1、1990年考研翻译真题解析46. Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.结构分析 在这个复合句中,代词those做主语,其后who引导的是个定语从句,修饰前面的those,其谓语是believe,后面that引导的是个宾语从句,从句里用了一个被动语态are largely determined by 。核心词汇 nature天性;per
2、sonalities个性;behavior patterns行为模式;largely主要地,大多是;参考译文 在这场争论中,那些赞成“天性”一方的人认为,我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。测试点:定语从句,宾语从句;被动句举一反三:nurture theory后天论;sleep patterns睡眠习惯;shortly不久;nearly差不多,几乎;hardly 几乎不47. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior i
3、s central to this theory.结构分析 that引导的是个主语从句,主句的谓语部分是is central to,在主语从句里,if anything是个插入结构,对句子结构的理解影响不大。核心词汇 if anything 如果有的话,have to do with 和 有 关系;is central to 是的核心参考译文 我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为,即使有什么关系的话,那也是微不足道的,这就是这种理论的核心。测试点:主语从句,插入结构;动词短语举一反三:have much/a lot to do with 与有很大的关系;have nothing to do
4、with 与没有关系;if possible如果可能的话;48. The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.结构分析 在第一个句子里,that引导的是
5、一个做动词maintain的宾语从句,like machines是个插入结构。第二个句子中的insist后面的that也是个宾语从句,而learning后面的that是个定语从句,限定前面的名词短语的核心部分capacity。核心词汇 maintain坚持认为,respond to对做出反应, stimuli刺激, capacity 能力,be born with 生来具有。参考译文 行为主义者坚持认为,人像机器一样,对环境的刺激做出反应,这是人类行为的基础。而“天性”论的支持者坚持说,我们生来就具有一定的学习才能,这一才能是由生物因素决定的。测试点:宾语从句,插入结构,定语从句49. Beh
6、aviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.结构分析 that引导的是个宾语从句,the child做宾语从句里的主语,will experience 是从句的谓语,在主谓之间又接了三个定语从句,第一个是who引导的,修饰前面的名词the
7、 child,第二个是where引导的,修饰前面的名词environment,最后是which引导的,修饰前面的名词stimuli。名词capacity后面的介词做其后置定语。核心词汇:raise抚养, stimuli刺激, capacity能力, intellectual development智力发展参考译文 行为主义者认为,如果一个孩子在有许多刺激物的环境里成长,而这些刺激物能够发展其相应的反应能力,那么这个孩子将会有更高的智力发展。测试点:宾语从句,定语从句,名词短语50. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in score
8、s are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.结构分析 in contrast是个插入结构,把主谓分开了,that引导的是个宾语从句,the fact后面的that引导的是个同位语从句,而advantages后面的that引导的是个定语从句。核心词汇:in contrast 相反,相比之下;be due to 是因为;deprive sb. of 剥夺某人什么;enjoy享有参
9、考译文 相反,行为主义者认为,成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。测试点:插入结构,宾语从句,同位语从句,定语从句1991年考研翻译真题解析46. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at this present rate of use.结构分析: 全句是由and连接的两个并列句子,and前面是一个被动句,后面句子的主语是the o
10、il wells。核心词汇: shut off关上,切断;at any time在任何时候,随时;in any case如论如何,不管怎样;run dry枯竭,耗尽;or so左右;at this present rate以目前的速度。参考译文: 石油供应可能随时会被切断;不管怎样,以目前的这种消费速度,只需30年左右,所有的油井都会枯竭。测试点:并列结构;介词短语的翻译举一反三:supply and demand供应和需求;at no time 在任何时候不,in no case 绝不;at this present speed 以目前的速度。47. New sources of energ
11、y must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past.结构分析: 全句首先是由and连接的第一个并列句,and前面是个被动句,and后面又接了一个but连接的带有转折意义的句子,it是形式主语,真正的主语是不定式短语to result in any situation.。 名词situ
12、ation后面是由that引导的定语从句,在定语从句中that sense of cheap and plentiful energy中的that是个形容词,修饰后面的名词sense,名词energy后面又省略了that或which这个引导词,引导的是个定语从句,修饰前面的名词短语的核心词语sense,在这个定语从句里测试了that的两大用法。核心词汇: sources of energy 能量的来源,简称为能源;result in导致,促使;in the times past过去参考译文: 必须找到新的能源,而这需要时间,但过去我们感到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。测试点:被
13、动句;并列结构;定语从句(引导词that/which的省略);举一反三: take your time 慢慢来;result from 起因于;in a sense 从某种意义上来说;in the times present在现代。 To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the worlds population is, in sight. Although the birth rate has dropped in some nations, including the United
14、States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. 48. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.结构分析 在这个
15、句子中,逗号前面是主句,后面是which引导的定语从句,which指代前面句子提到的整个内容,常翻译成“这”。后面that引导的是个宾语从句,名词crisis后的介词in the matter of producing and marketing food做后置定语,修饰前面的名词crisis。核心词汇 not nearly 远不及,差得远;match 赶得上,配得上,同.相匹配;this指代前面句子提到的人口的增长;head into走进,开始;in the matter of 关于,就.而论;marketing 销售或营销。参考译文 食品供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长,这就意味着我们在粮食生
16、产和销售方面正陷入一场危机。测试点:代词指代,定语从句,宾语从句,名词短语。举一反三 far from 绝不;matchmaker媒人,红娘;head for朝走去;schooling 教育;funding资金投入;financing 资金投入;timing定时,择时;earnings 收入;savings储蓄。 By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nati
17、on will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. 49. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine fewer farmers with high yields.结构分析 全句是由since引
18、导的一个原因状语从句,在从句里的it是做形式宾语,真正的宾语是不定式短语to continue agriculture 。In the high-energy fashion是个介词短语,做方式状语,that引导的是个定语从句,修饰前面的名词fashion。在that引导的定语从句中,it又是一个形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的不定式短语to combine fewer farmers with high yields。核心词汇 this指代前面提到的人口困境,energy pinch能源匮乏;in the fashion以.方式;combinewith(把.和.结合起来);high yields
19、高产量。参考译文 这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏使农业很难以这种高能量消耗的美国方式继续下去了,这种方式有可能使减少农民的数量但获得高的产量。测试点:代词指代;原因状语从句;it做形式宾语;that引导的定语从句举一反三:energy crisis能源危机;in the fashion/manner(以方式);50. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all
20、, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.结构分析 这个句子中的until 引导的是个时间状语从句,主句是people will have to accept more “unnatural food”,其中的as引导的是个定语从句,修饰前面的名词time,同时要把suchas看作是是个短语,where引导的是个定语从句,修饰前面的名词point,意思是“程度”。核心词汇:suchas(像.那样);have the sense意识到;unnatural food人造食品;参考译文 直到人类终于意识到要把人口减少到使地球能为所有人提供足
21、够的食品的程度,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。测试点: 时间状语从句;定语从句;词语表达。举一反三:have the sense感觉到,意识到;natural food天然食品;natural enemy天敌;1992年考研翻译真题解析71There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.结构分析:全句属于there be +N. 结构,全句还包含了一个morethan 的比较结构,前后结
22、构对称,都是接了一个句子。agreement 后面跟了on the kinds of behavior 做其后置定语,behavior 后面又跟了过去分词referred to by the term作其后置定语;而than there is 后面又省略了一个相同的词汇agreement. 所以全句理解为:There(there be结构的翻译增加泛指主语) is more(比较结构) agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than(比较结构) there is 省略(agreement)on how to int
23、erpret or classify them(指代关系).参考译文: 人们对(智力)这个词所指的各种行为的看法一致,而如何对其进行解释或分类,人们的看法则不尽相同。测试点:比较结构;介词和过去分词做后置定语,省略;指代关系举一反三:more A than B短语的译法:1. 如果这个结构前后接的是短语,则通常翻译成为:与其说B,不与说A;或翻译成:有A无B。比如:He is more brave than wise. 与其说他聪明,不与说他勇敢。然后意译为:他有勇无谋。2. 如果前后接的是句子,则常翻译为:有A,而没有B。72Intelligence test is a rough meas
24、ure of a childs capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to-it was not designed for such purposes. 12. To criticize it for su
25、ch failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.结构分析:全句是用不定式To criticize it for such failure做主语(it指代什么,需要到上文去寻找,因为it是单数,应该到前面去找到一个单数名词,而前面两个句子都是用it做主语,所以再往前找到第一句的主语intelligence test,所以it应该指代前面的智力测试,)such failure属于名词指代的重要考点;(因为failure表示“没有”的意思,因此我们可以往上去找一
26、个带有否定意思的词语,根据层层指代,such purposes, not supposed to, 再到not measure character, social adjustment,我们由此可以推断such failure 指代智力测试不能测试人的性格等特点的情况)。 谓语是is roughly comparable to (comparable to这一词组表示类比,可译为“如同一样”)criticizing a thermometer forvelocity。(for是动词criticizing要求的)。参考译文: 批评智力测验没有测试孩子的性格等情况,大概犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。
27、测试点:代词和名词指代;动词(criticize)+(for)介词短语;形容词短语举一反三:在翻译中遇到代词时一定要到前面去找其指代的内容,一般说来it, they, them都要求把其指代的名词说出来。指代的依据一般是就近原则和单复数原则。比如it只能指代前面的单数名词或整个句子。73. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a valid
28、or fair comparison.结构分析:Now since相当于now that, 引导的是个状语从句,一直到matter结束,状语从句结束时应该用逗号,但英语经常把状语从句后的逗号省略,主句是we must be后面部分,be sure of 后面接的that宾语从句必须要省略介词of。宾语从句里用the scale 做主语,后面接了介词加which引导的定语从句,the scale的谓语是provides.测试学专业词汇:subjects试验对象;scale尺度;参考译文: 既然对智力的测试是比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象作比较时,我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“
29、公平的”比较。测试点:状语从句;定语从句;宾语从句;专业词汇举一反三:1在be+ 形容词+of+ that从句这个结构中of必须要省略,但接其它从句介词of不能省略,比如:be aware that(意识到);be confident that(有信心);还有关于测试学的专业词汇要多记。2英语中的状语和状语从句放到主句前面,但在结束之后经常省略逗号,因而造成翻译理解的障碍,要特别注意学会断句。但状语从句放到主句后面的时候,不用打逗号。比如:According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because ou
30、tsider competitors will continue to exist。这句话里用了according to介词短语做状语,但后面没有用逗号,全句应该这么理解:According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because outsider competitors will continue to exist。另外还有As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of
31、the future earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past. 全句需要在future后面打个逗号,句子的层次就很清楚了。74The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.结构分析:全句的主句The first two must be equal
32、 for all who are being compared;其中for是个介词,理解为“对.来说”;all 是个代词,意思是所有被比较者,who引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的代词all. 被动结构是are being compared,应该理解“做比较”。if引导的是个条件状语从句,主语是any comparison,后面的介词短语是个固定短语,in terms of (就.而言,从方面);第二被动结构是is to be made,应该翻译成主动意思。equal属于熟词生义,理解为“一样的,同样的”。参考译文: 如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话,那么对所有被比较者来说,前两个因素必须是一样
33、的。测试点:状语从句;定语从句;被动结构;介词短语in terms of举一反三:熟悉英语的被动句子的翻译,尽量翻译成为主动的意思。75On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence,but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not
34、 punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.结构分析:On the whole是个介词短语,放在句首,要单独翻译。全句的主语是such a conclusion;被动结构can be drawn做谓语;介词短语with a certain degree of confidence做状语,修饰前面的动词drawn。but表示“但是” 的意思,后面接了两个句子并列:第一是only if(只要)the child can be assumed to(被动结构)have had the same attitude tow
35、ards the test as the others (others指代其他孩子);其中短语the sameas.理解为(与.一样);with whom 引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的代词the others。代词he指代前面的孩子。第二个并列结构是and only if引导的条件状语从句;被动结构was not punished翻译成主动,by lack of相当于for lack of (因为缺乏);which引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的名词information。参考译文: 总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须能够假定,这个孩子对测试的态度和与其进行比较的其它孩子是相同
36、的;并且能够假定,他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而受惩罚(被扣分测试点:并列结构;被动结构;定语从句;固定短语。)。举一反三:介词短语是个特殊成分,要单独考虑,比如in a manner(以一种方式);to a large degree/extent(在很大程度上)。词义理解时要根据专业定词义,这篇文章是对孩子的智力做测试,因此很多词汇应该围绕测试来思考。1993年考研翻译真题精解71The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression_r_r of the necessary mode of wor
37、king of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.结构分析:分号相当于汉语的句号,因此整个句子分为两个分句,第一个句子的主语是the method of scientific investigation,谓语是is,nothing but 是个短语,意思为“只不过,仅仅”,the expression_r_r of the necessary mode of working of the h
38、uman mind是个固定名词短语,其核心成分是expression_r_r,它后面接了很长的介词短语做其后置定语,翻译时由后面往前面翻译,第二个句子的主语是it (指代前面的the method),by which引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的名词mode,定语从句里的主语是all phenomena,从句的谓语用了两个并列的被动语态。参考译文: 科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动必要的表达方式,这一科学方法也仅仅是对一切现象进行推理并给以精确而严谨解释的那种方式。测试点:后置定语和定语从句;固定短语;名词短语;举一反三:“名词+介词+名词+介词”是个翻译必考的短语,这个短语的核心成分是最先
39、出现的名词或并列名词,翻译时要求由后面往前面翻,希望广大考生特别注意。72There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in comm
40、on scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. It is not that the scales in the one case,and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latte
41、r is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.结构分析:逗号相当于句号。这一句子是由not that.but that引导的一个并列分句结构,并列两个句子,翻译成为:不是因为而是因为。在not that引导的从句里面由the scales和the balance两个并列名词做主语,且in the one case 和In the other (后面省略了与前面相同的词case)属于词组并列;谓语是differ in(在方面有不同);后面的or是个并列连词
42、,连接principles和manner这两个名词短语。第二个从句有省略,应该理解为but it is that,从句的主语是the latter(翻译成“后者”,指代前面的名词the balance),than是个比较连词,and并列的前面是个名词much finer apparatus,后面并列的不是个介词,而是个形容词词组much more accurate in its measurement。参考译文: 这并不是因为一方面(指面包师或卖肉者)所用的磅秤和另一方面(指化学家)所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别,而是因为与前者相比,后者是一种更精密的仪器,因而在计量上必然更精确得多
43、。测试点:并列结构;省略结构;指代关系;举一反三:并列结构包括词、短语和句子的并列,在理解时一般要参照对比并列连接词后的词语,综合考虑是词或词组的并列,还是句子的并列。英语中经常出现固定短语的并列,比如bothand; betweenand; such.as.; the same.as等,这在我基础班和公开课里讲到过。73You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction,that by the help of these operations,they,
44、in a sort of sense,manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these,by some special skill of their own,they build up their theories.结构分析:本句的主谓是you have all heard,it做形式宾语,一般不翻译,repeated做it的宾语补足语,可以理解为“多次”,后面三个that引导的宾语做真正的宾语。在第一个宾语从句里面,men of science做主语,谓语是work,介词by means of做方
45、式状语;第二个宾语从句里的by the help of these operations做方式状语,主语是they,介词短语in a sort of sense是个固定成分,单独翻译;第三个宾语从句是由and that 引导的,两个介词短语out of these 和by some special skill of their own做方式状语,these因为其是个复数名词,所以指代前面的natural laws(自然规律)。参考译文: 你们都曾多次听说过,科学家是通过归纳法和演绎法来工作的;在某种意义上说,他们用这些方法设法从自然界中找出某些自然规律;然后他们根据这些规律,用自己的一些特殊的
46、本领,来建立起他们的理论。测试点:从句并列;形式宾语it; 代词指代举一反三:it经常在翻译里面做形式主语和宾语,在表达时一般不翻译出来。介词短语要多记,因为它经常是单独翻译的。74And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.结构分析:形式主语It 和被动语态使用时,一般要求把被动翻
47、译成为主动,有时没主语时,还要补上其主语。By no means是个固定短语,意思是“绝对不,根本不能”,these processes指代前面的科学家的思维活动,and that 引导的是第二个主语从句,从句的主语they指代前面出现的名词these processes。To be acquired是个被动语态,应该翻译成主动形式。参考译文: 许多人以为普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,同时还认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。测试点:被动语态;that引导的并列主语从句;固定词组;代词指代举一反三:被动变主动翻译方法;形式主语it一般不翻译。75Probably t
48、here is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning,of the very same kind,though differing in degree,as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.结构分析:本句主语there be的句型。one是个代词,意思是“人或人们”,who引导的是个定语从句,in the course of the day(在一天当中)是个固定介词短语,set sth. in motion(表示使.开始/行动)是个动词短语,但由于set的宾语a complex train of reasoning太长,所以把它