资源描述
一般时态
进行时态
完成时态
完成进行时态
现在
am/is/are
行为动词用V原形或V-s/es
句子结构:主语+V
①静态动词(表示一种状态,见后附表一)多用于一般现在时,而不用于进行时
②一般现在时用于:运动解说,演示说明,动作描述,剧情介绍,(剧本)舞台动作说明,指引道路,永恒的真理
③在口语中,一般现在时常可表示按规定,时间表,计划或安排要发生的事情,这时都有一个表示未来时间的状语,但这样的用法只限于少数动词,见后附表二
④在少数情况下已发生的动作也可以用一般现在时表示,但只限于少量动词,如hear, say ,tell等;故事性读物中戏剧性的描绘;用在报纸标题中;用在小说章节中;用来引用书面材料
is/am/are+V-ing
句子结构:主语+be+doing
动词BE有时用于进行时态,表示一时的表现 I know I’m being selfish.
我知道我这样做是自私的。
① 现在进行时还可用来表示按计划或安排要进行的动作,这时都有一个表示未来时间的状语。能这样用的动词见附表三
② 如果主语是train,concert等表示事物的名词做主语,动词都以一般现在时表示将来动作,而不用进行时。
③ 如果以人为主语,表示是安排要进行的动作,一般可用现在进行时,而不用一般现在时
④ “be going to “这个结构更是经常用来表示将来的情况,一是表示准备,打算干什么二是表示即将发生的情况,此时going to 读作/’ /
⑤ 在时间从句或条件从句中有时会用现在进行时表示未来动作。
⑥ 现在进行时有时可表示一个经常性的动作,这时都表现某类情绪,如果改用一般现在时,就只是说明事实,而不是表示情绪。
⑦ 甚至一些静态动词也可用于进行时。
⑧ 用在故事中代替过去进行时,和一般现在时一道,进行戏剧式的描述;用在解说词中;表示暂时的情况;用在新闻标题中(前面的助动词常省略)
have/has+ p.p(过去分词)
现在完成时是一个把过去和现在联系起来的时态。谈的都是已经发生的事,但和现在都有某种关系,就是指从过去某时到现在,某事已完成或发生。
句子结构:主语+have/has done
We have bought a new house.
我们买了新房子。(我们现在有新房子了。)
英语中除了一般将来时,还有许多其他方式可表示将来情况:
① be going to
② 现在进行时
③ 一般现在时
④ Be about to结构
⑤ Be +不定式结构
⑥ 将来进行时
⑦ 将来完成时
had been + 动词的现在分词
现在完成进行时表示一个由过去某时起一直持续的动作,这动作可能刚刚停止,也可能还在进行。
句子结构:主语+have/has been doing
There you are !I’ve been waiting for an hour!
你到底来了!我等了你一个钟头了。
过去
was或 were
行为动词用V-ed
句子结构:主语+V-ed
was/were+V-ing
句子结构:主语+was/were+doing
有些结构可以用来表示过去某时打算做的事或估计要发生的情况:
① 过去进行时(仅限于come,go这类表示动作的动词)
② Was going to“准备做某事“”将要发生某事“
③ Be about to “正要……”
④ Be due to “定于(某时)…..”
⑤ Be on the point of “正要……时(发生某事)”
had + p.p(过去分词)
过去完成时表示过去某时之前业已发生的动作。
句子结构:主语+had done
When I got to the station the train had left.
主语 +had+been +doing
过去完成进行时表示持续到过去某时的一个动作。
句子结构:主语+had been doing
At last the bus came,I had been wating for half an hour.最后公共汽车来了,我已等了半个小时。
将来
shall/will + 动词原形
is/am/are+going to+V原形
句子结构:主语+will+V
句子结构:主语+be going to+V
shall/will be + 现在分词
句子结构:主语+will be+doing
句子结构:主语+be going to+be+doing
shall/will + have + 过去分词
将来完成时表示到将来某时某事业已发生。
句子结构:主语+will+have done
句子结构:主语+be going to+have done
The film will have started by the time we get to the cinema.
我们到电影院时电影已开始。
句子结构:主语+will have been doing
句子结构:主语+be going to have been doing
过去将来
was/were+(not)+ going to +V原形
should/would + (not)+动词原形
一般过去将来时表示从过去观点看将要发生的事。
主语+should(would)+(not)
+be+现在分词
过去将来进行时表示从过去观点看将来某时某动作会正在进行。
I was excited. Next Wednesday we would be flying to Sydney.
我很兴奋。下星期三我们就会飞往悉尼了。
should / would +(not)+have done sth
过去将来完成时表示从过去观点看将来某时某动作会业已完成。
She said she’d have
Finished her exams by then.
她说那时那会已经考完试了。
should/would +(not)+have been + v-ing
附表一
Mean seem concern hate surprise contain hold resemble guess suppose
Imagine own deserve admire adore appear astonish be believe belong
Consist desire despise doubt envy exist feel fit forget have hear hope
Impress include involve keep know lack last like love need owe please
Possess prefer prove realize recognize remember require satisfy seat see
Smell sound suppose suspect think understand wish
附表二
Arrive be begin close come depart dine end finish go leave open
Return sail start stop
附表三
Arrive come dine do get go have leave lunch meet play return see
Sleep spend start stay wear work
一般时(一般现在,一般过去,一般将来):be(am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be)+P.P
进行时(现在进行、过去进行):be+being+P.P
将来进行时,过去将来进行时没有被动结构
完成时(现在完成、过去完成、将来完成 过去将来完成):have/has/had been + P.P
将来完成 过去将来完成很少用于被动
其他时态:完成进行时没有被动结构
情态动词的被动语态:主语 + 情态动词 + be动词 + 动词过去分词
Can could
Can this be done by machine?
This can’t be done by machine.
Can this have been done by machine?(情态动词后的不定式可以用完成形式)
This could not have been by machine. (情态动词后的不定式可以用完成形式)
May might
New species may be discovered
New species might be discovered.
She may have been sent to work elsewhere.(情态动词后跟完成形式)
I know he was going to have an interview today.He may have been interviewed at this very moment.(情态动词后跟进行形式)
我知道他今天有一次访谈。这时可能就有人在采访他。
Must
My passport must be renewed.
This mustn’t be neglected
The door must have been locked by my wife.(后跟不定式的完成形式)
Should
The environment should be improved
They should have been given more books to read.(后跟不定式的完成形式)
Need
Need they be notified of her expulsion?
This needn’t be mentioned in the letter.
非谓语动词
的
被动
不定式的被动语态:to be done
(做宾语,构成复合宾语,做定语,做状语,做主语,做表语,特殊的不定式被动构成谓语)
动名词的被动:being done
(做动词宾语,做介词宾语,做主语)
现在分词的被动:being done
(构成复合宾语,做定语,做状语)
不定式的被动语态:to be done
做宾语
I asked to be relieved of my job.
构成复合宾语
I want this letter to be opened now!
做定语
there are a lot of things to be done.
做状语
the kids went to the hospital to be inoculated
做主语
it’s a pity to be kept in the house in fine weather
做表语
this house is to be let
特殊的不定式被动构成谓语
①be going to的被动结构
The meeting is going to be put off
②Ought to的被动结构
He ought to be promoted
③Has to have to had to的被动结构 Economy has(had) to be practiced
It will have to be done all over again.
④‘be+不定式’的被动结构
Such people are to be pitied
⑤‘be bound(sure) to’ 的被动结构
They are bound to be defeated
⑥‘be about(due,apt) to’ 的被动结构
The work is about to be finished.
动名词的被动:being done
做动词宾语
He hates being interrupted.
做介词宾语
He was afraid of being attacked.
做主语
Being awarded a Nobel Prize was a great honour
现在分词的被动:being done
构成复合宾语
I saw her being taken to the operating room.
做定语
Who is the women being operated on?
做状语
Being well taken care of ,she recovered quickly.
‘Be +做表语的P.P’结构
(表示一种状态)
‘一般时的被动结构be+P.P’
(表示一种动作)
The bank is closed now.
银行现在已经关门了。
The vase is broken.
花瓶打破了。
The lake is surrounded by trees.
湖周围都是树。
The room was crowed(with people).
房里挤满了人。
He was injured in the leg.
他腿部受了伤。
The bridge is now completed.
桥已经建成。
It is usually closed at 5:30.
它通常5:30关门。
It was broken by my sister.
它是我妹妹打破的。
They were surrounded by the enemy.
他们被敌人包围了。
Ten people were crowed into one room.
十个人被挤到一间房。
He Had been injured during the war.
他是在战争中受的伤。
It was completed last winter.
它是去年冬天建成的。
带表语结构的句子都包含一个系动词和过去分词。
表语结构由于表示状态,多数都用一般时态(个别情况下也用完成时态,如:they have been married for ten years.)
带被动结构的句子的时态要与其相应主动结构句子的时态一致。
被动结构的句子则要根据动作发生的时间来决定动词的时态。
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