CET4常考语法点小结.doc

CET4常考语法点小结基本概念：1.词性与句子成分/ 从句和结构/时态语态/语气/强调与倒装历年真题举例：The popular notion that older people need less sleep than younger adults is a myth, scientists said yesterday.（2011年6月） Employers fear they will be unable to recruit students with the skill they need as the economic recovery kicks in, a new survey ( submits ; launches; reveals; generates) Nearly half of the organizations told researchers they were already struggling to find _(audience; staff; partners; officials) with skills in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM), _(because; while; although; for) even more companies expect to experience _(exits; departures; shortages; absences) of employees with STEM skills in the next three years. (2011年12月完形)It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not.What is the authors profound belief ?A) People instinctively seek nature in different waysB) People should spend most of their lives in the wildC) People have quite different perceptions of nature.D) People must make more efforts to study nature. (2010年12月快速阅读)常考的几种从句 名词性从句请指出划线部分的句子成分。 Lucy likes singing. She likes apple.She is a teacher.My favorite singer, Jay Chou, is going to release his new album.请翻译以下句子。他还活着简直就是个奇迹。wonder /miracleHe still lives is a wonder.He is still alive , which is a miracle .That he is alive is a wonder.It is a miracle that 父母和孩子有不同的观点是正常的。Whether we are going to have a picnic depends on the weather我们是否去野炊要看天气而定。谁将成为班长现在还不知晓。他来自哪里是个谜。经理什么时候回来还不确定。As a friend of you, I want to tell you what I really think.我没有听到刚才你说的话。Mum asked why Lily was absent from class.The milk smells as if it is sour.Things are not as they seem to be.这可能是因为他太年轻了。It might be because he is too young. 我没有去法国留学是因为我得到了一份好工作。The reason I didnt go to France is that I got a good job.主语从句（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.（4） Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right. (7）Whose watch was lost is unknown.（8）What we need is time.（9）What we need are good doctors.名词性从句真题小测 _(给游客印象最深的)was the friendliness and warmth of the local people. _(很多人所没有意识到的) is that Simon is a lover of sports, and football in particular. _(大多数父母所关心的) is providing the best education possible for their children.In my sixties, one change I notice is that _(我比以前更容易累了). 小结: （1)引导主语从句连词有that, whether, who, what, whatever等 （2)连词位于句首不能省略 （3)主语从句大多数情况下谓语视为第三人称单数,但根据语义也有例外,如例9。（4）为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末 It is certain that he will win the match. It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry. It is very likely that they will hold a meeting. It is strange that he should do that. It is important that we all should attend the meeting. It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.强调句型 VS It为形式主语的主语从句强调句型的构成是：It is (was) + 被强调部分+ that (who,从句) + 句子的其他成分。被强调的部分放在 It is (was) 之后，其它部分置于that之后。被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，可以由who代替that。 1. 被强调的成分举例： 原句：Tom found my pen yesterday when he was cleaning the classroom. It was Tom who / that found my pen in the classroom yesterday. It was my pen that Tom found in the classroom yesterday.It was in the classroom that Tom found my pen yesterday.It was yesterday that Tom found my pen in the classroom.It was when Tom was cleaning the classroom that he found my pen yesterday.It was because she got up late that she missed the bus2. 强调句型的一般疑问式：直接把is或was提到it之前即可。例如： Was it Tom that found your pen in the classroom yesterday? 3. 强调句型的特殊疑问式： 特殊疑问词+ is (was) it + that +句子的其他成分。特殊疑问词即是被强调的成分。例如： Who was it that found your pen in the classroom yesterday?What was it that Tom found in the classroom yesterday?同位语从句：（1）、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如： I heard the news that our team had wonThe news that I read this morning shocked me .I have a good idea that we go to picnic this weekend.（2）、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有同位语从句的先行词只能是名词，同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案)，hope(希望)，fact(事实)，belief (信仰)，news(消息)，idea(主意；观念)，promise(承诺)，information(信息)conclusion(结论)，order(命令)，suggestion(建议)，problem(问题)，thought (想法)advice, announcement通告, argument, claim主张, decision, evidence, explanation, feeling, impression印象, knowledge, message, opinion看法,probability, proposal提议, remark评论, reply, report, saying言论, statement声明, treat乐事, warning, wish, word等,来具体解释名词的内容。如： Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon （3）、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where,why 连接代词what, who, whom, whose, which (疑问代词在引起从句时，都称为连接代词，保留疑问属性)。（if 不能引导同位语从句）1) I have no idea what size shoes she wears.2) I have no idea which wine is best. 3) l have no idea when he will be back 4) He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如： The news that l have passed the exam is true（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。） The news that he told me just now is true他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。 （定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）定语从句2008.12 Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems _(他们至今还没有答案). 2007.6 the prevention and treatment of AIDS is _(我们可以合作的领域) Model Test 1 (page10)状语从句真题小测 Leaving ones job ,_(不管是什么工作)， is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring. 2008/06I am going to pursue this course, _(无论我要做出什么样的牺牲). 2007/12Please come here tomorrow morning_(如果你方便的话) 2007/06The anti-virus agent was not known_(直到一名医生偶然发现它). 2008/12倒装 （P253-254）倒装(Inversion)是一种语法手段,用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种比较固定的结构加以颠倒。 倒装有两种:将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。1. 当某些以here, there, now, then ,thus, hence等词开头的句子，其谓语动词又为be, stand, lie, come , go, fall等一般现在时或一般过去式时，句子全部倒装。 Eg ；房间中放着一张书桌。There stands a table in the room.Here comes the bus.Here he comesThere we goThere is standing an old woman by the door,打铃了。There rings the bell.公共汽车来了。我们盼望的的假期终于来到了。表示运动的方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语用表示运动的动词 。Eg :Up went the rocket into the air.Down jumped he from the house.(上述全部倒装的句型的主语不能为人称代词，而应该是名词。)只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。1. only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装加以强调。 Only in this way can you solve this problem. Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake. 2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。 No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. Seldom do I go to work by bus. 3. so / such.that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。 So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 真题小测： _( 直到他完成使命) did he realize that he was seriously ill. Not only _（他向我收费过高），but he didnt do a god repair job either.虚拟语气由if 引导的非真实性条件句中的虚拟语气。时间从句主句现在did/werewould/should/could/might do过去had donewould/should/could/might have done将来did/ were to do / should dowould/should/could/might do1. If I were you, _(我不会告诉她真相).2. _（假如现在我有时间的话），I could pick you up from the station.3. 去年要是有足够的资金，我的公司早就成立了。4.如果我知道真相的话，我就不会和她结婚了。4. 提示： 1. 以上IF引导的非真实性条件句，可省略if，把 were, had, should 等助动词提到主语前，形成主谓倒装。如果句中没有were, had, should时，既不能省略if，也不能倒装。2. 以上IF引导的非真实性条件句，主句和从句中的谓语动词通常指同一时间的动作，但有时也可以指不同的时间，要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语形式。Eg :1. if I were to meet him tomorrow , I should ask him about it.- Were I to meet him tomorrow, I 2. If I had had enough money last year, I would have bought that house.3. 你真傻！我要是你，就接受这份工作了。How silly you are! If I were you / were I you , I would have accepted this job.If I had been there, 4. If she had not failed so many times, _she wouldnt be so unconfident_now_(她现在就不会这么不自信了).1. If we had left a little earlier, we _ in the rain now . A. would have walked B. wouldnt have walked C. wouldnt be walking D. wouldnt have been walking 从句中的虚拟语气在it作形式主语的主语从句中，主句中的名词和形容词充当表语的部分如果是表达愿望、态度、命令、建议或请求的含义时，从句中的谓语动词应该用虚拟语气，形式为（shoule+）动词原形。1. 在句型 It is important (necessary, strange, impossible, natural) that . 中，后面的从句中的谓语动词用: should+ 动词原形。Eg;Its necessary that we should have a walk now. Its important that we should take good care of the patient. 2. 在句型It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, better) that . 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用: (should) + 动词原形。 Eg:It was a great pity that you (should) have made so many mistakes in your math exercise. It will be better that she stay with her grandmother. 3. 在句型It is suggested (requested, proposed, ordered) that . 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用：(should) + 动词原形。It was suggested that the sports meet be put off until next Saturday. It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. It was ordered that the medicine be sent there by plane. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气：I suggested that we (should) hold a meeting tonight. The chairman proposed that we (should) discuss the question. 表语、 同位语从句中的虚拟语气： His insistence is that the matter (should) be put to vote at once. My suggestion is that we (should) hold a meeting tonight. His suggestion that she have a physical check sounds very reasonable.as if /as though 引导的方式状语或表语从句中的虚拟语气。I feel as if I were ten years younger.I felt as though we had known each other for years.It looks as if it might rain.4.3 动词wish 后接并与从句中的虚拟语气/ if only I wish I were young again. She wishes she had gone to college. People wish they could live on the moon in the future.It is wished that there would be no more war .Look at the terrible situation I am in ! If only I _your advice.A. follow B had followed C would follow D have followed我倒希望你把这封信立即寄出。我倒希望他不要在这儿待得太久。我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。44 表达假设，假如，想象时的虚拟语气想象一下我们现在在一个荒岛上。男：亲爱的！嫁给我吧！女：如果你有五百万的话！A：兄弟，再借我一万块钱吧！B：没问题，但假若你又一次投资失败的话呢？ 特殊句型中的虚拟语气。1.It is high time that we went home .2. It is time that the boy should go to school .3. He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.4. She hid her gold necklace for fear that it would be robbed .5. I reminded her twice of it lest she should forget.6.But that you helped him , he wouldnt have succeeded .7.God bless you !8. Long live the People Republic of China.9. May you have a merry Christmas!May everything go well with you 真题小测If she had returned an our earlier, Mary_(就不会被大雨淋了). 09/06The victim _（本来有机会活下来）if he had been taken to hospital in time. 06/12Youd better take a sweater with you_(以防天气变冷) 08/12The professor required that _(我们交研究报告) by Wednesday. 06/06