新东方大学英语四六级考前串讲讲义.doc

大学电脑主页 大学生的百事通四六级考前串讲讲义（内部资料）上海新东方国内部精英讲师团队独家荣获2006年上海教育博览会英语四六级培训金牌项目阅读部分综述作为一种基本的命题形式，阅读理解一直都在四级考试中占有重要的位置。一般地，我们应该有这样的思考：第一，具备一定的词汇量和难句分析理解能力1、单词量是体现阅读水平最重要的尺度之一。大量的单词，一方面能够帮助我们清晰把握文章准确的含义，另一方面又能给予相当的速度保证。但是，从这两年最新的考试情况来看，我们发现许多阅读理解中的许多涉及的许多词汇要求考生全面了解这个词的完整意义，尤其是单词生僻的含义。如果复习时缺乏这种认识，必然导致做题时捉襟见肘、处处被动。如，“further”除作形容词、副词外还可作动词表示“增进、促进”；“company”除“公司”之外还表示“伙伴”之意。 当然认词是掌握词汇最基本的要求，对于想取得高分的同学来说，光是知道一个词的词义是远远不够的，还必须知道这个词与其他词，尤其是其同义词和近义词的区别。2、长难句一般是指结构复杂难以理解的句子，也有一些其实结构并不复杂，但因为句子很长也很容易让人困惑，大大增加我们理解的难度，成为我们获取高分的“拦路虎”。因此，复习时一定要重视长难句的分析和理解。第二，具备正确的阅读方法提高阅读理解能力固然有赖于考生平时的多阅读和多积累。但是，阅读理解能力的提高也是有一定方法可循的，为此我们提出通过逻辑关系来阅读。英文是非常讲究逻辑关系的语言。而逻辑关系并不抽象，它深深渗透到了文章的各个角落，而且这些逻辑关系同时也是文章语句得以联系和组合的最深层次的原因。逻辑关系散布在文章的句子内部、句句之间、以及段落之间。最基本的逻辑关系有以下几种： 1、因果关系：as a result ，therefore，hence，consequently，because, for, due to, hence, consequently等等。 2、并列、递进关系：and, or, then，in addition，besides，in other words，moreover等等 3、转折关系：however，but, yet, in fact等等。 这些我们其实已经很熟悉的逻辑提示词在文章中起的效果，并非仅仅是衔接文章的句子，从阅读的角度来看，其实同时在给我们某种提示，告诉我们哪些句子是有效信息，相对重要的信息，哪些信息是相对不重要的信息，因为我们在处理文章的时候，有一条清晰的思路，你不是为了完整翻译文章而进行阅读，而是为了获取主旨来阅读。 比如因果关系。原因和结果两句话同时出现的时候，我们更关心的是结果，而不是原因，原因的存在只是为了使得文章的论证更加有说服力，让读者更加相信这个结果存在的合理性和必然性，所以，从获取句子主旨这个阅读的终极目标来看，原因就变得相对不重要了，我们可以把表示原因的句子直接跳开，保留体现结果意义的句子来阅读和把握。 2005年6月四级阅读理解真题中就有这样的一些句子：And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits, because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases, environmental permits and regulatory review.我们发现了一个非常明显的逻辑提示词because,它之后牵引出的是具体原因的分析，所以，从获取文章main idea的角度来看，完全可以把其后的信息全部删除。转折关系也是如此。转折词汇在句子衔接处出现，说明作者陈述的内容的逻辑主旨发生了变化，因此，转折逻辑词之前的信息就变得不重要了，简单的处理方法是可以仅阅读转折词之后的信息。 例如，He has argued that tapping ANWRs oil would help ease Californias electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the countrys energy independence. But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth, with the last government survey, conducted in 1998, projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels.再例： It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in September, 1999.相应地，并列递进关系，意味着并列、和递进类的逻辑提示词前后衔接的信息属于并列和递进的关系，从主旨的体现上前后没有发生变化，而更多的体现为前后句子主旨的相似性，所以我们选择其中的一半进行阅读，保证了阅读质量的基础上，极大地提高了阅读速度。第三，培养良好的阅读习惯良好的阅读习惯，对于要以较快的速度从大量材料中捕捉主旨信息的阅读能力的提高起到很大的影响，为此，从教学实践中出现的一些代表性的问题，我们提出一些建议。 1、成组视读。成组视读阅读的是一个个的意群，这样，一方面阅读的速度可高于逐字阅读的好几倍，另一方面很容易把每个意群中的关键词串起来理解。因此，建议考生在开始平时应有意识地进行训练。 2、单次通读。所谓单次通读就是要尽量减少阅读文章反复的次数，尽量做到在第一次通读的过程中就能够获取文章的主旨。相当多的学生对阅读已经产生心理定势，即认为自已第一遍肯定读不懂，因此反复多遍，习惯于在不加限定的时间内，对一小块文章精雕细琢，浪费了很多时间。 3、直接译读。在阅读过程中，应该将所读的句子直接进行理解，而不应该不断地进行逐词逐句的翻译，通过译成母语来辅助理解。这样，就把阅读理解转化成了英译汉的工作，影响了阅读速度，同时限制了对文章关键信息的串联。 总的来说，从最新的考试题来看，阅读理解部分难度与往年基本持平。对于将在下一次试行的新四级考试，考生们也不用过分担心，因为测试的重点依然体现在考生对文章阅读本身的掌握是否得当。因此，平时的练习还是要立足现有的真题，培养正确的阅读方法和阅读习惯。许多考生把注意力过分地集中在题目上，固然我们相信阅读理解确实是需要解题技巧，但是相对而言，如果想从阅读能力上真正有所提升，还是要首先学会真正有效地进行阅读，这样往往会起到事半功倍的效果。具体来说，我们在考试前的阅读复习可以加强如下几个部分。第一部分 长难句的理解 长难句的明显特点就是句子比较长，一个句子往往有三、四行，甚至一个句子就是一段。许多应试者在阅读时经常会陷入一个很长的句子中，不知道它到底讲了些什么。长难句之所以长，主要有下面几个原因： 1. 从句较长：一个主句带多个从句，从句中又有从句。应对方法：首先找到主句的主体部分（即主语、谓语和宾语），再确定从句的主体部分，如果从句中还有从句，在确定下面一层从句的主、谓、宾。注意阅读时一层一层进行，先把同一层次的内容看完，再看下一层次的内容。2. 插入成分较长：插入语的出现有明显标志：用双破折号与主句隔开或者用双逗号与主句隔开。 应对方法：读句子时，先不要理会插入语，先把主句的意思看完。然后再看插入部分。 例如： Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might surprise! fall off. 这个句子的阅读顺序应该是：第一层stepladders carry labels several inches long that，第二层是that warn that you might fall off，最后再看两个插入的部分among other things和surprise! 3. 分词状语、独立主格结构的干扰：分词状语就是指用doing或done引导的伴随状语、原因状语等；独立主格结构有时由with引导，看似主谓结构，但实际上并没有真正的谓语部分。 应对方法：主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主谓结构，尤其是独立的谓语部分。如果没有独立的谓语部分，那它就不是句子，而是分词短语或者独立主格结构。 在实际的阅读过程中，我们常常会碰到包含上面三种情况的超复杂句子，即：一个句子中既有从句又有插入成分，还有分词状语或者独立主格结构。阅读这种句子的正确方法是：抓住独立的谓语部分从而区别出主句和分词状语，再根据从句的连接词（有时无连接词）区分主句和从句，层层理解，插入语插在哪个层次中就放在哪个层次中理解。以下附上一些热点的难句链接，供大家练习参考：1 The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes, but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes, materials, shape, art work, and net weights that are used for improving a products market position.2 A study of drugstore（杂货店）and supermarket shelves will convince any observer that all possible size and shapes of boxes, jars, bottles, and tins are in use at the same time and, as the package journals show, week by week, there is never any hesitation in introducing a new size and shape of box or bottle when it aids in product differentiation.3 Dying patients especially -who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark-can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or have surgery; about where and with whom they should sped their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close and leave.4 I think that after I spent my time under water, the most important thing that I came back with was the realization that it is now possible for men to live permanently where once they could not even venture for a second, and this is of tremendous importance because if you realize what it means that advancing technology now has peeled off a layer of ocean water 200meters thick and it opens up vast new lands and resources and knowledge which is only 200meters away and which has been there waiting for us for centuries.5 The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his package size to lower the quantity delivered can, without undue hardship, put his product into boxes, bags, and tins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one-pound, two-pound quantities of breakfast foods, cake mixes, etc.第二部分内在逻辑关系理解一篇文章各段落之间及各句子之间都存在着一定的逻辑关系，正确理解这种逻辑关系有助于考生做出快速而准确的选择，提高做题的正确率。这种类型的考题主要是考查考生对文章逻辑结构的理解，要求考生综合运用各方面的知识如：语法、词汇、语感、逻辑结构等进行分析判断。只理解个别句子的含义是远远不够的，还必须把上、下文的意思联系起来，弄清前后句之间、各段落之间的逻辑关系，从语篇的角度上对文章进行整体性的理解、分析、判断。常见的连接词和过渡词能表征上下文内在逻辑关系： 1 前后意思一致：in other words, that is to say, namely, this means, likewise2 并列平行：and, or, also, too, besides, another3 递进：in addition to, adding to, moreover, furthermore4 强对比：unlike, differ from, on the other hand, on the contrary, conversely5 强转折：but, yet, however, in fact, practically, virtually, indeed6 让步：（al）though, despite, in spite of, while7 因果：because, why, reason, and, due to, owing to, thus, by, since, consequence8 重要性：the most, chiefly, prime, have much to do with, I submit,9 指代关系：it, this, that, those, these, one, so常见的标点符号能表征上下文内在逻辑关系：1 句号：分割句子2 逗号：补充说明成分（非限定性定语从句，同位语从句，独立主格结构）3 冒号：从抽象到具体的关系4 分号：并列平行关系（结构，语义）5 破折号：解释说明6 引号：引用；反语；强调7 括号：补充说明成分（解释超纲单词）四六级考试文章基本逻辑框架结构：金字塔式的逻辑结构中文写作习惯：写故事（writing stories）英语写作习惯：从后面/结论写起（writing back words）文章结构：中心议题塔尖 A 若干个分论点塔身 A A A 各分论点的具体论证塔尖 AAA AAA AAA出题规则：设置文章理解障碍在文章当中插入复杂句式和难词 设计干扰选项举例英语的写作： I hate you.Reason 1 Reason 2 Reason 3你讲我的坏话 生日送我破卡片 抢我女朋友例证 强对比 因果张三说： 张三送宝马 因为“朋友妻，不可欺”李四说： 李四送郊区别墅 所以禽兽不如第三部分常考题型解题方法概述* 细节事实题：1 标志：fact, truth, 中心词，因果关系的小词2 根据题干中的中心词返回原文定位3 经常考察的是对原文中一些细节性，具体信息的理解，因此一定要精确理解原文4 正确选项应与原文同义表达5 诱惑手段：单词替换，因果颠倒，扩大范围，无中生有，以偏概全，张冠李戴* 推理题1 标志：infer, imply, suggest2 应该每个选项都返回原文，找出出处明显：同义替换（逆否命题，正话反说，深层次）含蓄：主旨，段首句，全文末句（新），引用，强对比3 与原文意思最接近，推理步骤最少的为正确答案4 傻子原则：除了文章，把自己当成一个一无所知的傻子。（不利用自己的背景知识来做题）* 主旨题1 标志：mainly about; best title; purpose (文章的主题+作者写作手法或者态度)2 确定文章主题文章找主题句的方法分类：单段式，多段式/ 顺承式，转折式方法：单段顺承：全文首句 单段转折：第二、三句 多段顺承：首段前三句 多段转折：首段末句，第二段首句，末段首句四六级考试的特点：全文首句：有重要性概念（下定义，作结论） 首段末句：强转折，设问句（问题不是主题，答案才是） 段首句：vary, 判断句，suggest/show that 层层推进：重复出现的词，引号，黑体字3 叠加法：把每一段主题叠加在一起就是整篇文章的主题4 三大原则：文章的中心词或其同义词必须出现文章的任何细节不能出现文章中未提及的信息不能出现5 小心首末段陷阱第四部分阅读理解文章分类*按题材来分：1 社会科学：教育学，经济学，信息科学，电脑网络2 自然科学：环境保护（每年考一篇），新能源的利用3 人文科学：社会关系，风土人情，社会生活*按体裁来分：1 以议论文和说明文为主，排斥叙述文2 三种文章基本框架结构叙述文：引子-先前-随后-总结说明文：引子-浅层次-深层次-总结议论文：主张-反主张* 总结：1 排斥叙述文，提示信息多，不便于命题2 不选取专业性强的文章3 与时事相关，但没有时效性4 推荐杂志：读者文摘 ; 听众 www.listener.co.nz第五部分真题分析Passage 1Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保护区) (ANWR) to help secure Americas energy future ? President Bush certainly thinks so . He has argued that tapping ANWRs oil would help ease Californias electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the countrys energy independence . But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth . with the last government survey , conducted in 1998, projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels . The oil industry goes with the high end of the range , which could equal as much as 10% of U.S. consumption for as long as six years . By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the reserve for the next two three decades, lobbyists claim, the nation could cut back on imports equivalent to all shipments to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia. Sounds good. An oil boom would also mean a multibillion-dollar windfall（意外之财）in tax revenues, royalties(开采权使用费)and leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government. Best of all , advocates of drilling say , damage to the environment would be insignificant . “ We ve never had a document case of oil rig chasing deer out onto the pack ice .” says Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan . Not so fast , say environmentalists . Sticking to the low end of government estimates , the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease Americas energy problems . And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits , because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases , environmental permits and regulatory review . As for ANWRs impact on the California power crisis , environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1% of the Golden States electricity output and just 3% of the nations .21. What does President Bush think of tapping oil in ANWR ?A)It will exhaust the nations oil reserves .B)It will help secure the future of ANWR.C)It will help reduce the nations oil imports D)It will increase Americas energy consumption 22. We learn from the second paragraph that the American oil industry _A)believes that drilling for oil in ANWR will produce high yields B)tends to exaggerate Americas reliance on foreign oilC)shows little interest in tapping oil in ANWR D)expects to stop oil imports from Saudi Arabia 23. Those against oil drilling in ANWR argue that _A)it can cause serious damage to the environment B)it can do little to solve U.S. energy problems C)it will drain the oil reserves in the Alaskan region D)it will not have much commercial value 24. What do the environmentalists mean by saying “ Not so fast “ (Line 1, Para .3)? A)Oil exploitation takes a long time B)The oil drilling should be delayedC)Dont be too optimistic D)Dont expect fast returns 25. It can be learned from the passage that oil exploitation beneath ANWRs frozen earth _A)remains a controversial issue B)is expected to get under way soon C)involves a lot of technological problems D)will enable the U.S. to be oil independent Passage 2Every year television stations receive hundreds of complaints about the loudness of advertisements. However, federal rules forbid the practice of making ads louder than the programming. In addition, television stations always operate at the highest sound level allowed for reasons of efficiency. According to one NBC executive, no difference exists in the peak sound level of ads and programming. Given this information why do commercials sound so loud? The sensation of sound involves a variety of factors in addition to its speak level. Advertisers are skilful at creating the impression of loudness through their expert use of such factors. One major contributor to the perceived loudness of commercials is that mush less variation in sound level occurs during a commercial. In regular programming the intensity of sound varies over a large range. However, sound levels in commercials tend to stay at or near peak levels. Other “tricks of the trade” are also used. Because low-frequency sounds can mask higher frequency sounds, advertisers filter out any noises that may drown out the primary message. In addition, the human voice has more auditory (听觉的) impact in the middle frequency ranges. Advertisers electronically vary voice sounds so that they stay within such a frequency band. Another approach is to write the script so that lots of consonants (辅音) are used, because people are more aware of consonants than vowel (元音) sounds. Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials with sounds that are highly different from those of the programming within which the commercial is buried. Because people become adapted to the type of sounds coming from programming, a dramatic change in sound quality draws viewer a attention. For example, notice how many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some type. The attention-getting property of commercials can be seen by observing one-to-two-year-old children who happen to be playing around a television set. They may totally ignore the programming. However, when a commercial comes on, their attention is immediately drawn to it because of its dramatic sound quality. 1. According to the passage, the maximum intensity of sound coming from commercials _. A) does not exceed that of programs. B) is greater than that of programs. C) varies over a large range than that of programs. D) is less than that of programs. 2. Commercials create the sensation of loudness because _. A) TV stations always operate at the highest sound levels. B) their sound levels are kept around peak levels. C) their sound levels are kept in the middle frequency ranges. D) unlike regular programs their intensity of sound varies over a wide range. 3. Many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some kind because _. A) pop songs attract viewer attention. B) it can increase their loudness. C) advertisers want to make them sound different from regular programs.D) advertisers want to merge music with commercials. 4. One of the reasons why commercials are able to attract viewer attention is that _. A) the human voices in commercials have more auditory impact. B) peo