宝玉石专业外语.doc

课程名称：宝玉石专业外语
English in gemmology [dʒe'mɔlədʒi]
主讲课教师：赵  娟

第一章  绪  论

一、课程性质、目的与任务
    宝石专业英语课是宝石方向的专业基础课 程之一 。课程将系统介绍宝石的形成分布；物理光学性质；宝石词汇；各种主要宝石及宝石鉴定的仪器等基本知识。本课程采取全英文教学 ， 并配合以计算机多媒体教学 。 目的是进一步提高学生的英语应用水平。

二、课程基本要求
    要求学生了解、掌握宝石的基本概念和基本物理、光学性质；掌握宝石词汇；掌握各类主要宝石；要求能够用英语掌握基本专业知识，能够熟练阅读、翻译英文资料，达到熟练听、说、读、写、译的水平。

三、课程教学主要内容
第一章  绪论              (Introduction)

第二章  宝石的形成及分布 （Formation and Distribution）

第三章  宝石的性质        (Properties) ['prɔpəti]
1.  宝石的物理性质 （Physical Properties）
(1)   Hardness
(2)   Specific Gravity比重
(3)   Cleavage ['kli:vidʒ] and Fracture['fræktʃə]解理与断裂
2.      宝石的光学性质  (Optical Properties)
(1)   Color
(2)   Refractive [ri'fræktiv] Index (RI)折射率
(3)   Luster ['lʌstə]光泽
(4)   Interference [,intə'fiərəns]干扰
(5)   Cat’s eyes and Stars
3.  宝石的结晶学基础 (Crystallography) [,kristə'lɔɡrəfi]结晶学

第四章  宝石词汇 （Vocabulary）

第五章  宝石各论  (Major Gemstones)
1.     钻石
(1)  钻石的形成                  (Formation)
(2)  钻石的产地                  (Occurrence) [ə'kə:rəns, -'kʌ-]
(3)  钻石的切割                  (Cutting)
(4)  钻石的重量及质量            (Weight and Quality)
(5)  钻石的历史                  (History)
(6)  世界名钻                    (Famous Diamonds)
(7)  决定钻石质量的四个因素      (4 C)
(8)  戴比尔斯钻石推广中心介绍    (De Beers)

2.     翡翠                (Jadeite) ['dʒeidait]
3.     红宝及蓝宝          (Ruby ['ru:bi] and Sapphire ['sæfaiə])
4.     祖母绿及海蓝宝石    (Emerald ['emərəld] and Aquamarine [,ækwəmə'ri:n])
5.     珍珠                (Pearl) [pə:l]
6.     琥珀                (Amber) ['æmbə]

第六章  宝石鉴定及仪器   (Identification and Apparatus [,æpə'reitəs])
1.     宝石鉴定要点  (Observation [,ɔbzə:'veiʃən] Points)
2.     宝石鉴定仪器  (Apparatus)

第七章  宝石加工及优化   (Fashioning and Enhancement [in'hɑ:ns, -hæns])
1.     宝石切割      (Faceting) ['fæsit]
2.     宝石加工      (Fashioning)
3.     宝石仿制及优化 (Imitation [,imi'teiʃən] and Enhancement)
4.     合成宝石       (Synthetic Gemstones)

第八章  钻戒的选择及保养  (Choosing and Protecting)

四、学时分配

章 次
内   容
学  时
一
绪论                (Introduction)
2
二
宝石的形成及分布    (Formation and Distribution)
4
三
宝石的性质          (Properties)
4
四
宝石词汇            (Vocabulary)
6
五
宝石各论            (Major Gemstones)
20
六
宝石鉴定及仪器      (Identification and Apparatus)
6
七
宝石加工及优化     (Fashioning and Enhancement)
6
八
钻戒的选择及保养    (Choosing and Protecting)
4
英语听力练习
8
英语口语练习
8
考试
4
总计
72

五、教材及主要参考书
教材：《English in Gemmology》， 赵娟、周祖翼、廖宗廷编著。
参考书：《Gemstones》,  Cally Hall , 1994。

Part 1   Introduction

1.   gemology [dʒe'mɔlədʒi] is the representation [,reprizen'teiʃən] of wealth and power. mysterious [mi'stiəriəs] appeal [ə'pi:l]吸引力, color, light rarity ['rεərəti] 珍贵hardness ,durability [,djuərə'biləti] 耐久性,beauty ,strength ,resilience [ri'ziliəns, -jəns]弹力.
2.   The study and identification of gemstones is a fascinating exciting topic.
3.   Needed equipment.
4.   Synthetic and man-made gemstones.
5.   Gemstones’ value generally depends on four elements: beauty ,rarity ,durability and cutting.

Formation and distribution of gemstones
1.  how gemstones and formed
(1)  the mineral ['minərəl] 矿物的origin ;
(2)  three types rocks: igneous ['iɡniəs]火成的 ,sedimentary [,sedi'mentəri]沉淀的, and metamorphic. [,metə'mɔ:fik]变质的
2.  where gemstones are found
(1)     the geological conditions.

3.  beauty ,durability and rarity
(1)     beauty:
1)  a definite ['definit] 确切的chemical composition [,kɔmpə'ziʃən] of gemstone.;
2)  color, light fire and cutting ;
(2)     durability
1)  hardness scale of freidrich mohs; mohs friedrich
2)  the use of gemstones;
3)  the toughness韧性 of gemstones: atomic [ə'tɔmik] structure ,cleavage plane平面 and fracture.
(3)     rarity
1)        carat ['kærət] weight.

4.  physical properties
(1)     hardness,
1)  definition; [,difi'niʃən] 清晰度
2)  the hardness scale of mohs;
(2)     specific [spi'sifik] 特殊的gravity density ['densəti]密度,
1)        definition;
2)        the measurement;
3)        some examples
(3)      cleavage and fracture
1)        internal [in'tə:nəl] 内部的atomic structure of stone;
2)        the division of cleavage.
3)        definition of fracture. ['fræktʃə]断裂

5.  optical properties
all optical properties are dependent upon light.

(1) what makes color
1)  the color of a gem depends largely on the way it absorbs light.
2)  According to the color ,gems ‘s division .
(2) refractive index
1)        definition;
2)        the measurement of RI, and DR.
(3) luster
1)        the determination of luster;
2)        the definition of splendent; ['splendənt]光亮的
3)        the division of luster.
(4) interference [,intə'fiərəns]干扰
1)        definition;定义
2)        the use of interference.
(5) cat’s eyes and stars
1)        definition
2)        the occurrence [ə'kə:rəns, -'kʌ-] 出现of cat’s eyes and stars.

6.  crystallography
crystal ['kristəl]结晶 ,homogeneous [,hɔmə'dʒi:niəs, ,həu-] 同种的portion ['pɔ:ʃən, 'pəu-] 部分of matter that has a definite, orderly atomic structure and an outward form bounded by 周围是、以。。为边界smooth ,plane surfaces, symme-trically arranged.

(1)     conditions for formation
1)        the formation conditions of cryptocrystalline [,kriptəu'kristəlain]隐晶体的, rhyoliteand seed crystal.
(2)     crystallography
1)        definition;
2)        some examples.
3)        The symmetry ['simitri] 对称of the crystal;
4)        The isometric; [,aisəu'metrik]等轴的
5)        Tetragonal; [te'træɡənəl]四角形的
6)        Orthorhombic; [,ɔ:θə'rɔmbik] 正交晶的；斜方晶系的
7)        Monoclinic; [,mɔnəu'klinik] 单斜的；[晶体] 单斜晶体的
8)        Triclinic; [trai'klinik] adj. 三斜晶系的，三斜的
9)        Hexagonal. [hek'sæɡənəl] adj. 六边的，六角形的
10)    A few elements and compounds ['kɔmpaund, kəm'paund]化合物 can crystallize in two different systems.

7.  Vocabulary of gemstones.

8.  diamond
(1)     the chemical and physical properties of diamond;
(2)     formation :tremendous [tri'mendəs]极大的 great  and tremendous pressure.
(3)     occurrence:
1)        the history;
2)        diamond deposits; [di'pɔzit]沉淀物
(4)     diamond cutting
1)        the primary object of diamond cutting;
2)        seven popular diamond cut;
(5)     weight and quality
1)        the unit: carat,point;
2)        four criteria; [krai'tiəriə]条件，标准
(6)     history
1)  the origin of the name.
2)  The source of the stones.
(7)     famous diamonds
(8)     4c—four characteristics [,kærəktə'ristiks] 特色that determine the quality of a diamond;
1)        cut
2)        color;
3)        clarity;
4)        carat—weight.
(9)     the identification of diamond and its imitation
1)        see-through effect;
2)        price test;
3)        pocket 袖珍的diamond tester.
(10) de eers—the international diamond company that keeps your next sale in mind.

9.  jadeite ['dʒeidait]翡翠
1)        the most frequent ['fri:kwənt, fri'kwent]频繁的 treatments;
2)        a series of tests to the treatments;
(1)     commercial classification of jadeite
1)the varieties according to its color ,base color, transparency [træns'pærənsi, -'pεə-, trænz-, trɑ:n-] 透明度and texture.
10.    ruby and sapphire ['sæfaiə]蓝宝石
(1)     ruby
1)        the definition;
2)        the chemical and physical properties;
3)        occurrrence;
(2)     sapphire
1)        definition;
2)        occurrence;
3)        the chemical and physical properties.

11.    emerald and aquamarine(beryl)
(1)     emerald ['emərəld]祖母绿
1)        the chemical compositon;
2)        occurrence;
(2)     aquamarine [,ækwəmə'ri:n]海蓝宝石
1)        the chemical compositons;
2)        occurrence.
3)        Remark.评论

12.    pearl
(1)     unique position;
(2)     the structure of pearls;
(3)     seasonal ['si:zənəl] adj. 季节的；周期性的；依照季节的cessations[se'seiʃən]中断 from growth;
(4)     the cultured pearls;
(5)     the formation of pearls.

13.    amber
(1)     the compositon ,the formation;
(2)     the chemical and physical properties;
(3)     sectility; [sek'tiliti]可切性
(4)     electrical properties;
(5)     inclusions; [in'klu:ʒən]内含物
(6)     fluorescence; [fluə'resns]荧光性
(7)     occurrence;
(8)     vareties;
(9)     clarification;
(10) pressed amber;
(11) dyeing; ['daiiŋ] 染色
(12) imitations
1)        copal ['kəupəl] 柯巴脂resin; ['rezin]树脂
2)        glass;
3)        plastics.

14.    observation [,ɔbzə:'veiʃən] 观察points
(1)     outside surface features;
(2)     damage features;
(3)     surface treatment and others features;
(4)     symmetry of cut;
(5)     internal features.

15.    apparatus used in gem identification
(1)     the main apparatus;
(2)     the spectroscope; ['spektrəskəup] 分光镜
(3)     points to remember;

16.    faceting ['fæsit]面
(1)     definition;
(2)     how a stone is faceted;
1)  the procure [prəu'kjuə] 获得of gemstones being faceted;
2)  the cutting styles;

17.    the fashioning of gemstones
(1)     rough;
(2)     the weight loss accompaning the cutting .
(3)     the styles of gem cutting;
(4)     cabochon ['kæbəʃɔn] 依天然形状磨圆的宝石cut;

18.    imitation gemstones and enhancement
(1)     definition;
(2)     the designation [,deziɡ'neiʃən] 名称of synthetic;
(3)     the records of imitation gemstones;
(4)     the synthesis of gemstones;
1)        glass;
2)        plastics;
3)        composite ['kɔmpəzit]复合材料 gemstones;

19.    synthetic gemstones
(1)     definition;
(2)     the requirements to a man-made gemstone;
(3)     making a synthetic;
(4)     two main groups to produce synthetic gemsones;

20.    choosing and appropriate [ə'prəuprieit, ə'prəupriət] 适当的setting style
(1)     prong [prɔɡ, prɔ:ŋ] 刺；贯穿；or claw setting;爪式镶嵌
(2)     bezel ['bezəl] 宝石的斜面setting;
(3)     channel setting;
(4)     bead [bi:d] 珠子or pave [peiv] 铺设setting;
(5)     flush [flʌʃ] or gypsy ['dʒipsi] 吉卜赛人的setting;

21.    how to care for and protect your diamond ring
(1)     cleaning your diamond ring
1)        diamond is natrual grease [ɡri:s]油脂 attrators [ə'træktə]吸引
2)        soak and wash in warm sudsy ['sʌdzi] adj. 肥皂般的；起泡沫的 water;
3)        use a tooth pick the dirt;
4)        the professional cleaning;
(2)     storing your diamond ring;
(3)     preventing your diamond from being swieched;
1)        stone switching; [switʃt]转换的
2)        know your diamond;
3)        keep the diamond clean;
4)        have descriptive [di'skriptiv] 描述的characteristics of your diamond;
5)        have a diagram ['daiəɡræm] 图表or photograph;

22.    exercises
(1) 
环宇珠宝首饰有限公司
环宇珠宝首饰有限公司以珠宝首饰的生产、加工、销售为龙头，拥有代表目前国内外高技术水平的宝石、翡翠、黄金检测设备和一批造诣资深的宝石专家及高级管理人才。
环宇首饰品追逐国际首饰最新潮流，款式精美华丽，高贵典雅。即淋漓尽致地闪烁了天然之灵光，又极富艺术地超越了人工之创意。天然与雕饰，皆极尽清水出芙蓉之风采。金昌珠宝饰品在新加坡、台湾、韩国、泰国及港、澳台地区、大陆市场形成了一个坚实的销售网络。
环宇珠宝首饰品在与国际珠宝市场接轨的同时，还致力于向产业集团化经营格局纵深。目前，公司的房地产业、装潢设计业、出口贸易等产业发展势头迅速，前景广阔，如日中天。

（2）
日本珠宝市场暂时难以好转
受日本跑摸经济后遗症的拖累，日本珠宝商最近异一段时间以来，破产案接连发生。据与日商有密切贸易关系的香港珠宝商预测，这类破产案可能仅仅只是开始，估计今年日本珠宝市场不会怎样好转，因此，香港圆心在日本市场经营的厂商一部分业务将会转向已经饱和的欧美市场，或者印度尼西亚、新加坡和菲律宾等潜力较好的东南亚市场，但也有一些人在日本市场已经做开，不能贸然抽身，这些人应该针对日本消费者消费力的变化，降低首饰的档次和价格，以维持销售。
日本的珠宝消费目前分为两个层次，高档消费群需要的是每件7000-8000美元的珠宝，低档消费群只需要每件200-300美元的首饰。

（3）
俄钻石界人士反对与戴比尔斯签协定
据俄罗斯新每媒介报道，俄罗斯钻石生产企业联合总裁贝奇科夫表示，俄罗斯最好不要同DEBEERS签署协定，只同它就协调未加工的钻石在世界市场上的价格和销售量方面达成一致。
他认为，俄罗斯应该停止出口钻石原料，应该将其加工成钻石和将全部销售利润留在本国。现在俄罗斯钻石工业有足够的能力加工本国开采的钻石原料。
根据去年2月同俄罗斯签署的合作原则备忘录，DEBEERS必须每年从俄罗斯购买5.5亿美元的未加工钻石。但是，去年9月份起草的将备忘录具体化的贸易协定草案，俄联邦政府将在研究中，签署日期一再顺延。

EXERCISE
Translate english into chinese
Part 1 new master pearl grading set
GIA GEM Instruments is offering a new Cultured Pearl Master Comparison Set, designed for describing strands of bead-nucleated , salt water cultured pearls. The grading factors also can be used to evaluate the pearls in other forms of jewelry as well as different types of cultured pearls or natural pearls.
Developed by Richard Drucher ,Publisher of  The Guide ,The Cultered Pearl Master Comparison Set serves the same role in the selection of pearls as do master diamond color comparison sets in the masterstone grading process ,but it is used for grading other quality factors din addition to color.
“The Cultured Pearl Master Comaprison Set is an invaluable tool for buying ,selling ,and evaluating pearls”,said GIA GEM Instruments CEO DICK Agnew. “It takes you through the comarison of color ,luster ,narce thickness ,shape spotting and make-all the grading factros needing to considered in a cultured pearl strand.”

Part 2  Optical properties of gemstones

The beauty of gems depends to a large extent on their optical properties . the most important optical properties. include fire ,the display of prismatic colors; dichroism ,the ability of some gemstones to present two different colors when viewed in different directions ;an transparency. Diamond is highly prized ,because of its fire and brilliancy ,ruby and emerald because of the intensity and beauty of their colors ,and star sappire and star ruby because of the star effect ,known as asterism, as well as for their color.
In certain gemstones ,notably opals, brilliant areas of color can be seen within the stone ;these areas change in hue and size as the stone is moved . this phenomenon ,knows as play of color, differs from fire and is caused by interference and reflection of the light by tiny irregularities and cracks inside the stone. Opals also exhibit milky or smoky reflections from within the gem. Gems that are fibrous in structure show irregular interior reflections similar to those seen on watered or moor silk. This optical property ,which is called chatoyancy, si exhibited by several gems, notably the tigereye and cat’-eye.
The appearance of a gem as seen by reflected light is another optical property of gemstones and is called luster. The luster of gems is characterized by the terms metallic adamantine (like the luster of the diamond),vitreous(like the luster of glass),resinous ,greasy, silky pearly or dull. Luster is identification of gems.
A gem cannot always be identified by sight alone .it is therefore necessary to rely on measurement of the optical properties that can be determined without harming the stone in any way.
The gemologist uses an instrument called a refractmeter to measure the characteristic property of the stone, know as refractive index, which is its relative ability to refract light .in addition ,an instrument called the polariscope is employed to determine whether a gem in doubly or singly refracting (see CRYSTAL).Emeralds, rubies ,sapphires ,amethysts and synthetic rubies and sapphires are all doubly refracting whereas diamonds spinels synthetic spinels garnets and glass are singly refracting .A special dark-field illuminator with a binocular microscope is employed for examining the interior of a gemstone to determine whether it is of natural or artificial origin and to search for inclusions characteristic of a given gemstone.
These tests usually are sufficient to identify the rather limited number of materials used as gemstones; occasionally  however ,other instruments are required, including a dichrescope ,which measures the property called dichroism or a spectra(see