清华考研填空讲义.doc

清华大学考研辅导强化班课程讲义(by mistysky)
清华大学考研辅导强化班课程
《英语完形填空》
清华大学外语学院 宋丽丽 主讲

第一单元: 辅导概述

1. Use of English (Cloze Test) 试题的来历与测试要点
? 智力测验： 给考生看一些不? 完整的画面，? 要求考生根据已有的知识、想象力、和画面的规律性特点，? 经过分析、推理、判断，? 将不? 完整的画面补全。
? 作为智力测验的测试要点
1） 识别画面的背景或范围
2） 具备3） 一定的生活常识
4） 背景与常识结合, 找出规律性特征并据此加以猜测、分析和推理，5）从而6）做出判断，7） 即检查已有知识及运用已有知识进行思维的能力
? 完型填空：检查学生阅读能力、词汇知识和语法知识
? 本题型的测试要点： 1）。 考察学生的知识面，? 如社会生活常识或文化与科普知识
2）． 考察学生语言基本功，包括词汇、语法知识和阅读能力
3）． 考察考生综合运用以上知识进行分析、推断，并驾驭语篇的能力。

2。Use of English( Cloze Test) 选文的特点与考题范围
? 选文特点：
1）。本题目所选文章多为说明文、记叙文、议论文或应用文
2）．文章长度为240-280个字。本题为多项选择题，共20个空白处，每小题0.5分，共10分。
3）文章内容涉及社会生活、人物传记、科普、史地、政治与经济等。
? 测试范围包括
1）。 词性的用法
2．词义的辨析
3）．词语的搭配
4）。 语法结构
5）。语篇的衔接
3． 应考必须做哪些准备
1） 熟练掌握大纲所要求掌握的词汇，2） 熟悉词语的用法和词语搭配，3） 注意词语的引申词，4） 即同5） 根词，同6） 义词，7） 反义词，8） 近义词等
9） 复10） 习并熟练掌握语法知识
11） 大量广泛的阅读以扩大词汇量和知识面
12） 大量的习题训练已达到熟能生巧

4. Use of English (Cloze Test ) 部分答题程序
? 答题程序
1） 先通读全文，2） 抓住主题句，3） 整体把握原文的主要内容。
4） 根据上下文语义逻辑关系，5） 语法知识，6） 固定词语搭配来判断所缺信息
7） 可以跳跃答题
8） 最后通读全文，9） 理顺全文的逻辑关系确保所填信息准确无误。
? 答题程序图示
1） 常识+一般性英语知识——全面理解语篇主题作为猜测的依据
2） 常识+主题+相关的语言知识——推断文章中被删除的信息
3） 常识+主题+综合语言知识——判断还原后的文章是否完整合理

5． Use of English （ClozeTest）部分答题技巧
? 词汇手段 1）利用词汇的复? 现做题：某一词会以原词的同? 义词、近义词、上义词、下义词或概括词的形式复? 现在篇章中。
e.g. As a result， the trip had to be cancelled and they returned home _____and unhappy.
A. disappointed B. complete C. released D. bad
These firms have to learn the consumers’ demand first so that they can supply exactly what the consumers want. _______keeps the quality of goods from falling very low.
A. production B. discovery C. competition D. consumption
2) 利用词汇同现做题: 在篇章中, 围绕一定的主题, 一类的词汇往往会同时出现,这些词属于同一个词汇链. 如在描写教室的文章会同时读到下列词汇; classroom, blackboard, desk, chair, teacher, student, floor 等
e.g. I called in a ____ to fix my refrigerator before it was too warm..
A. worker B. friend C. repairman D. housekeeper
3)利用上下文词汇的照应关系做题
e.g. The chief reason is that all the passionate and prejudiced arguments overstate their case and ____their opponents’ case.
A. exaggerate B. notice C. understate D. prefer
4)注意词汇的替代关系: 在上下文中为避免重复, 常常用代词替代已出现过的词汇
e.g. He will not buy a poorly made auto, if there is a better ____ for sale at the same price.
A. choice B. one C. ones D. shop
5) 注意句子中的省略用法: 为突出主要信息,句子中常常用省略来避免重复
e.g. A philosopher said that we had no right to oppose a position unless we could make out a better one for it than the proponent himself _____.
A. do B. did C. would D. could
? 逻辑关系手段
1) 并列关系: and, and also, furthermore, besides, in addition, or, or else, alternatively, nor, and… not, likewise, similarly, in the same way
2) 顺序关系: first, first of all, and then, to begin with, what is more, what is more important, finally,
3) 分指4) 关系: which, that , who, when, where, whereas, while
5) 转折关系: all the same, anyhow, as a matter of fact, at the same time, but, by the way, incidentally, in fact, instead, nevertheless, now, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, though, to change the subject, yet
6) 解释关系: for example, for instance, I mean, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, furthermore, hence, moreover
7) 因果关系: so, because, since, as, in that, now that, accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, as a consequence, in consequence, for that reason, as a result,

第二单元: 例句与选文1

6. Use of English ( Cloze Test ) 答题要领与答题方式例句与例段
? 答题要领: 完型填空是考察考生理解、分析、推断和综合运用语言的能力。 因此做题时首先要对选文内容有一个整体的了解，? 然后根据上下文的语义逻辑关系，? 词性与词义的辨析、词汇的固定搭配以及有关的语法知识判断所缺的信息。最后通读还原后的全文，? 确保行文的整体性与语篇的连贯性。
? 例句与例段 注意词语搭配、词义辨析、同? 形词辨别以及介词与冠词的用法等。
e．g． John looked very much ___1__ when he was caught cheating in the exam __2_____the spot.
1. A. encouraged . B. embarrassed C. disappointed D. excited
2. A. on B. by C. at D. in

When I at last ___1__the town, I felt _2___ tired to go in __3___ of a room at once so I went into the nearest restaurant to where I had parked my car and sat down at a table. A waitress was clearing up the __4__ of a meal which must have __5__ eaten by at ___6__ forty people.
1. A. got B. reached C. arrived D. attained
2. A. very B. very much C. too D. so
3. A. search B. searching C. look D. looking
4. A. remains B. rest C. remainder D. remain
5. A. be B. being C. been D. to be
6. A. at last B. least C. latter D. length

About three years ago, __1__ my mid- forties, I had a sudden and severe mental breakdown. ___2_most exceptional feature was that I am __3__ psychologist and should therefore be able to view the events of my illness __4__ two stand-point.
1. A. in B. of C. during D. at
2. A. A B. The C. One D. Any
3. A. a B. an C. the D. any
4. A. in B. on C. at D. from

7. 答题要领与答题方式选文1-10

选文1.
Man’s sudden concern_____ the environment has introduced a new ____ into international relation. It has heightened___ between rich and poor ______; it has introduced a widened range of ___ for potential conflict.
When we ____ environmental problems in a ____ context, the first thing that ____ us is the variety of perspectives and concerns they ____. Whereas in the industrialized world the _____ is on air and water_____, the energy shortage and chewing _____ of unspoiled land by urban development, the concern_____ an African or an Asian will most _____ center on hunger and malnutrition, health, the drying of the soil, the _____ of water, the lack of education and jobs.
Actually, ____ problems of truly world-wide nature affecting the biosystems ____ a whole are rather limited in ____. They involved mainly the oceans and atmosphere--- the commons which are _____ by all and are the _____ of our life-support system. But they also involve trade, investment and technology.
1. A. with B. for C. to D. at
2. A. dimension B. way C. method D. sphere
3. A. relations B. scope C. tensions D. fashions
4. A. world B. race C. human beings D. nations
5. A. powers B. economy C. issues D. approve
6. A. examine B. look C. insure D. nations
7. A. small B. change C. literature D. global
8. A. makes B impresses C. force D. express
9. A. brought about B. had brought C. been shown D. showed
10. A. impress B. focus C. discussion D. action
11. A. waste B. cleaning C. pollution D. usage
12. A. up B. it C. against D. about
13. A. of B. for C. about D. on
14. A. focus B. likely C. concerns D. probable
15. A. energy B. environmental C. potential D. insufficiency
16. A. water B. air C. environmental D. health
17. A. like B. as C. likely D. thus
18. A. amount B. the way C. number D. certain
19. A. possession B. problem C. judged D. shared
20. A. basis B. arrangement C. plan D. knowledge
keys: 1b,2b,3c,4d,5c,6a,7d,8b,9a,10b,11c,12a,13a,14b,15d,16c,17b,18c,19d,20a

第三单元: 选文2--选文4
选文2.
Some of the problems that __1__people in the U.S. __2__ in the cities during olds are still _3___us---poor planning, problems in __4____ neighborhoods, and public transportation.
___5__ was a very important problem for city governments in the last century, ___6____ regard to water supplies. It was known that water could be polluted, ___7__ they didn’t know __8__. Trying to get pure water was a big problem.
People like to talk about the __9__ old days, but actually, the cities of the 19th century were dirty and __10__ than today. _11___ disease was a great ____12___. There was still yellow fever and malaria. The _13___ death rate was high and there were other dangers as well.
__14__ true that people were not being killed by cars. __15__, they often were killed or seriously ___16__ by runaway horses. It was quite common.
Planning of cities and their __17___ was controlled by ___18___ speculator and real estate __19___ who were only interested in __20___ money.
1. A. bothered B. stimulate C. interest D. frighten
2. A. were living B. being living C. lived D. living
3. A. remembered B. with C. to D. known
4. A. incoming-low B. low-incoming C. low-income D. lowed-income
5. A. Death B. Disease C. Pollution D. Communication
6. A. by particular B. with particular C. particularly D. particularly with
7. A. because B. but C. moreover D. since
8. A. how B. that C. what D. which
9. A. devil B. good C. miserable D. bad
10. A. by the way B. in the way C. on the way D. in many ways
11. A. Communicable B. communicative C. Communication D. Community
12. A. important B. importance C. concern D. interesting
13. A. infants B. infant C. children D. unknown
14. A. This is B. That is C. There is D. It is
15. A. However B. Thus C. So D. Moreover
16. A. is injured B. injured C. be injured D. injuring
17. A. neighborhoods B. neighbor C. urban areas D. neighboring
18. A. city B. money C. health D. land
19. A. developing B. developers C. developed D. development
20. A. making for B. make C. making D. earning for
Keys: 1a,2d,3b,4c,5c,6d,7b,8a,9b,10d,11a,12c,13b,14d,15a,16b,17c,18d,19b,20c

选文3.
Arabs consider it extremely __1___ ,manners to start talking business immediately. Even the ___2__ government official or managers always __3__extra time to be __4____ and offer drinks. No matter how busy you are, you should make time ___5_____ this friendliness.
The conference visit is a ___6___ of doing business throughout the __7__ world. Often you will have to discuss your __8___ in the presence of strangers. ___9__ may or may not have anything to do with your business. Do not be __10____ if your meeting is __11____several times by people who come into the room ___12____, whisper, or speak softly to the person __13___ whom you are talking and leave.
1. A. bad B. efficient C. quick D. accepted
2. A. laziest B. top C. no D. busiest
3. A. be B. looks after C. takes D. pardons
4. A. polite B. formal C. hostile D. great
5. A. show B. to C. for D. against
6. A. popular B. way C. necessary D. important
7. A. whole B. the rest of C. actual D. Arab
8. A. family B. business C. profession D. complaint
9. A. whom B. which C. who D. what
10. A. glad B. surprised C. profession D. astonishment
11. A. organization B. stop C. interrupted D. of
12. A. officially B. laughing C. unannounced D. stealthily
13. A. by B. with C. inviting D. against
keys: 1a,2d,3c,4a,5c,6b,7d,8b,9c,10b,11c,12c,13b,

选文4.
More _1__ three quarters of the children we talked wit said they’re sometimes afraid ___2_ alone. If you decide your child is old enough to be home alone before or __3__ school. You should make sure your house is safe and teach your child how to handle various situations.
Make a game of your instruction. Have your child __4__ questions beginning with “ what would you do if “ and __5__ with phrase like “ you lost your key” or “ someone you don’t know _6___ to the door.”
The best home security is prevention. Every home _7___ detectors, but consider alls setting up a burglar-alarm system. Leaving a radio__8__ during the day makes a home sound ___9__. Besides, as one child said,” It is spooky __10___ into a quiet house. “ Don’t leave and extra key in obvious hiding place, such __11__ under the doormat. __12__ it with a neighbor instead.
1. A. of B. of the C. than D. and more
2. A. to be home B. being home C. of being at the house D. being at home
3. A. a head of B. by C. near D. after
4. A. to answer B. answering C. answered D. answer
5. A. starting B. to start C. ending D. to end
6. A. comes B. why to come C. how to come D. had come
7. A. should have smoke B. should have smoked
C. should be smoking D. might have smoked
8. A. off B. about C. with you D. on
9. A. quiet B. healthy C. occupied D. occupying
10. A. of walking B. having walked C. walking D. to have been walking
11. A. like B. as C. of D. and such
12. A . Take B. Leave C. Bring D. Ask for
Keys: 1c,2c,3d,4d,5c,6a,7a,8d,9c,10c,11b,12b,

第四单元: 选文5--选文6

选文5.
The fire broke out in a bakery in the early hours of Sunday, 2 September 1666. The baker was a man __1__ Thomas Farrinor. No one knows exactly __2__ it happened, but he probably left a __3__ of sticks too near the oven. They __4__ fire and then set the kitchen alight. The wooden houses nearby were very __5__ because of a long, hot summer and were joined together by _6___ streets. A strong east wind caused the flames to ___7__ quickly from the bakery to other houses. At first, no one took any __8__ of the fire. By the morning, over three hundred houses were burning. Pepsys at last __9__ the seriousness of the situation and went to warn the King, Charles II, who sent him to the lord Mayor__10___ instructions to pull down the houses. But _11___ people listened to him.
On Tuesday, 4 September, the King put his brother, the Duke of York, in _12___ of operations. He organized demolition immediately. The King himself helped to __13___the fire and distributed gold coins to ___14__ the workmen. Finally, on Thursday, the fire was brought __15__ control. To the Northwest, soldiers stopped it at Pie Cornet. Surprisingly, only eight people had died, __16__ over 13000 houses had been __17___. Almost a quarter of a million people were ___18__ and many went the country. __19___ of the medieval city had _20___ for ever.
1. A. calls B. calling C. called D. call
2. A. when B. where C. what D. that
3. A. group B. pile C. band D. crowd
4. A. caught B. set C. opened D. laid
5. A. dry B. light C. dirty D. dusty
6. A. rough B. smooth C. narrow D. wide.
7. A. grow B. transfer C. prevail D. spread
8. A. attention B. notice C. look D. sight
9. A. prove B. realized C. understood D. admitted
10. A. on B. about C. along D. with
11. A. some B. many C. few D. more
12. A. charge B. front C. case D. honor
13. A. fight B. put C. exchange D. draw
14. A. compel B. strengthen C. entertain D. encourage
15. A. under B. in C. over D. within
16. A. since B. when C. but D. and
17. A. spoilt B. pushed C. destroyed D. pulled
18. A. homeless B. hungry C. disappointed D. unemployed
19. A. five-sixth B. five-sixths C. fifths-six D. fifth-sixs
20 A. discovered B. solved C. disputed D. disappeared
Keys: 1c,2a,3b,4a,5a,6c,7d,8b,9b,10d,11c,12a,13a,14d,15a,16c,17c,18a,19b,20d,

选文6.
In 1959, the __1__ American family paid $989 __2___ a year’s supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1311. That was a price __3__ of nearly one-third.
Every family has ___4___ this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of __5__ a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement __6__ reasons for the rise are being discussed. who is really ___7___?
Many blame the farmers who __8__ the vegetables, fruit, meat, egg and cheese __9__ stores offer for___10__. According to the U.S. Department of ___11__, the farmer’s share of the $1311 spent by the family in 1972 was $521. This was thirty-one percent ___12___ than the farmer had received in 1959.
But farmers claim that this increase was very small __13__ to the increase in their cost of _14____. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp __15___ in food prices. They particularly blame those who __16__ the farm products after the products leave the farm. These __17__ truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food conta