1、【同步教育信息】一. 本周教学内容: Unit 3 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes Hello, everyone! How are you! Before we talk about the new unit, I want to ask you some questions “Can you go out with your friends every night? ”“Can you have part-time jobs? ”Today well learn another way of saying th
2、at. Its be allowed. 同学们大家好!在我们学新课之前,我想问你们几个问题“你每天晚上能和你的朋友出去吗?”“你能打工吗?” 今天我们就要学习表达这个意思的新的表达方式“be allowed” 教学目标(Language Goal. ) 1. 能够谈论允许和不允许做的事情 2. 能够谈论应该被允许和不被允许做的事情 3. 能够针对被允许和不被允许做的事情发表自己的观点(同意或者不同意) 4. 能够表达同意或者不同意的理由目标语言(Target Language) 1. I think sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to drive. 我
3、认为应该允许16岁的孩子开车。 2. I disagree. I think sixteen is too young. 我不同意,我认为16岁这个年纪太年轻了。 3. Do you think thirteen-year-olds should be allowed to have part-time jobs? 你认为应该允许13岁的孩子们做兼职工作吗? 4. No, I dont. 不,我认为不应该。 5. Anna is allowed to wear her own clothes 安娜可以选择自己的衣服。 6. They are not serious enough at that
4、 age. 那个年龄的他们不够稳重。 7. What rules do you have at home? 你家有什么规定吗? Well, Im not allowed to go out on school nights. 噢,我在周一至周五不能外出。词汇和短语(Vocabulary and expressions) allow允许drive驾车pierce 刺穿 license执照driver司机silly愚蠢的,傻的 earring耳环concentrate集中volunteer自愿,志愿者 cocal地方的perform表演primary初级的 go out with their fr
5、iends和朋友一块出去 part-time jobs兼职工作drivers license驾驶执照 get their ears pierced 穿耳孔 choose ones own clothes选自己的衣服 sixteen-year-olds十六岁的孩子 seem to 好像at that age在那个年龄 so do we 我们也一样get to class late上课迟到 fail a test考试不及格be strict with 对要求严格 the other day前几天get to doing sth 着手做某事 look smart看起来整洁concentrate on
6、 关注 be a good way to do 是的好方法 Its a good idea for sb to do 是的好主意 get noisy变得嘈杂 at present目前 have an opportunity to do sth. 有做的机会 be a good experience for sb. 对来说是很有意义的经历 take time to do things 花费时间做事情 old peoples home 敬老院 be sleepy 困after a long week of classes 上完一周课之后 have Friday afternoons off 周五放
7、假 语法内容:一. 被动语态 1. “语态”表示主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语中有“两态”的说法 即主动语态和被动语态。本单元中反复出现的should be allowed 就是一个含有情态动词(should)的被动语态。 先看几个基本概念 主语是动作的发出者为主动语态 主语是动作的接受者为被动语态 只有及物动词才有被动语态 2. 被动语态的构成 (1)请大家看图 The office is cleaned every day. The office was cleaned yesterday. Compare active and passive: 动作的接受者the office成了句子的
8、主语,就应该用被动语态,从上面的例句我们可以总结: 一般现在时的被动语态为:主am / is / are (not)过去分词 一般过去时的被动语态为:主was / were过去分词 如:Butter is made from milk. This house was built 100 years ago. 以前我们学过的was / were born生于,就是一个被动语态 born是个过去分词(bear) When were you born? I was born in 1989. 如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者,句子后面需接by,译为“被(由)” 如:We were woken up
9、by a loud noise. 我们被嘈杂的声音吵醒。 (2)请看图: 从上面例子,我们可以看出现在进行时被动语态的构成为 主语is / am / are being 过去分词 再如:My car is being repaired now Some new houses are being built near the park. 公园附近在建一些房子。 (3)请看图BEFORE NOW 从上面例子,我们可以看出现在完成时被动语态的构成为: 主语have / has been过去分词 如: My key has been stolen. My keys have been stolen.
10、I am not going to the party, I havent been invited. 含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词be过去分词 A note had better be left to him. Teenagers should be allowed to wear their own clothes. 这里我们列举了几个主要时态,那么其它时态呢? 一般将来时主语willbe过去分词 过去将来时主语would / should + be 过去分词 过去进行时主语was / were being 过去分词 过去完成时主语hadbeen过去分词 被动语态的时态是由be的时态决
11、定的,be是什么时态,全句就是什么时态,be动词后面的过去分词不变。 归纳: 肯定句:主语be过去分词(by) 否定句:主语be not过去分词(by ) 一般疑问句:Be 主语过去分词(by )? 特殊疑问句:疑问词be主语过去分词(by )? 3. 被动语态的用法 (1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁,不用by+动作执行者短语。 Such books are written for children. 这些书是为儿童写的。 I havent been told about it. 没有人告诉我这件事。 (2)强调动作的承受者,这时应用by短语 The cup was broken b
12、y David. (3)作客观说明时,常采用一种被动语态句型 Its / was said / believed / reported / + that Its reported that about three hundred people were killed in this earthquake. 据报道,这次地震中大约有三百人死亡。 4. 主动语态变为被动语态 把主动语态的句子变为被动语态的方法是: (1)把原句中的宾语变为主语 (2)动词改为被动形式,即be过去分词 (3)原来的主语,如果需要的话,放在by后面,如果没必要,可省略 主动语态变成被动语态应注意事项: 从主动语态到被动
13、语态的过程中主语、谓语动词、宾语都发生变化。 注意主格与宾格的变化形式 注意主语的人称及数的变化对be动词带来的影响。 注意be动词的时态形式取决于原主动语态的动词时态形式。 5. 被动语态的几种类型: (1)有两个宾语的句子的被动语态(直接宾语,间接宾语) (一般是变间接宾语为主语) 常见的接双宾语的动词有 give, show, lend, send, bring(接to) buy, make, draw(接for) 通常这种句子可以改为以“人”当主语,和以“物”当作主语的两种被动语态 如: He gave me a book. 当直接宾语变为被动结构主语时,间接宾语前应加to / for
14、 I was given a book by him. (以I做主语) A book was given to me by Tom. (以物book作主语) He teaches us English. We are taught English by him. (以人当主语) English is taught us by him. (以物作主语) (2)含有宾语补足语的句子的被动语态 keep, make二类的动词常常有宾语补足语,在被动语态中,宾语补足语位置不变 We keep food fresh in the fridge 主 谓 宾 宾补 Food is kept fresh in
15、 the fridge. I saw him go into the office building. He was seen to go into the office building. 英语中有“十大动词”的说法,即feel, hear, listen, have, make let, look, watch, see, notice, 这些词在主动句中,其后的动词不定式不加to,但变被动句可必须加to. 3. 含有短语的主动语态变被动语态。 不及物动词没有宾语,因此没有被动语态。但有的不及物动词后面加上介词及其他一些词类构成短语动词之后,其作用相当于及物动词,可以接宾语,因而也可以变为
16、被动语态。在变成被动语态时,不能去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。 They take good care of my child. My child is taken good care of. 他们把我的孩子照顾得很好。 I turned off the radio. The radio was turned off (by me) 附:动词短语的被动语态 take care of be taken care of cut downbe cut down laugh at be laughed at look afterbe looked after 下列这些短语本身即是被动语态的形式,不需再
17、加-by be covered with 用覆盖着 be interested in 对感兴趣 be surprised at 对感到惊奇 be made of (from)用制造的 4. 由情态动词形成的被动语态 含有情态动词的句子在变为被动语态时,在情态动词后面加上be动词即可,其句型如下: 肯定句:主语情态动词(can, may, must)+be+过去分词 否定句:主语情态动词notbe过去分词 疑问句:情态动词(Can, May, Must)主语be过去分词 如:We should allow teenagers to surf the Internet. Teenagers sho
18、uld be allowed to surf the Internet. Can you use it? 你会使用它吗? Can it be used? 6. 不能用于被动语态的几种情况 (1)当主动结构中的宾语是反身代词和相互代词时,不能改为被动语态 He saw himself in the mirror. 他在镜中看见了自己的模样 We often help each other. 我们常常互相帮助。 (2)当谓语是表状态的及物动词时(如have, like, take place, belong to ) 如: I like these flowers. 我喜欢这些花。 I will
19、have a meeting. 不说A meeting will be had. 应说A meeting will be held. 二. 重点、难点: 1. Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes. 中学生应该被允许选择他们自己的衣服。 (1)allow与permit两个词的意思与用法相近。permit比allow更正式,allow在非正式的英语中较为常见。 这两个词后面都可以跟宾语动词不定式。例如: We do not allow / permit people to smoke in the hall. 我们不允许人
20、们在大厅里吸烟。 如果没有人称宾语,就用动名词。例如: We do not allow / permit smoking in the hall. 我们不允许在大厅里吸烟。 在被动句里,可以用人作主语,也可以用动名词作主语。例如: People are not allowed / permitted to smoke in the hall. 在大厅里不允许人们吸烟。 Smoking is not allowed / permitted in the hall. 大厅里不允许吸烟。 allow在本句子中是用在含有情态动词should的被动句子。 (2)own作形容词,意思是“自己的,其本身的,
21、特有的”。own的用法如下: own只能在所有格词语的后面使用。例如: They go to work in their own cars. 他们开自己的车去上班。 He did it in his own way. 他以自己的方法做这件事。 Hes his own boss. 他自己能做主张。 own可以在后面没有名词的情况下使用。例如: This bicycle is my own. 这辆自行车是我自己的。 May I have it for my very own? 这件东西只给我一个人好吗? of ones own置于名词之后,意思是“自己的,特有的”。例如: I want a com
22、puter of my own. 我想要一台自己的电脑。 Weve got a house of our own now. 现在我们有自己的房子了。 own构成的习惯用语有: come in ones own 本来的价值被承认 hold ones own (在竞争中)坚守自己的立场,不屈服 of ones own doing 自己做的 on ones own 独自,靠自己 (3)should在本句中是情态动词,意思是“应该,应当,最好,理应”,是比must和ought to 更为委婉的说法。例如: You should apologize to the old man. 你应该向那位老人道歉。
23、 You should not eat too greedily. 你不应该如此贪吃。 My teacher said I should study harder. 老师说我应该学习更努力。 You should join the English club. 你应加入英语俱乐部。 2. I dont think twelveyearolds should be allowed to get their ears pierced. 我认为十二岁的孩子不应该允许穿耳眼。 (1)当主句中的谓语动词是think, suppose, believe, imagine, expect, calculate
24、, be supposed to, appear等时,其否定句一般是否定的从句。例如: I dont think its a good idea. 我认为那不会是一个好主意。 I didnt think he was clever. 我认为他不聪明。 I dont suppose thats true. 我认为那不是真的。 I dont suppose Ill trouble you again. 我估计不会再打扰你了。 I dont believe he will succeed. 我相信他不会成功。 (2)twelveyearolds指的是twelve-year-old boys / gi
25、rls. (3)get their ears pierced 是“get名词过去分词”结构,一般来说此结构有三种含义: 让某人做某事。例如: I cant get the work done by anybody. 我找不到人来干这项工作。 When are you going to get your hair cut? 你打算什么时候去剪头发? 自己完成某事(或自己参与完成某事)。例如: The farmer got his planting done before the rain came. 这位农民在雨季来临之前干完了他的种植工作。 I cant get the car started
26、. 我无法把汽车开动起来。 Did you get the picture finished all right? 你顺利地完成了那幅画吗? 遭遇某事。例如: He got his wrist broken. 他折断了手腕。 He got his nose broken playing football. 他踢足球时把鼻子碰坏了。 3. They are not serious enough. 他们不足够认真 enough作形容词时修饰名词,作副词时修饰动词、形容词及副词,其用法如下: (1)enough修饰名词作定语时,既可修饰可数名词复数,也可以修饰不可数名词,而且大都放在所修饰的名词的前
27、面,但不可以放在单数可数名词前来修饰单数可数名词。例如: Theres just enough time to catch the train. 赶这班火车,时间正够。 We have enough seats for every one. 我们有足够的座位供大家坐。 同时enough 也可以放在名词的后面,尤其是在不可数名词之后。例如: There was pizza enough for everybody to have a piece. 比萨饼足够每人一块。 We have food enough for fifteen people. 我们的食物够十五个人吃的。 (2)当enough
28、用来修饰动词、形容词和副词时,必须位于此类词的后面。例如: She is brave enough a student to attempt the course. 她是一个有足够勇气选这门课程的学生。 The water in the sea is warm enough to swim. 海里的水足够暖和能游泳。 The boy is clever enough to solve the problem. 这个孩子足够聪明,他能解出这道题。 4. He should stop wearing that silly earring. 他应该停止戴那个无聊的耳环。 (1)stop作动词时,意思
29、是“停止,中断(行为、活动)”。 (2)stop后可以跟动词不定式,也可以跟动名词,但其意义不同,要注意区分。 stop doing sth 指停止正在做的事。例如: Why did she stop working? 为什么她停止工作? The baby stopped crying when she saw her mother. 那个女婴当看到她妈妈时,她停止了哭泣。 His father stopped smoking. 他父亲戒烟了。 stop to do sth. 指的是“停下”其它的事情,去做“不定式”的动作。例如: He stopped to have a look at th
30、e map. 他停下来看了看地图。 We are so tired, lets stop to have a rest. 我们太累了,让我们停下来休息一会儿吧。 (3)stop sb. from doing sth. 意为“阻止某人做某事”。例如: The workers had to work for hours to stop the ship from going down. 工人们不得不工作数小时阻止船下沉。 The accident stopped me from getting there on time. 交通事故使我无法准时到那儿。 I stopped her from tel
31、ling it to her friends. 我阻止她把那件事告诉她的朋友们。 (4)cant stop doing sth. 意为“忍不住,无法不”。例如: I couldnt stop laughing when I heard it. 听到那件事,我忍不住大笑。 5. He doesnt seem to have many friends. 他看起来似乎没有太多的朋友。 在此句中,not放在seem之前,在非正式的文体中更常见,而在正式的文体中,通常把not放在下一个动词前。例如: She doesnt seem to be at home. (非正式)看来她不在家。 She seem
32、s not to be at home. (更正式)她好像不在家。 I cant seem to find my glasses anywhere. (非正式) 看来我的眼镜哪儿也找不到了。 I seem to be unable to find my glasses anywhere. (更正式) 看来我哪儿也不可能找到我的眼镜了。 6. Young people need to sleep. 年轻人需要睡(足够的)觉。 (1)need既可用作情态动词,也可以用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,它就象can, may, must一样,没有词尾变化,后面跟不带to的动词不定式,即动词原形,构成否定句
33、和疑问句时,不借助于助动词do,而采用need not (neednt)的形式。注意:need作情态动词时,它只用于否定句和疑问句中,一般不用于肯定句中。例如: Need I do it again? 我是不是需要把它再做一遍? A bus is coming. So I neednt take a taxi. 公共汽车来了,因此我不必乘出租车了。 We have plenty of time. So I neednt drive quickly. 我们有足够的时间,所以我不必开车开得太快。 I think you need not be impolite to her. 我认为你不必对她不礼
34、貌。 (2)need用作实义动词时,后面要跟带to的动词不定式,构成否定句和疑问句时,要借助于助动词do。这种用法既可以用于肯定句,也可以用于否定句和疑问句。例如: You need to tidy your room today. 今天你需要整理房间。 He needs to go to the station. 他需要去车站。 Does he need to look after his little brother at home? 他需要在家里照看他的小弟弟吗? People dont always need what they have. 人们并不总是需要他们所需要的东西。 7. I
35、 think students should be allowed to do homework with friends. I disagree. They talk instead of doing homework. 我认为学生们应该被允许和朋友们在一起做作业。 我不同意。他们不做作业而是在一起闲谈。 (1)disagree是动词,意为“与不一致,不符合或(气候、食物等)(对人)不适合”。是agree的反义词,其后常跟with sb. (sth. )。例如: My total disagree with hers. 我的总数跟她的不一致。 She disagreed with me on
36、 that point. 她对于那一点和我的意见相反。 The climate here disagrees with me. 这儿的气候对我不适合。 (2)instead of 是介词短语,其后跟名词、代词、动名词或介词短语作其宾语,而instead of 后接动词不定式已被认为是标准用法。例如: He went there to gain money instead of to spend money. 他去那儿是为了赚钱而不是花钱的。 He likes playing football instead of basketball. 他喜欢踢足球而不喜欢打篮球。 My father wat
37、ched TV last night instead of seeing a movie. 我爸爸昨晚看电视了,而没有看电影。 8. Sixteen-year-olds should not be allowed to drive. I agree. They arent serious enough at that age. 十六岁的孩子不应该允许开车。 我同意。他们在那个年龄还不够认真。 (1)agree是disagree的反义词,意思是“同意、赞成”。“同意某人”用“agree with sb. ”,如果表示“同意某事”,要用“agree to / on sth. ”。agree后还可以
38、跟动词不定式及从句。 例如:I agree with you. 我同意你。 Do you agree with him about that matter? 关于那件事你同意他的看法吗? We all agreed to start at once. = We all agreed that we should start at once. 我们全都同意我们应该立刻出发。 We agreed on a play. 我们商量后决定某一计划。 I agree to his proposal. 我同意他的提议。 They didnt agree how to do it. 关于如何做,他们的意见不一
39、致。 (2)at that age 相当于at the age of sixteen, 意为“在他们十六岁时”。例如: He cant understand such a thing at that age. 在他那么大时,他不明白那样的事。 9. We have a lot of rules at my house. So do we. 我们家有许多规矩。 我们也是。 (1)so do we 的句型结构为so + 助动词do 主语,是倒装句,重音在主语上,意为“我们也是”。so 后也可以是情态动词或连系动词,主要根据前一句的情况来决定。例如: You finished your homewo
40、rk, and so did I. 你做完了家庭作业,我也是。 I am a student. so is my brother. 我是一个学生,我哥哥也是。 John can drive a car, and so can Mary. 约翰会开车,玛丽也会。 (2)如果前后两个句子说明同一个人或事物,表示强调前一句的情况,则so后的句子不用倒装,表明情况就是如此。例如: You asked me to leave, and so I did. 你要求我离开,我这样做了。 Your pen may be in your bag. Oh, so it is. 你的钢笔可能在你包里。噢,是这样。
41、His brother studies very hard, so he does. 他弟弟学习很努力,他就是这样。 (3)“so +助动词/情态动词/连系动词+主语”这一结构是说明肯定的情况,如果表示否定,则so应改为neither或nor。例如: Im not watching TV. Neither (Nor)is my cousin. 我没有看电视。我表哥也没看。 He didnt finish reading that book. Neither (Nor)did I. 他没读完那本书。我也没读完。 “I dont like Beijing Opera. ”“Neither (Nor)do I. ”“我不喜欢京剧。”“我也不喜欢。” 10. I think students need strict rules. 我认为学生们需要严格的规章制度。 strict是形容词,意为“严厉的,严格的”。“对某人严格要求”要用“be strict with sb. ”,而“对某事(工作等)严格要求”则用“be strict in sth. ”。例如: My English teacher is very strict with us, and she is also very strict in her work. 我的英语老师对我们要求严格,她对待她的工作也要求严格。