跨文化交际实训(第二版课件全套教学教程整套课件全书电子教案.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,跨文化交际实训,Chapter 1 Culture,Communication&Intercultural Communication,Learning Objectives,In this chapter,you should be able todefine culture,communication and intercultural communication,describe the characteristics of culture,elements and types of Communication,Identify elements and types of communication,understand the importance of intercultural communication and intercultural business communication,What problems have you ever had communicating with others?,Use some examples to explain intercultural communication.,Warm-up,I.Culture 文化,Definitions of Culture,文化的定义,according to the Concise Oxford Dictionary,culture is“the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”.,from anthropologic perspective,culture is“the customs,civilizations,and achievements of a particular time or people.”,culture is really difficult to define because it is a large and inclusive concept.But the only requirement for being cultured is to be human.Culture is what distinguishes human beings from animals.,The most widely accepted definition of culture,Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutions and communication patterns that are shared,learned and passed through the generation in an identifiable group of people.(Hall,1977),I.Culture 文化,I.Culture 文化,Metaphors in Culture,文化中的隐喻,The Culture Iceberg,文化冰山,The Culture Onion,文化洋葱,I.Culture 文化,Characteristics of Culture,文化的特点,Culture is shared,Culture is learned,Culture is based on symbols,Culture is dynamic,Key Terms,culture 文化,文化是一个非常广泛的概念，给它下一个严格和精确的定义是一件非常困难的,事情。不少哲学家、社会学家、人类学家、历史学家和语言学家一直努力，,试图从各自学科的角度来界定文化的概念。然而，迄今为止仍没有获得一个公,认的、令人满意的定义。文化是指一个国家或民族的历史、地理、风土人情、,传统风俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、思维方式、价值观念等。,语言学家胡文仲在跨文化交际学概论中指出：,文化是人们通过长时间的努力所创造出来的，是社会的遗产。,文化既包括信念、价值观念、习俗、知识等，也包括实物和器具；,文化是人们行动的指南，为人们提供解决问题的答案；,文化并非生而有之，而是后天所学会的；,价值观念是文化的核心，可以根据不同的价值观念区分不同的文化。,guatemalan weaving 危地马拉的编织,危地马拉是古代玛雅文化的中心之一。1523年沦为西班牙的殖民地，1821年摆脱殖民统治，宣布独立。1823年加入中美洲联邦，1839年成立共和国。危地马拉人主要从事农业，种植玉米、咖啡、香蕉、豆类、辣椒、西红柿、棉花等。在太平洋沿岸的种植园里，资本主义农业有了发展。棉纺、丝纺、编织、制陶、皮革等手工业较发达。农民的住房一般系用土坯或树枝搭盖的窝棚。食物以玉米面饼为主。白人和印欧混血种人穿欧式服装，印第安人穿传统服装。条纹花布长裙和带鲜艳刺绣的短上衣是印第安妇女的主要服装。印第安人的文化具有古代玛雅文化的一系列特征。,Glossary,anthropologist,n.人类学家,interpret,v.解释，翻译,derive,v.得自，起源，引申于,intervention,n.插入，介入，调停,manifestation,n.显示，证明,intellectual,adj.智力的，聪明的,linguist,n.语言学家,assemblage,n.集合，装配,aesthetic,adj.美学的，审美的,identifiable,adj.可辨认的,Glossary,inclusive,adj.包含.在内的,metaphor,n.隐喻，暗喻,cruise,n.巡航,territory,n.领土，版图，领域，范围,submerge,vi.浸没,explicit,adj.明确的，详述的，明晰的,tangible,adj.有形的，可触摸的,conformity,n.一致，符合，遵守,assumption,n.假定，设想,embody,vt.代表，使具体化，包含,Glossary,ritual,adj.仪式的，老规矩的,nebulous,adj.星云的，星云状的,whereby,conj.凭借,enculturation,n.对某种文化的适应,familial,adj.家族的，家庭的,pervasive,adj.普遍的，蔓延的，渗透的,integrate,v.整合，使成整体,infrastructure,n.下部构造，下部组织,superstructure,n.上层建筑 上层结构,alteration,n.改变，变更,Use examples to explain the metaphor“Culture Iceberg”and“Culture Onion”.,2.It is said that grammatical mistakes can be accepted,but cultural mistakes will cause trouble.Can you use examples to explain why cultural mistakes could be troublesome?,Comprehension Questions,Definitions of Communication,交际的定义,Can you find a Chinese equivalent to the English word,communication,?Circle the item that you consider suitable.,沟通 传播 通信 交流 交际 传通,II.Communication 交际,“沟通”is preferred in the field of management(管理学)，,“传播”in the field of journalism(新闻学),“通信”in the field of communication(通讯学),“交流”is basically used by people with psychological(心理学)background.,“交际”is mostly used by people with linguistic(语言学)background,we use“跨文化交际”for intercultural communication.But some people also use“跨文化沟通”or“跨文化交流”.,II.Communication 交际,II.Communication 交际,Definitions of Communication,交际的定义,Generally speaking,communication can be defined as a dynamic,symbolic,transactional and contextual process in which people create shared meanings or messages,.,II.Communication 交际,Types of Communication,交际的类型,Verbal Communication 语言交流,II.Communication 交际,Types of Communication,交际的类型,Non-Verbal Communication 非语言交流,II.Communication 交际,Types of Communication,交际的类型,Written Communication 书面交流,II.Communication 交际,Types of Communication,交际的类型,Visual communication 视觉交流,II.Communication 交际,Communication and Culture,交际与文化,cultures are created through communication,culture is created,shaped,transmitted,and learned through communication,communication practices are largely created,shaped,and transmitted by culture,Key Terms,Communication交际,交际一词的英语是 communication，这个词源于拉丁文communis，意思是“共享”、“共有”。交际,即人类发出和接收信息的行为和过程。包括语言交流、非语言交流、书面交流和视觉交流,SMS 短消息服务,Short Messaging Service短消息服务，这个术语最早出现在80年代初期，但一直到了90年代早期才开始进入商用市场，并且一直到99年，该业务才在世界各国迅速蔓延，并持续爆炸性的增长趋势，它可以通过手机等移动设备发送文本型消息。,Glossary,equivalent,n.相等物,transactional,adj.相互作用的,contextual,adj.上下文的，前后关系的,ongoing,adj.前进的，进行的,encoder,n.编码器,decoder,n.解码器,inseparable,adj.不能分的,Glossary,club,vt.用棍棒打，集合,aesthetic,adj.美学的，审美的，有美感的,intimacy,n.亲密，隐私,intend,vt.想要，计划,ambiguity,n.含糊不清，模棱两可,reciprocal,adj.相互的，互惠的，互补的,Comprehension Questions,1.What is the major challenge facing effective,communication in interpersonal encounter?,2.Do you think that understanding is a measure,of communicative success?,III.,Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际,Definitions of Intercultural,Communication跨文化交际的定义,Edward T.Hall simply defines intercultural communication as communication between persons of different cultures.,Hu Wenzhong,a well-known professor of intercultural communication in China,defines intercultural communication as communication between people of different cultural backgrounds.,III.,Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际,Forms of Intercultural communication,跨文化交际的形式,Intracultural Communication 同文化交际,III.,Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际,Forms of Intercultural communication,跨文化交际的形式,Interethnic Communication 跨民族交际,III.,Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际,Forms of Intercultural communication,跨文化交际的形式,Interracial Communication 跨种族交际,Overcoming barriers to Intercultural Communication 克服跨文化交际的障碍,Hofstede(2002)lists five main barriers in five areas,which can help us have a better idea of the barriers we have in intercultural communication.,III.Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际,1.Language differences,Language learning is not only the learning of new vocabulary and grammar,but also the acquisition of culture competence:knowing what to say and how,when,where,and why to say it.Even within the same language,the same word may be understood in different settings.,III.Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际,2.Nonverbal communication,Nonverbal gestures,postures,etc.can create serious barriers in intercultural communication.People of different cultural backgrounds may have different understandings about the same gestures.,III.Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际,3.Stereotypes,The word stereotyping was first used by journalist Walter Lippmann in 1922 to describe judgments made about others on the basis of their ethnic group membership.Today,the term is more broadly used to refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.Stereotypes are products of limited,lazy,and misguided perceptions.,III.Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际,4.Cultural bias on judgments,People usually have the tendency to evaluate behavior from other cultures ad good or bad,to make judgments based on their own cultural bias.,III.Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际,5.High level of stress,People usually have a high level of stress because of not knowing what they are expected to do.Like every other unfamiliar experience,intercultural contact is likely to create stress.,III.Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际,III.,Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际,Some suggestions to overcome barriers in intercultural communication,First,we should raise awareness of the competence to overcome intercultural communication barriers.,Second,we should try to obtain knowledge.To learn some knowledge e about the people,the context,and the norms of appropriateness that operate in a specific culture is quite useful in intercultural communication.,Third,we should try to Enhance Motivation.,Fourth,we should master some skills.,Key Terms,1.Intercultural communication 跨文化交际,跨文化交际是美国文化人类学家爱德华.霍尔在 1959年出版的无声的语言一书中首次提出 的。可以简单地定义为具有不同文化背景的人们之间的交际。,Glossary,nevertheless,conj.然而，不过,persuasion,n.说服,heritage,n.遗产,alliance,n.联盟,mishap,n.灾祸,uphold,vt.赞成,支撑,amongst,prep.在 之中,overwhelm,vt.压倒,remedy,vt.纠正,unintentional,adj.非故意的；无意识的,barrier n.障碍,stereotype n.模式化观念；典型；陈规旧习,reciprocate vt.互换，互给；回报,Glossary,Comprehension Questions,1.What is intercultural communication?What are the forms of intercultural communication?,2.How to overcome the barriers in intercultural communication?,IV.,Intercultural Business Communication 跨文化商务交际,The Research of intercultural Business Communication,对跨文化商务交际的研究,most of the intercultural communication relevant to business.,international/intercultural business literature does not focus on communication.,another focal point of intercultural communication research is individualism vs.collectivism and the impact of the relationship on the functioning of society,IV.,Intercultural Business Communication 跨文化商务交际,The Importance of Learning Intercultural Business Communication,学习跨文化商务交际的重要性,Intercultural communication skills are essential for businesspersons in todays market The increase in globalization in the last few decades has changed the way people view the world and conduct business in that world.,IV.,Intercultural Business Communication 跨文化商务交际,The Importance of Learning Intercultural Business Communication,学习跨文化商务交际的重要性,This is especially important to students who are majoring in international business or foreign language studies,where there is an urgent need for highly developed interpersonal communication skills and intercultural business communication competence.,Key Terms,1.Intercultural Business Communication 跨文化商务交际,跨文化商务交际是跨文化交际学的一个重要的应用领域，指不同文化背景的人在从事商务活动中的交际。,Glossary,paucity,n.少数，少量,focal,adj.焦点的,incorporate,v.合并，组成公司，具体表现,sociolinguistic,adj.社会语言学的,interact,vi.相互作用，相互影响,frequency,n.频繁，频率,intensity,n.强烈，强度,Comprehension Questions,How was the study of intercultural business communication？,2.Why does intercultural business communication become increasingly important in international business?,Case AnalysisCase 1,Phil is my foreign teacher.He is very nice and friendly to me and he often asks us to have free talk in his apartment.One day,I decided to give Phil a gift to express my appreciation of his help in my oral English.I called him but the line was busy.So I went to Phils apartment directly.He opened the door looking surprised,but didnt let me in.I stood in the corridor and said a few words of thanks,and gave my gift to him and left quietly with great disappointment and puzzlement.,Questions for Discussion,1.How could he be so cold to me?All my gratitude and fondness of Phil seemed to have gone.,Case AnalysisCase 2,Mr.Wang,the Chairman of Board of Directors of a Chinese firm,told a story on CCTV program Dialogue of how he once almost lost a valuable Canadian employee working for him in Vancouver.He emailed every day to the Canadian,inquiring for the index number he was most concerned about.To his great astonishment,his Canadian employee turned in his resignation after a week.Mr.Wang was puzzled how he could do that to him as he gave such great attention to his job.A Chinese employee would have been more than happy if his or her boss had showed such great concern for him or her.He then found out that,unlike Chinese employees,the Canadian took what meant great concern to Chinese as distrust.But Mr.Wang assumed unconsciously that the Canadian was more similar to his Chinese employees than he actually was and treated him just as he treated any Chinese employee.,Case AnalysisCase 2,Questions for Discussion,1.Why does the Canadian employee turn in his resignation?,2.What kind of response will a Chinese employee have if a,boss showed great concern for him or her?,3.What are the reasons of this communication barrier?,Case AnalysisCase 3,In exchange for some U.S.-controlled land in West Germany,the German government agreed to construct a new facility at another military installation controlled by the U.S.Army.After the preliminary drawings were completed,a meeting was held with the German and American engineers and one translator repeated the question in English;the Americans question was then translated back into German.,A German asked a question about the maximum distance allowed between two points that he had indicated in the drawing.The question was translated,and an American engineer quickly raised his hand with his index finger pointing upward and answered“one meter.”,Case AnalysisCase 3,The translator,thinking no translation was necessary,remained silent.The German engineers wrote two meters in their notes;the American wrote one meter.(The Germans,when using fingers to show a number,begin counting with the thumb as number one;therefore,the index finger,being the second finger from the thumb,represents the number two.),(Source:Chery1 Hamilton,Communication for results:A Guide for Business and the Professions,4thed,California,Wadsworth Publishing Company,1993,p9),Questions for Discussion,1.Why did the translator think no translation was necessary when an American engineer answered“one meter”?,2.Does the index finger represent the same number in America and Germany?,3.Can you use this example to explain that encoding and decoding is the area where miscommunication takes place?,Case AnalysisCase 3,Activities,Task 1,Insert the phrase“intercultural/cross-cultural communication”into a search engine on the internet and report to your group what you can find out about the studies of intercultural communication both at home and abroad.,Task 2,Clip a story from the local newspaper that is related to some aspect of intercultural communication such as problems encountered by persons of other cultures in the acculturation process or problems between subgroups;give a short report to the class.,Activities,Task 3,Think about the following similes and metaphors,how do you think culture is related to the references?,1.Culture is like an iceberg.,2.Culture is our software,3.Culture is like the water a fish swims in,4.Culture is the grammar of our behavior,Task 4,In small groups,play a word-association game.You instructor will compose a list of potentially culture-bound words such as motherland,freedom,etc,and then say the words one at a time.Write down the first thing that comes into your mind as you hear each word.Compare your reactions.Are there any major differences within the group?Discuss them.Then compare your answers with the entire class and discuss.,对外经济贸易大学出版社市场营销部,地址：北京