五大基本句型的應用.doc

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五大基本句型在翻譯及作文上的應用
熟悉句子的各組成要素，及各要素的可能結構、作用，不但能寫出正確骨架的句子，也能加快對閱讀測驗之理解速度。

一．句子的基本結構(五大基本句型)

1. S Vi S = subject(主詞) Vi = intransitive verb(不及物V)
I see. 我懂了。

2. S Vi SC SC = subject complement (主詞補語)
He looks funny.

3. S Vt O Vt = transitive verb(及物V) O = object(受詞)
I like them.

4. S Vt IO DO DO = direct object(直接受詞) IO = indirect object(間接受詞)
She showed me the money.

5. S Vt O OC OC = object complement(受詞補語)
He thinks me good.

能不能找出一個句子的主詞和動詞，實在是了解該句句意的關鍵。若再能知道每個動詞可用於五大句型中的哪一種，造句將更得心應手。

二．基本句型各成份(主詞、受詞、動詞、補語)的結構

文法基本小常識
1. 名詞在句中一定是當主詞或受詞。
2. 形容詞形容後面的名詞，不然就是當補語用。
3. 副詞修飾動詞、形容詞、其他副詞、整個句子。

一. 主詞和受詞
功能上，要「名詞」才能做主詞或受詞。形式上，主詞和受詞則可有下列幾種，他們都是做「名詞」用：
1. 名詞： Children love to listen to stories. 孩子們喜歡故事
I saw a fish in the pond 我看到池裡有條魚
2. 代名詞： Who wrote this book? 這本書是誰寫的呢？
I don‘t have either. 我兩個都沒有
3. the + 形容詞： The rich are not always happy. 有錢的人不一定總是快樂
The young respect the old. 年輕人尊敬老年人
4. the + 分詞：The killed and the dying lay on the ground死者和垂死者躺臥在地上
We should take care of the disabled. 我們應該照顧殘障者
5. 不定詞： To love him is to know him. 愛他就是要了解他
He tried to cheat me. 他想要騙我
6. 動名詞： Jogging is good for health. 慢跑有益健康
I hate troubling you. 我不喜歡麻煩你
7. 介詞片語： From nine to twelve is my busiest time.九點到十二點是我最忙的時候
A rabbit ran out from under the table. 一隻兔子從桌子底下跑出來
8. 疑問詞 + to V.： How to do it is the problem. 怎麼做才是問題
I don‘t know what to do. 我不知道要做什麼
9. 名詞子句： That he is dead is not true. 他死了並不是真的
Do you know when he will come? 你知道他何時來嗎？

二.動詞
「動詞片語」的結構中一定有一個而且只有一個動詞。
1. V. I noticed your progress. 我注意到你的進步了
2. V + prep. They always listen to me 他們總是聽我的話
3. V + adv. I look up the word in my dictionary. 我在我的字典裏查這個字
3. V. + n.+ prep. They always make fun of him 他們總是取笑他
4. V. + adv. + prep. I look forward to your letter. 我期待你的來信

l 以上動詞結構均還會有時態和語態的變化，而且前面還可能有助動詞。所以動詞的外貌變化繁複，因此實際使用時，一用到動詞，就要注意以下動作發生的四個特性來決定使用的動詞型態。
1. 意義：即選字，決定要用eat? take care of?
2. 時間：決定用現在式？過去式？未來式？
3. 狀態：簡單式？進行式？完成式？完成進行式？
* 時間有三種，狀態有四種，所以一共會有3 x 4 = 12 種時態。
主動 被動
(1) 現在簡單式： eat(s) is eaten
(2) 現在進行式： is eating is being eaten
(3) 現在完成式： has eaten has been eaten
(4) 現在完成進行式：has been eating has been being eaten
(5) 過去簡單式： ate was eaten
(6) 過去進行式： was eating was being eaten
(7) 過去完成式： had eaten had been eaten
(8) 過去完成進行式： had been eating had been being eaten
(9) 未來簡單式： will eat will is eaten
(10) 未來進行式： will be eating will be being eaten
(11) 未來完成式： will have eaten will have been eaten
(12) 未來完成進行式：will have been eating will have been being eaten

4. 語態：主動？被動？
上面每一種時態，又各有這兩種語態，所以，理論上，每一個英文動詞可能有 12 x 2 = 24 種形狀出現。再加上前面可能有助動詞，所以，$#?@!~………..

練習：1. You ___________________ me for several minutes. 你已經看我看了好幾分鐘了
2. _____ you ____________ his hand-writing? 你認得他的筆跡嗎？
3. The song __ ___________________ by him. 這首歌可能是他寫的
4. Joe in danger of losing his job. Joe將有失去工作的危險
5. He you for days.他可能已經等你等了好幾天了

三. 補語
A. 主詞補語
需要主詞補語的不完全不及物動詞(連綴動詞)多為 是….(be)；變成…(get, become, turn, grow)；似乎…(appear, seem)：～起來….(look, smell, taste, sound, feel)等。句型上為： S + Vi + SC
功能上，要「名詞」或「形容詞」才能做補語。但是，形式上，主詞補語可有下列幾種：
1. 名詞： He became an athlete. 他變成一個運動員
2. 代名詞： Is this bicycle yours? 這輛腳踏車是你的嗎？
3. 形容詞： The medicine tastes bitter. 這藥吃起來很苦
4. 副詞： I have been here for ten minutes. 我已經在這裡十分鐘了
5. 現在分詞： He keeps sitting alone in the dark. 他一直一個人坐在黑暗裡
6. 過去分詞： He seems interested in you. 他看起來對你很有興趣
7. 不定詞： My dream is to travel around the world. 我的夢想是環遊世界
*8. 動名詞： My favorite hobby is catching butterflies. 我最喜歡的嗜好是抓蝴蝶
9. 介詞片語： My bicycle is in the garage. 我的腳踏車在車庫裡
*10. 疑問詞 + to V.： The problem is how to make money. 問題是要怎麼賺錢
11. 名詞子句： The problem is how we can make money. 筆在原來的地方
My suggestion is (that) we go tomorrow. 我的建議是我們明天去
注意：(1) 不一樣的動詞要求不一樣的主詞補語。
(2) 打 * 者不見於做受詞補語用。

B. 受詞補語
需要受詞補語的動詞意義上多為 使某某人(物)….怎樣….等不完全及物動詞。句型上為： S + Vt + O + OC

受詞補語的形式則有下列幾種：
1. 名詞： They will call me a coward. 他們會叫我懦夫
2. 代名詞： I think the winner him 我以為勝利者是他
3. 形容詞： Can you push the door open. 你能把門推開嗎？
4. 副詞： I found him outside. 我發現他在外面
5. 現在分詞： They left me waiting outside. 他們留我在外面等
6. 過去分詞： I must have my car washed. 我得去找人洗車了
7. 不定詞： Shall I help you to move the box？ 我該幫你搬那箱子嗎？
8. 介詞片語： Make yourself at home. 不要拘束!
9. 名詞子句： His wife made him what he is today. 他老婆使他成為今天的樣子
注意：不一樣的動詞要求不一樣的受詞補語。

三，動詞決定句型
由以上可知，可當「動詞受詞」用的有9種結構，如：
名詞
代名詞
the + adj.
the + 分詞
S + Vt + to V
Ving
介詞片語
wh- + to V.
名詞子句
(而可當「補語」用的也有11種結構)
該用哪一種結構的受詞與補語，完全由 詞 決定。
所以，根據文馨字典，進一步將五大句型與各個動詞的特殊搭配用法相結合，再細分了24個句型。這些句型在一般字典中講到動詞的用法時都可見到。這24個句型如下：

第一句型： S Vi
1. Vi It rained.
2. Vi + [ 副 ] He came out.
3. Vi + [ 介 + 名 ] They sat on the sofa.

第二句型： S Vi SC
4. Vi + [ 補 ] This is Tom.
5. Vi + [ as 補 ] He acted as interpreter.

第三句型： S Vt O
6. Vt + [ 受 ] Everybody loves her.
7. Vt + [ 受 + 副 ] He took his hat off.
8. Vt + [ to V ] He wants to see you.
9. Vt + [ wh. + to V ] I don’t know what to do.
10. Vt + [ Ving ] We stopped walking.
11. Vt + [ that子句 ] He said that he would go.
12. Vt + [ wh.子句 ] He knows where you live.
13. Vt + [ 受 + 介 + 名 ] He bought a doll for his daughter.

第四句型： S Vt IO DO
14. Vt + [ 受 + 受 ] She gave them the apples.
15. Vt + [ 受 + that子句 ] He told us that he would come.
16. Vt + [ 受 + wh.子句 ] He asked us why we couldn’t go.
17. Vt + [ 受 + wh. to V ] He told me how to get there.

第五句型： S Vt O OC
18. Vt + [ 受 + 補 ] We elected him President.
19. Vt + [ 受 + as補 ] We regard him as a danger.
20. Vt + [ 受 + p.p. ] She heard her name called.
21. Vt + [ 受 + Ving ] I heard a dog barking.
22. Vt + [ 受 + to V ] We allowed them to play here.
23. Vt + [ 受 + V ] I saw the boy cross the street.
24. Vt + [ 引用 ] He said, “Hurry up.”

熟悉了這24個動詞的句型後，以後再看到動詞你還會怕嗎？
(高三學生應該對這些所有的句型有歸納性的了解。)
其實，名詞後除了常見的 + [ 介 + 名 ] (如：the man [ in the house ]) 外，名詞後也有特殊的句型
1. + [ to V ] He has the right to do it.
2. + [ 介 + Ving ] I have no intention of ignoring your plan.
3. + [ that子句 ] The idea that you should come made him angry.
4. + [ (介) + wh片語或子句 ] I have no idea (about) what she meant.
形容詞後除了常見的 + [ 介 + 名 ] ( 如：afraid [ of my teacher ] ) 外，形容詞後面也有特殊的句型
1. + [ to V ] He was able to do the task.
2. + [ 介 + Ving ] The cat is good at catching mice.
3. + [ of + 名 + to V ] It’s kind of you to say so.
4. + [ that子句 ] I am glad that you have succeeded.
5. + [ (介) + wh片語或子句 ] We are doubtful (about) whether she can make it.

完整的句子除了以上主詞、受詞、補語等主角外，也會有一些「修飾語」來加料、美化。
修飾語的結構如下：

四. 修飾語
掌握了句子的基本組成份子後，再來要求句子的精采、豐富，就要加上修飾語。
修飾語指的是 (1) 修飾 n., pron. 的adj.(片語、子句)。
(2) 修飾 v., adj., adv., 以及整個句子的 adv. (片語、子句)。

1. n. 和 pron. 的修飾語：包括 adj., adj.片語, adj.子句
1. 簡單adj.
The beautiful girl lives in the next room. 那個漂亮的女孩住隔壁房間
2. 形容詞片語，外型上可有以下四種形式。
(1) 介系詞片語
The girl with long hair lives in the room across the street.
那個有長頭髮的女孩住在街道對面的房間裡
(2) 主動分詞片語
The girl playing the piano well likes the dog barking at you.
那個很會彈琴的女孩喜歡那隻對你叫的狗
(3) 被動分詞片語
The girl bitten by the dog lives in the room sold last week.
那個被狗咬的女孩住在上星期被賣掉的房間裡
(4) 不定詞片語
The last girl to come this afternoon will have nothing to do.
今天下午最後來的女孩就沒事做了
3. 形容詞子句
(1) 關係代名詞帶領
The girl who likes you lives in the house which you sold last year.
那個喜歡你的女孩住在你去年賣掉的房子裡
(2) 關係副詞帶領
Christmas, when Americans have much fun, is not important in Taiwan, where few believe in Santa Claus.
美國人玩得很開心的聖誕節在很少人信聖誕老人的台灣並不重
2. v. 的修飾語：包括 adv., adv.片語, adv.子句
1. 簡單副詞
Tell briefly why you often go there. 簡單地說一說你為何常常去那裡
2. 副詞片語
(1) 介系詞片語
I met a friend of mine on the street the other day.
前幾天我在街上碰到我一個朋友
(2) 主動分詞片語
Walking on the street, I met a friend of mine.
在街上走的時候，我碰到我一個朋友
(3) 被動分詞片語
Caught by the police, the thief had to tell the truth.
(由於)被警方抓到，小偷只好講實話
(4) 不定詞片語(可表示動作發生的目的、結果、原因)
We study hard to pass the exam. 我們用功是為了通過考試
I waked to find the door open. 我醒來發現門沒有關
I trembled to think what had happened. 我一想到之前發生的事就發抖
3. 副詞子句(可表示動作發生的條件、時間、場所、原因、目的、結果、退讓…)
We study hard because we want to succeed. 我們用功因為我們想要成功
I will tell him the truth when he comes tomorrow. 他明天來時我就跟他說實話

3. adj. 的修飾語：包括 adv., adv.片語, adv.子句
1. 簡單副詞
He is quite handsome. 他相當英俊
He is much fatter than you. 他比你胖多了
2. 副詞片語
(1) 介系詞片語
I am bored to death. 我無聊得要死
(2) 不定詞片語
I am glad to see you. 很高興看到你
3. 副詞子句
I am afraid that this child is not ours. 我怕這孩子不是我們自己的

4. adv. 的修飾語：包括 adv., adv.片語, adv.子句
1. 簡單副詞
He speaks English very well. 他英文講得相當好
2. 副詞片語
(1) 不定詞片語
He is rich enough to buy a car. 他夠有錢，買得起汽車
3. 副詞子句
The mosquito flies so fast that can’t catch it. 蚊子飛得如此快以致我抓不到它
Nobody loves money more than you do. 沒人比妳更愛錢
5. 「整個句子」的修飾語：包括 adv., adv.片語, adv.子句。
1. 簡單副詞
Unfortunately, there was no more left. 不巧得很，沒有剩餘的了
2. 副詞片語
(1) 介系詞片語
In other words, I am sure I will win. 換句話說，我肯定我會贏
(2) 獨立不定詞片語
To tell the truth, I don’t like him. 說實話，我不喜歡他
3. 副詞子句(包括主要子句發生的條件、時間、場所、原因、目的、結果、讓步)
Whenever he may come, I don’t want to see him. 不管他何時來，我都不見他
As soon as the room went dark, the children began to cry.房子一變黑，孩子就哭了
What was better, she was granted a scholarship. 更棒的是，她還獲得獎學金

　句子中其他外來客：　
A. 名詞後面可能還有同位語(有無前後逗點均有可能) (同位語的文法功用等於前面的名詞
1. Mrs. Dryden and her husband, Peter, tried to stab the creature with knives.
2. There is increasing evidence that large cars cause more highway accidents than small cars.
*後面會有that子句當同位語的名詞，尚有 fact, truth, evidence, proof, explanation, suggestion, excuse, opinion, theory, decision, news, report, rumor, idea, thought, doubt, possibility, danger, difference等。

B. 句子中可能還有插入語(大多有前後逗點或破折號與主要子句隔開) (插入語不要理它)
1. The fire which they believe was a case of arson killed five innocent people.
2. Many of the whales died on the beach—crushed by their own weight.
3. The amount, the police department reported, would pay the costs of rushing special equipment to save him.
4. Reaction to the Bill Clinton/Monica Lewinsky affair, the latest matter involving the President to be investigated by independent counsel Kenneth Starr, has varied.

應用練習：
一. 句子由短變長
1. S + Vt + O
John Glenn made his second trip.
à John Glenn made his second trip through New York’s “Canyon of Heroes”.
à John Glenn made his second trip through New York’s “Canyon of Heroes” in a parade Monday.
à In a swirl of confetti and shredded paper, John Glenn made his second trip through New York’s “Canyon of Heroes” in a parade Monday,
à In a swirl of confetti and shredded paper, John Glenn made his second trip through New York’s “Canyon of Heroes” in a parade Monday, saluting his return to space.
à In a swirl of confetti and shredded paper, John Glenn made his second trip through New York’s “Canyon of Heroes” in a parade Monday, saluting his return to space 36 years after he became America’s first man in orbit.
　　在滿天飛舞的五彩色紙及碎紙片中，John Glenn星期一第二次在遊行中穿過紐約市的「英雄峽谷」，這次遊行是為了歡迎他繼成為美國史上第一個上太空軌道的人之後36年，又重回太空。

2. S + Vt + O
Soong spokesperson said that the accounts were for small amounts and meant for cash expenses.
à Soong spokesperson Yen Jung-chang said yesterday that the many other accounts were for relative small amounts and meant for petty cash expenses.
à Soong spokesperson Yen Jung-chang said yesterday that the many other accounts Soong is supposed to have opened in his own name were for relative small amounts—ten or twenty thousand NT dollars--and meant for petty cash expenses, such as stationary purchases.
à In answer to claims that the former governor had kept a number of secret funds, Soong spokesperson Yen Jung-chang said yesterday that the many other accounts Soong is supposed to have opened in his own name were for relative small amounts—ten or twenty thousand NT dollars--and meant for petty cash expenses, such as stationary purchases
　　為了回應前省長曾擁有一些秘密基金的指稱，宋派發言人顏榮昌昨天表示，許多其他的宋名下所開的戶頭金額都相當小----一兩萬台幣----而且都是為了支付小額現金支出，如一些固定採購。

二. 翻譯
以下我們將最近八屆翻譯考題依上述五大句型分類，我們將中文題目按照英文的五大句型來分析後，會發現其實翻譯要拿到一半以上的分數並不會那麼難。

1. S Vi
1. 以前，我常常到書店去，主要是隨便看看一些書。[87]
I used to go to a bookstore(,) primarily to read some books casually.
2. 那時，人們會活得更長久。[86]
Then people will live longer.
3. 今年春假，我和一些同學搭巴士到墾丁(Kenting)國家公園。[85]
This spring vacation, some classmates and I went to Kenting National Park by bus.
4. 台灣的生活最近十年變了很多。[84]
Life in Taiwan has changed a lot during the past ten years.
5. 我生長在鄉下的一個小村落。[80]
I grew up in a small village in the country.
6. 我們常在夏天到那裡游泳、釣魚。[80]
We used to go swimming and fishing there in summer.

2. S Vi SC
1. 那的確是個好消息。[86]
That is really good news.
2. 這輩子，我的運氣從來沒有這麼好過。[82]
I have never been so lucky in my life.

3. S Vt O