeps a diet and unless she takes exercise every day.
二、Only if和if only引导的条件状语从句
Only if意为“只要……”引导陈述语气的真实条件句，放在句首要用倒装结构；if only引导虚拟条件句，引导感叹句，意为“但愿……，要是……就好了”。例如：
Only if you study hard will you pass the final-examination.
只要你努力学习，就会通过期末考试。
If only we had arrived at the station in time, we could have met him.
要是我们按时到达车站，我们也许就能见到他了。
If only it would stop raining!
但愿雨能停下来！
If only I had not been late for work!
要是我上班没迟到就好了！
三、其他常用来引导条件状语从句的连词
as(so) long as (只要),on condition that(条件是……),suppose/supposing(假如),provided/providing that(假如)，granted/granting(that)(假定),given(that)(假设)等也常用来引导条件状语从句。例如：
I’ll lend it to you as long as you handle it with care.
只要你小心使用，我会借给你。
So long as you need me, I’ll stay.
只要你需要我，我就留下来。
I’ll buy it on condition that the goods are of good quality.
只要商品的质量好，我就买。
Provided they think they are getting a bargain they will buy clothes they will never wear, furniture they have no space for.
只要他们觉得他们捡了便宜货，就会买来永远不会穿的衣服和没地方放的家具。
Given (that) he won’t agree, what shall we do?
假定他不同意，我们怎么办？
He will come if (he is ) asked.
如果请他，他会来的。
Suppose (that)you had one million dollars, what would you do?
假如你有一百万美金，你会怎么办？（可用于虚拟语气）
Supposing (that) this is not the right way to the station, what shall we do?
假如这不是去车的路，我们该怎么办？（不用于虚拟语气）
四、条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时
在使用条件状语从句时，若主句为一般将来时，从句谓语需用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如：
If I have enough money next year, I will go to England.
如果明年我有足够的钱，我打算去英国。
If you are free tomorrow, I will go to see you.
如果你明天有空我就去看你。
但是，如果从句表示的是主语的意志、志愿或以you作主语表示请求时，则用will, would.。例如：
I’d be very glad if you would come.
如果你肯来我会非常高兴。
If you will go, I’ll go with you.
如果你愿意去，我也去。
第七节 让步状语从句
一、though, although引导的让步状语从句
though与although同义，一般情况下可以互换使用，但although比though语气要重，且多用于句首。though引导的让步状语从句也可以用倒装结构。例如：
Although she may have told you, I still think she is not to be trusted.
尽管她也许已经告诉你了，但我还是觉得她不可信。
Strange though it may seem (Though it may seem strange), he remained single all his life.
他终生未娶，此事似乎令人觉得奇怪。
I won’t hire him though he is quite a capable man.
他纵然是个能干的人，我也不想雇用他。（此句中though相当于even if）
二、even if和even though引导的让步状语从句
even if和even though用来引导让步状语从句，意为“即使”。例如：
I was persuaded to do the job, even if/even though I didn’t want to.
我被说服去做那件工作，即使我并不想做。
Even though I fail, I’ll keep on trying.
我纵然失败，我仍会继续尝试下去。
三、as和though引导的让步状语从句的比较
1、as和though引导的让步状语从句通常用倒装结构，as必须用倒装结构，though可用也可不用倒装。这种倒装通常是把从句中的表语、状语或谓语动词放在句首。例如：
Bad as /though he is (=though he is bad), he is not without merits.
尽管他坏，但不是没有优点。
Much as I admired his courage (=though I admired his courage very much ), I don’t think he acted wisely.
尽管我欣赏他的勇气，但我认为他的行为并不明智。
Search as they would, they could find nobody in the house.
尽管他们要搜查这房子，但他们不会在房里找到任何人的。
2、作表语的名词前加有不定冠词，在倒装结构中，前面不能再加冠词。例如：
Teacher as/though Mary is (though Mary is a teacher), she is not capable of teaching all subjects.
尽管玛丽是老师，但她不是所有的科目都会做。
Fool though/as he is (though he is a fool), he did not accept Tom’s proposal.
虽然他很傻，但他不会接受汤姆的建议。
四、while引导的让步状语从句
While在引导的让步状语从句时，意义上相当于although,只能放在句首。例如：
While (although) he has some shortcomings, he has also some good points.
虽然他有一些缺点，但他也有一些优点。
While I understand you viewpoint, I don’t agree with you.
虽然我理解你的观点，但我还是不同意。
五、“whether……or……”，“wh-词＋ever”,“no matter +wh-词”等结构引导的让步状语从句
由“whether……or……”，“wh-词＋ever”和“no matter +wh-词”结构引导的让步状语从句，意为“无论……”。whatever后接名词，however后接形容词或副词。例如：
Whatever (no matter what) may happen, we will not change our plan.
无论发生什么事，我们决不改变计划。
However often you ring, no one will answer.
无论你打多少次电话，都不会有人接。
All matter, whether it is a gas, a liquid or a solid, expands as the temperature rises.
不管是气体、液体或固体，所有的物体遇热都会膨胀。
We’ll never give in whatever they may do or say.
不管他们做什么或说什么，我们决不屈服。
六、be引导的让步状语从句
be也可引导让步状语从句，但要将be提到主语之前，用倒装结构。例如：
all magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
所有磁体，无论大小，性质都一样。
Be he friend or enemy (=whether he may be a friend or an enemy=whether he is a friend or an enemy),the law regards him as a criminal.
不管他是朋友还是敌人，法院认定他是罪犯。
Be it rainy or shiny, I must go.
不管天晴还是下雨，我必须去。
七、granted that, for all that等引导的让步状语从句
granted that, for all that, in spite of the fact that, regardless of the fact that等结构也可以引导让步状语从句。例如：
Granted that he has enough money to buy the house, it doesn’t mean he is going to do so.
即使他有足够的钱买这栋房子，也不能说明他要买。
They are good people, for all that their ways are not the same as ours.
他们是好人，尽管他们的生活习惯和我们不同。
In spite of the fact that she has a bad cold, she still worked.
尽管她得了重感冒，但她仍然上班。
He bought her what she wanted, regardless of the fact that they were costly.
尽管东西很贵,但她要什么他就给她买什么。
第八节 方式状语从句
一、as, just as (……so)引导的方式状语从句
as, just as (……so)可引导方式状语从句，意为“就像，像……样”例如：
You should do (just) as I tell you. 你要照我所说的去做。
Just as there is life, so there must be death. 有生必有死。
二、as if和as though引导的方式状语从句
as if和as though两者意义相同，引导方式状语从句时，意为“似乎……”“好像……”，从句谓语动词常用虚拟语气（参看虚拟语气章节）例如：
He paused as if he were expecting her to speak.
他停顿了一下，好像是等待她说话似的。
He speaks English as if/ as thought he