句子成分及练习.doc

句子成分
一．主语：主语是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。
1．名词作主语。 如：A tree has fallen across the road.
Little streams feed big rivers.
2．代词用作主语。如：You’re not far wrong. (你差不多对了)。
He told a joke but it fell flat. (他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑)
3．数词用作主语。如：Three is enough.
Four from seven leaves three.
4．名词化的形容词或过去分词用作主语。
The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。
The disabled are to receive more money.
5．副词用作主语。如：Now is the time. 现在是时候了。
6．名词化的介词作主语。如：The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.
我们必须承受人生之沉浮。
7．不定式用作主语。 如：To find your way can be a problem.
It would be nice to see him again.
8． 动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you.
Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work.
9. 介词短语用作主语。如：To Beijing is not very far.
From Yanan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback.
10.从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine.
你无论什么时候准备好都行。
What you said makes no sense.
11.句子用作主语。如：“How do you do ?” is a greeting.

二．谓语
谓语或谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成。
1．简单谓语：由简单的动词或短语构成。
(1). What happened?
(2). He worked hard all day today.
(3). The plane took off at ten o’clock.
2．复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.

三．表语
表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它位于连系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。
1．The wedding was that Sunday.
2．So that’s that.
3．We are seven.
4．Are you busy?
5．Are you there? 你在听吗？（电话用语） Is anybody in?
6．All I could do was to wait.
My answer to his threat was to hit him on the nose.
7．Complimenting（赞美，祝贺） is lying. 恭维就是说谎。
8．I was so much surprised at it.
I’m very pleased with what he has done.
9．She is in good health.
10．Is that why you were angry?
11．This is where I first met her.
补充： 能做系动词的有：
come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词)
feel，sound ,smell , look , taste （感观动词）
seem, appear (似乎，好像)
例如：
1．Our dream has come true.
2. He felt sick.
Keep fit.保重。
Keep作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool， well， warm ，silent，clean，dry
3．The well ran dry. 这口井干枯了。
4．A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is.
一个瘦个子似乎比他的实际高度要高些。

四．宾语
宾语在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。
如： Our team beat all the others.
可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。
1．Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯吗？
2．They won’t hurt us.
3．If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.
4．I shall do my possible. 我将尽力而为。（名词化形容词）
5．Does she really mean to leave home?
6．He never did the unexpected.
7．Do you understand what I mean?
扩展：
宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语与间接宾语。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物（多指人），常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等，间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。如：I have found him a place. 我给他找到了一个职位。

五．补语
补语是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语,补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语. 可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等
1.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister.
2. He boiled the egg hard.
3.I found the book very interesting.
4.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. (隐蔽)
5.Don’t take his kindness for granted.不要把他的友善看作是当然的事。

六．定语
定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。
1．形容词用作定语
（1）. She is a natural musician. 她是一位天生的音乐家。
（2）. He must be the best violinist alive.他一定是最好的在世的小提琴手了。（后置定语）
2. 名词用作定语。如
A baby girl 女婴 well water 井水 a coffee cup
3．代词作定语。
（1）. Your hair needs cutting.
（2）. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 人人负责就是无人负责。
4．数词作定语 There’s only one way to do it.
5. 副词充当定语时常后置，如：
the room above the world today the way out 出路 a day off 休息日
6．不定式用作定语
（1）. Her promise to write was forgotten.她忘记了答应写信的事。
（2）. That’s the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。
7．动名词用作定语.
a walking stick sleeping pills a waiting room learning method
8．分词充当定语
a sleeping child a drinking man a retired worker a faded flower
9．介词短语用作定语。 （1）. This is a map of China.
（2）. The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words. 他那凶暴的目光说明得再清楚不过了。
10．从句用作定语，即定语从句
The car that’s parked outside is mine.
Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one.

七．同位语
当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。
1．名词用作同位语 We have two children, a boy and a girl.
2．代词用作同位语。 They all wanted to see him.
3．数词用作同位语。 Are you two ready?
4．不定式与动名词用作同位语。
（1）。Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.他们最近提出了集中全力于初等教育的提议遭到了某些人的反对。
（2）。The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.
5．Of 短语用作同位语
The city of Rome the art of writing
6．从句用同位语，即同位语从句
（1）。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
（2）。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.

八．状语
状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。
1.可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。
副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。
He speaks the language badly but read it well.
这种语言，他讲得不好，但阅读能力很强。
3．状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等
（1）.时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中
Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?
(2).地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。
There are plenty of fish in the sea.
She kissed her mother on the platform(月台).
（3）。原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。
Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job.
I eat potatoes because I like them.
(4). 结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。
She woke suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.
She spoke so softly that I couldn’t hear what she said.
(5). 目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。
He ran for shelter.他跑去避雨。
In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.
(6). 条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。
We’ll be lucky to get there before dark.
If he were to come, what should we say to him?
(7). 让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。
For all his money, he didn’t seem happy. 他尽管有钱，但似乎并不幸福。
He helped me although he didn’t know me.
(8).程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。
The lecture is very interesting.
（9）。伴随状语，常由分词短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。
My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten.
He stood there ,pipe(烟斗) in mouth..
英语句子成分练习
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. Do you have anything else to say?
15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19. He noticed a man enter the room.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
二．划出下列各句中的主语
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
三．划出句中的谓语
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
⑨ He is interested in music.
⑩ Whom did you give my book to?
四。 划出下列各句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.
五．划出下列各句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
六。划出下列各句中的定语
① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.
② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
七． 挑出下列各句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
八。挑出下列各句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
九。划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me

课后练习
一．指出划线部分的成分
1. They are working on the farm now
.
2. Seeing is believing.

3. All of us like Kobe Bryant very much.

4. She became a doctor in 1998.

5.The book lying on the floor are mine.

6.Suddenly it began to rain.

7.To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday.

8.I always find her happy.

9.He wonders if I still study English.

10.The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine.

二、选择填空：
1. ____ will leave for Beijing.
A. Now there the man B. The man here now
C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now
2. The weather ____.
A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold
3. The apple tasted ____.
A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet
4. He got up ____ yesterday morning.
A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter
5. The actor ______at the age of 70.
A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded
6. ____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest.
A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we
7. He found the street much ______.
A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly
8.I think _____necessary to learn English well. A. its B. it C. that D. that is
9. The dog ____ mad. A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked
10.I will never forget the day ______ I joined the army.
A. that B. when C. in which D. where
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