英译汉第一讲.doc

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英译汉第一讲
一、考研翻译的标准
1.翻译的标准
信、达、雅$
2.考研翻译的标准
准确、完整、通顺$

• Good to the last drop.
• 滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。
• A diamond lasts forever.
• 钻石恒久远，一颗永流传。

二、考研翻译的具体困难
1、词汇层面
（1）人名地名的翻译$
（2）术语的翻译$
（3 ）熟词的翻译$
（4 ）生词的翻译$
（5 ）代词的翻译$

• i. 众所周知的，按照约定俗成的翻译
• Bernard Shaw
• Bethune
• Confucius; Mencius
• ii．对于不太熟悉，可以先做音译，再加上括号补出英文原词
• iii．对于既不熟悉，又无法确定其读音的可以照抄英文原词

• 地名的翻译
• New York; Newcastle; New Zealand
• 约定俗成
• 大纲常见25组国名地名
• Netherlands; Israel; Ireland; Brazil
• 常识：
• Tibet; Amoy; Inner Mongolia; Macao p

• 1994天才技术与科学发展的关系
• 1995标准化教育评估与标准化心理评估
• 1996科学发展的动力
• 1997动物的权利
• 1998宇宙的起源
• 1999史学研究方法
• 2000科学家与政府
• 2001计算机与未来生活展望

• 2002行为科学发展的困难
• 2003人类学简介
• 2004语言学
• 2005大众传媒
• 2006知识分子问题
• 2007法律

• P8-75 kitchen rage
• 把握文章主题的基础上字面翻译
• P7－71operational research experts p
• P8-73 millennium technology calendar

• P6－72 intellectual discipline
• P3-72 scientific establishment
• P11-62 be obliged to them
• 注意熟词僻义问题p

b所谓的生词
P2 –72 validate;
P5-73 astrophysicists；
P13-47 analogous
L 真的生词
P5－72 the Big Bang;
P8-73 Millennium;
P9-64 autonomous
P13-46 Socratic B

2、句子层面
• （1）非谓结构 （2）被动语态
• （3）定语从句 （4）名词性从句
• （5）状语从句

• 3、关于全文注意以下三点
& 文章的首句与每段的首句一定要看，文章中的注释一定要留意。
& 划线句中出现句外指代，要确定指代词具体含义时，需要参见前文
& 划线句中有一词多义现象，单看句子本身无法确定其具体含义，可以借助上下文

• 三、翻译的步骤
• （1）理解
& 划谓语动词
& 找关系词
& 确定各部分关系
• （2）表达
& 按部就翻
& 组合成句
• （3）校核
& 是否对了
& 是否全了
& 是否顺了

四、翻译的方法
u 直译、意译、音译$
1. Every life has its roses and thorns.
B每个人的一生都既有玫瑰，又有荆棘。
B人生总是有苦有乐，甘苦参半。
2. Valuables left in full view can be open invitation to theft.
L把贵重物品放在显眼处，等于是在给小偷发请帖。
B 贵重物品应妥善保管，以防被盗。p
音译主要用于广告商标翻译中

• Benz
• Buynow
• Giant
• Canon
• Refine
• Rising
• 奔驰
• 百脑汇
• 捷安特
• 佳能
• 瑞风
• 瑞升/瑞星p
真题全接触
• P1- 71 Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
• Science moves forward, they say, not so much through A as because of B.

• not so much …as
• He is as much a singer as a dancer.
• He is not so much a singer as a dancer.
• 与其说…不如说…
• 科学向前发展，与其说是通过A还不如说是由于B。

• A= the insights of great men of genius
• 多个of结构一般的处理方式：从最后一个往前倒着扣，每扣一次加一个的，完了把多有的的去掉。
• 更多例证：P7-72; P9-64
• B= more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools

• 在我看来，西班牙之所以可以赢得冠军，与其说是因为队员个人的完美表现，还不如说是由于其他更为重要的因素比如说团队精神和组织纪律性。
• Spain had won the championship, I believe, not so much through the perfect performance of the individual players as because of more important factors like teamwork and discipline.

• 写作真题: 自信
• Sometimes we may fail, I think, not so much through our incompetence as because of the lack of confidence.

• 94 73 Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation, have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
• Over the years, A as B has largely been ignored by C.

• 多年以来， A作为B在很大程度上被C所忽略。$
• A=tools and technology themselves
• B=a source of fundamental innovation$
• C=historians and philosophers of science$

• fundamental= fund+ a +mental
• 助记:资金和人才对项目来说是根本的。
• innovate=in+nov+ate
• novel
• renovation
• lenovo
• 联想新一代，运动更精彩。p

• P2-72
• How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
• 并列的几个名词如果共享一个冠词，此时该部分应该视为一个整体，其后的修饰语修饰的是该整体而不是其中的某个单词。

• P1-72
• “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. p

• 多年以来，敬老作为中国人的传统美德在很大程度上被出生在20世纪70年代中和20世纪七十年代后的人们所忽视。
• Over the years, respecting the old as a traditional virtue of the Chinese has largely been ignored by those born in and after the 1970s.

• 多年以来，中国传统文化作为世界文化的重要组成部分在很大程度上被一心追求经济发展的中国人所忽视。
• Over the years, traditional Chinese culture as an indispensable part of the world culture has largely been ignored by the Chinese citizens whose efforts have been focused on their economic development.

• 多年以来，自信作为成功的一个重要因素，在很大程度上被家长和教育工作者们所忽视。
• Over the years, confidence as an essential element contributing to one’s success has largely been ignored by educators as well as parents.$

• The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with the cross cultural perspectives brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
• A, combined with B, makes CD.

• A, 加上B，使得C成为了D。
• 强调收集第一手资料，加上分析古往今来的文化所用到的跨文化视角，使得这种研究成为一门独特而又非常重要的社会科学。

• 我受过良好的教育，有多年的相关工作经验，是该职位的最佳人选。
• An excellent academic background, combined with many years of working experience in relevant fields, makes me the best candidate for this position.

HOMEWORK
• P6-72
• P8-75
• P5-72;73
• P9-62
• 翻译讲义：P1－常见短语及句型

考研翻译第二讲
& P6-72
& P8-75
& P5-72;73
& P9-62

Ø 非谓结构的翻译
Ø 被动语态的翻译
P6-72
• Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
• Interest in A has arisen less through B and more from C.$

• arise rise raise arouse
• 政府决定提高价格，价格上涨，对于我来说一个新的问题出现，而这事激起了我的好奇心。
• The government has decided to raise the price. Then the price rises. For me a new problem arises and this arouses my curiosity .

• B＝外界的挑战对于历史的有效性作为一门知识学科？？
• 外界对于历史作为一门知识学科的有效性的挑战
• 挑战VS质疑
• C＝

• 人们之所以对历史方法感兴趣，与其说是因为历史作为一门知识学科的有效性遭到了外界的质疑，还不如说是由于历史学家自身内部存在分歧。p

• 人们之所以对贝克汉姆感兴趣，与其说是因为他独特的发型，还不如说是由于他精湛的球技。
• Interest in Beckham has arisen less through his unique hairstyle and more from his perfect performance in the game, which could be nothing but the result of many years of painstaking efforts.

• 补充练习P10-63
• The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with the cross cultural perspectives brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
• A, combined with B, makes CD.

• A, 加上B，使得C成为了D。
• 强调收集第一手资料，加上分析古往今来的文化所用到的跨文化视角，使得这种研究成为一门独特而又非常重要的社会科学。

• 我受过良好的教育，有多年的相关工作经验，是该职位的最佳人选。
• An excellent academic background, combined with many years of working experience in relevant fields, makes me the best candidate for this position.
非谓结构
• And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder – kitchen rage.

• Apply; application; applicant; applicable
• 我向银行申请贷款，目的是为了买一些家用电器。之所以这样做是为了将理论运用到实践当中去。他们让我填了些申请表格。于是我就成了申请人。但是后来他们告诉我这个规定对我来说不适用。因为我还是个学生没工作。

• I applied to the bank for a loan in order to buy some home appliances. I did this because I wanted to apply theory to practice. They asked me to fill out some application forms. As a result, I became an applicant. But later I was told that the rule was not applicable to me, who was still a student without a job.

• 非谓结构做主语或者宾语在译成汉语中没有杀伤力，因为汉语中动词短语做主语宾语天经地义。倒是在英文写作中应该注意。
• Learn English well is not easy.

• Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives…
• Piece together
• To produce 为了制作VS编制了

• 结论：to do 结构除了表示目的之外，还有其他功用，其中表结果较为特殊。需要根据上下文进行判定。
• Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609, he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather then around the earth.

• 为了证明…而使用了望远镜
• VS
• 使用望远镜证明…
P5-72
• The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the big bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
• A was virtually required for B to do C.

• A good dictionary is virtually required for me to learn English well.
• A 对于B做到C来说，实际上是必不可少的。
• C＝保持它的统治作为宇宙的主导解释
• VS
• 维持其作为宇宙的主导解释的统治地位

• 巨大星云的存在对于大爆炸理论保持其作为宇宙的主导解释的统治地位来说，实际上是必不可少的。大爆炸理论的首次提出于20世纪20年代。
• 巨大星云的存在对于20世纪20年代首次提出的大爆炸理论保持其作为宇宙的主导解释的统治地位来说，实际上是必不可少的。

• Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures and may report their findings soon.

• ground-based detectors
• 复合形容词的构词法：名词＋动词的ing或者ed形式修饰第二个名词。此时名词究竟用ing还是ed形式取决于被修饰词和动词之间的关系，如果是主谓关系，则用ing；若为动宾关系则用ed。
• The detectors are based on the ground.
• time-consum housework
• housework-consum time

• balloon-borne instruments
• The instruments are borne by the balloons.
• bear 承载，负载
• 火炬手
• torch-bearer

• 天体物理学家...工具…天体结构。

• 小结
• 非谓结构做定语时是否译成前置定语取决于两个因素：
• 1、非谓结构本身的信息负载量大小
• 2、非谓结构和被修饰词之间关系的紧密程度
被动语态
• P9-63
• The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.

• 并列句可分而治之，但需注意结构对等
• 两个分句的主语：
• The role of A in B
• The role of C in doing D

• 三种停顿方式
• …was formulated / only a little more than a hundred years ago
• …was formulated only a little / more than a hundred years ago
• …was formulated only a little more / than a hundred years ago

• 自然选择在进化中所起的作用被阐明才一百多年，而环境在形成和保持个体行为的过程中所起的选择性作用才刚刚开始被认识和研究。
单词扩充
• 老板和秘书一起看一份材料，发现其中包含有他们所需要的东西。老板让秘书把材料改写一下，但是记住要保留原意。秘书工作出色，老板给他配了车，秘书发现买车容易养车难。
• contain; retain; maintain

• 某天，出了点状况。老板跟秘书被拘留了。之所以拘留他们，是为了弄清楚真相，得到证据。但质询的过程中，他们坚持称自己的做法只是自娱自乐。没能达到目标，警察唯有将他们释放。而小报记者穷追不舍，都想知道是什么让他们支撑了这么久。
• Detain; ascertain; entertain; attain; sustain

HOMEWORK
• P6-73;P7-73; P7-74

考研翻译第三讲
P6-73;P7-73; P7-74
被动语态、代词的翻译、定语从句

• P6-73
• During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

• During this transfer, A were augmented by B.
• Augment VS argument 争论?
• 在这一转变过程中，A被B所扩充。
• 在这一转变中，B充实了A。

• Methodologies 方法论？？
• Additional 额外的，附加的？？
• 在这一转变中，新的方法充实了传统的历史研究方法…
• 被设计用来解释新形式的证据在历史研究中。

• 在历史研究中被设计用来解释新形式证据的。
• 译文A：在这一转变过程中，传统的历史研究方法因为新的方法而得到充实，这些新方法是在历史研究中被设计用来解释新形式证据的。
• 译文B：在这一转变过程中，在历史研究中旨在解释新形式证据的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。

• 单词扩充
• trans-
• transaction; transition; translation; transport; transplant; transfuse; transform; transmit; transparent
• -fer
• differ; infer; refer; prefer；confer

• report; support; import; export; passport
• admit; commit; emit; omit; permit; submit;
• miss; mission; dismiss; missile

• Though fully committed to the company, he was dismissed just because the manager found several important pages missing in his report. When the message was transmitted to him without permission, he cannot help shedding tears of sadness. He had to admit that he had made a mistake when he decided to work here for this company.

• 尽管完全忠于公司，他还是被解雇了，就因为经理发现他的报告缺了几页，露掉了所谓的重大事项。当这个消息未经允许传到他那的时候，他不禁流下了悲伤的泪水。他不得不承认，为这家公司效力是一个错误的决定。继续呆在那儿已经是一个不可完成的任务，他毅然决定主动递交辞呈。

• P7-73
• Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.

• Owing to A, people are doing B, while governments are forced to do C.

• remarkable development
• mass communications
• China Telecom; China Unicom
• mass media;
• mass production
• mass migration movements

• 外来务工人员
• migrant workers
• 留守儿童
• left-behind children
• 贫困地区
• poverty-stricken areas
• 扶贫
• to relieve poverty

• 由于大众通讯的显著发展，各地的人们正感受着新的需求，正在被暴露在新的习俗和观念之下…
• be exposed to 接触；感受
• 孩子们在网上可以接触到很多新东西。
• While surfing on the Internet, the children are exposed to up-to-date information of various kinds.

• while作为从句引导词，如果出现在句子的前半部分，通常翻译成尽管，如果在后半部分，一般可处理为“而，与此同时”。
• 更多例证：P6-71; P13-48; P14-50
• 而政府常常得推出更进一步的革新措施基于以上理由。

• In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization – with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed– was spread over nearly a century, whereas a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
• 在欧洲早期工业化国家，工业化进程——紧随其后在社会结构方面所有深刻的变化——波及到了邻近的国家，而一个发展中国家可以经历相同的过程在十年，或者因此…
被动小结
• 1、被动译成被动
• 2、被动译成主动
• 3、被动译成主动，施动者译为主语。
• 4、译为无主语句或者泛指主语句。

• 两点注意事项：
• 1、被动语态使用频率较高，通常表示一种客观冷静的态度，翻译时要做适当体现。
• 2、适当选用同义词组替换“被”，以便语气更加顺畅。
• Much is left to be done.
• It is rumored that he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
• The movement is initiated and led by a former negro slave.
代词的翻译
• 1、句内指代
• 如果代词与其所指代的对象在同一划线句中，一般来讲可以将代词翻译成相对应的代词。$
• 但是如果前面出现多个名词，而且从数量、性质等方面很难判断代词的指代对象，则最好将代词处理成相对应的名词。$

• But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. （P5－71)p

• There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
• There will be A, and B.
• disable VS enable
• offend VS defend

• 他们会使他们残废，当他们冒犯的时候。
• B将来会出现由机器人主持的电视聊天节目，以及带污染监控器的汽车，污染监控器会使汽车停止行驶，当汽车排污超标的时候。
• L将来电视台会有一场由(朱丽娅)罗伯茨主持的时装表演节目。副班长说了，咱开车去，谁敢造次，就废了谁。

• 2、句外指代
• （1）如果代词的指代对象为前面的具体某个或某几个名词，一定要搞清其指代内容。译文中用代词表示不清的就用名词来表达。

• P8－74
• But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
• P37 提示：That所指代的内容不译出扣0.5分

• P9－64
• They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
• 见P147
• 典型考题P13

• （2）有时候代词的指代对象也可能为前面的某个句子，需要总结，在翻译的时候可以做模糊处理，根据具体情况将该代词译为“这种问法，这种说法，这个问题，这种做法……”

• P4-71
• Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start.71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

• P7－71
• Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that…71)Under modern conditions, this requires…
定语从句
• P3 72
• This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

• This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands (that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment) cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

• 注意区分when引导的定语从句和状语从句，如果when的前面出现和时间相关的词，应该首先考虑它引导的是定语从句。如果是过去时间，通常可以翻译成“当