文冤阁大学士讲罗马帝国简史第三、四次笔记.doc

文冤阁大学士讲《罗马帝国简史》第三、四次笔记

关于翻译：
Establish an identity不应该翻译成“建立一种身份认同”，而是“建立一种身份”，身份认同英文是IDENTIFICATION

CHAPTER 1 CONQUEST
EXPANSION AND SURVIVAL
Warrior state, 名词定语
War-campaign-battle
Unremarkable呼应前文remarkable
Peoples,复数意思是各个民族，而非人民
Sphere of influence,影响范围，势力范围
Lead to something, cause something 和give rise to something 的区别。
Expansion 和extension的区别
Intrude和invade的区别
Army-navy
Despite = in spite of, 后面都接名词，如果要接句子的话要用一个the fact that引导
Unable to force a Roman surrender是书面表达，比较口头的表达是unable to force the Romans to surrender
Surrender, yield的区别，查朗文词典，后者是书面化表达
After five years’ campaigning=after five years of campaigning
Human resources一定是用复数形式
Peninsula: pen-half, insula-island; island，noun----insular, adj.
Carthage, the dominant power in the Western Mediterranean, 第一个定冠词表示唯一。
A fleet of merchant ship
Merchant, businessman的区别
Continued prosperity, 用ABLE 结尾的形容词和用ED结尾的形容词在语义上的区别要注意。
Sustainable（sustainable development），continue，continued，continuous之间的区别是什么？
Trade in something,做----买卖
Stretch somebody to their limits
注意because和cause中元音读音区别。
Security 和safety的区别
Command of the seas,制海权，sea前面不能忘记定冠词
Permanent-everlasting, eternal
Hurriedly- in a hurry
Later tradition would claim that…； Legend has it that…
Yet no serious opposition could be offered without an effective means to counter Carthage’s command o the seas. (这个句子要注意下)
Vessel,水上交通工具，陆地上和天上的都叫vehicle
Run aground, 搁浅，意思即run to the ground
At the end of- in the end，注意用法区别
This risky strategy paid off. 还清，取得成功
After 23 years of bitter warfare, the Romans were finally able to enforce a complete Carthaginian withdrawal.
Despite initial success, he was unable to force a Roman surrender.
注意上面两个句子中动词force和enforce的区别，是否可以互换，是否可以说to enforce an Roman surrender?可否可以说to force a complete Carthaginian withdrawal?