雅思写作小作文词汇和思路PPT课件.ppt

本次课内容：1.Task1图表作文的写法，常用表达，形成图表题的写作思路，练习2.流程图和书信的写法介绍1.一.图表作文写作要求时间：20分钟字数:不少于150(150-170)不可忽视图表作文对整体分数的影响1.客观性写作：描述图表信息，不表达个人观点千万不可以出现I think 我认为这些字样。2.详尽性写作：起点，拐点，终点，变化趋势必须交代清楚2.二.图表作文的分类数据类：1.table表格图2.linechart/linegraph曲线图(线状图)3.barchart柱状图4.piechart饼状图非数据类：processdiagram流程图3.三.图表作文写作步骤(一)审题：1.看清图表类型2.先读题干信息，后读图表信息3.读线状图时看清横纵轴的含义4.看清楚单位，在写作的时候抄进文章4.(二)构思：确定段数：开头段+主体段+结尾段主体段个数的确定原则：(1)多个图：几个图就写几个主体段(2)一个图：按照分类元素确定主体段个数5.(三)写作：1.开头段，主体段，结尾段缺一不可2.常用图表作文表达必须全部掌握3.使用逻辑衔接词和转承短语注意时间控制：20mins6.(四)检查：1.字数2.单词拼写，不要缩写3.单位4.时态（开头段永远是一般现在时）5.语法错误：主谓一致，缺少或者多余谓语，没有连词等7.四.图表作文25类常用表达总结10种趋势类1.上升,增加：goup,ascend,grow,climbupincrease,rise,(v/n)showanupwardtrend增加了increaseby增加到increaseto8.2.急剧上升,大幅度上升：(1).Jump,shootup,surge,soar(不加修饰语)(2).goup/ascend/grow/increase/rise/climbup+sharply/rapidly/dramatically/drastically/steeply/significantly/substantially9.3.小幅度上升：goup/ascend/grow/increase/rise/climbup+modestly/slightly/marginally/moderatelyexperienceaslightgrowthin10.4.平稳上升,逐渐上升：goup/ascend/grow/increase/rise+gradually/consistently/steadily/slowly/stepbystep11.5.下降,减少：decrease,decline,fall,drop,(v/n)godown,descend,sink,dipshowadownwardtrend12.6.急剧下降，大幅度下降：(1).plummet,plunge(不加修饰语)(2).下降8个+大幅度7个13.7.小幅度下降：下降8个+小幅度4个14.8.平稳下降，逐渐下降：下降8个+平稳5个15.9.波动,(在间)起伏不定：fluctuatev.用法：fluctuatebetweenandfluctuateovertheperiodoffluctuateoverthese24hoursfluctuationn.用法：risewithsomefluctuations16.10.保持平稳，平衡，静止不动：leveloffat,leveloutat+数字/百分比hoverat,stabilizeat,reachaplateauatremain/stay/keepstable/unchangedat17.4种数字类：1.倍数基础表达法：A+istimes+as+adj.原级+as+BA+istimes+adj.比较级+than+BA+istimes+thesize/length/height/width/depth+of+BThesize/length/height/width/depth+of+A+istimesof+BThe+n.+istimes+what从句18.这张桌子是那张桌子的三倍大。Thistableis3timesasbigasthatone.Thistableis3timesbiggerthanthatone.Thistableis3timesthesizeofthatone.Thesizeofthistableis3timesofthatone.今年的产量是2006年的3倍。Theoutputofthisyearis3timeswhatitwasin2006.19.倍数高级表达法：(1)是原来的倍：数字+-fold(2)增长或者下降了倍:数字-1+-foldshows/experiences/witnesses/undergoesathree-foldincrease/rise/decrease/reduction是原来的3倍/增加或减少了2倍例:Between1971and1975,thepopulationwasupeight-fold.是原来的8倍,增加了7倍20.2.一半：half，50%adj.Halftheapplesarebad.n.Halfoftheapplesarebad.adv.Myworkisnothalfdoneyet.21.3.大约，估计：about，around,roughly,intherough,intheneighborhoodof,approximately,orthereabout,justover,justunder,orso,例：around/roughly/approximately20intheneighborhoodof2020orso,20intherough22.4.比例，百分比：percentage,proportion,ratio,share成比例beinratio不成比例beoutofratio,beill-proportioned成正比beindirectratio成反比beinreverseratioTheratioofAtoBisXtoY.Theratioofpupilstoteachersis30to1.学生和老师的比率是30比1.23.6种比较类1.大，达到最大值，达到最高点：reachthemaximum/thelargestpartofpeakatreachthepeakatreachthehighestpointat24.2.小，跌到最小值，达到最低点：reachtheminimum/thesmallestpartofbottomoutatreachthebottomatreachthelowestpointat25.3.多于morethan,over,above,upwardsofupwardsof60yearsoldexceed,surpass,overtake,-v.4.少于lessthan,fewerthanunder,below,within,26.5.相同和相似：相同beidenticalwith/bethesameasThesameistrueof.也有同样情况,也适用于Inthesameway,Inlikemanner,beequaltobealikeness,beasimilarity,equally,大体相同,相似：moreorlessalike,roughlythesame,showgreatresemblance,bebasicallythesameas27.6.不同：bedifferent=beofgreatdifferencebedifferentfrombedistinguishedfrombecontrarytodifferfrom,varyfrombeadissimilarity,beavariationA,unlike/asopposedto/asdistinctfromB,has28.其他10类常用表达：1.达到多少数量：reach,hit,cometo,standat,arriveat,amountto,29.2.占多少比例：occupy,represent,constitute,makeup,takeup,accountfor,30.3.由组成，包括几部分：bemadeupof,becomposedof,consistofcomprise=becomprisedof31.4.分别：respectively,separately,:常放在句尾Femalepart-timersandhousewiveshave40 and 50 hours of leisure time,respectively.32.5.比较：类比：similarly,likewise,对比：unlike,conversely,in/bycontrast,onthecontrary,incomparison,A,while/whereas/whilstB33.6.分类，分组：名词:classes,types,groups,divisions,sorts,aspects,parts,categories,classifications动词：beclassifiedintofourgroupsbedividedintotwocategoriesmaybegradedaccordingto/onthebasisof/dependingonberoughlyclassedunderfourheads.fallintotwocategories(用主动)34.7.时期表达法：over/duringtheperiodoftwodecades/24hours/sevendays,duringthis25-yearperiod,duringthisseven-monthstage,fromtobetweenand35.8.对方观点或对方数据：thedataofanothergroup,Thecorrespondingdata,Thestatisticsofitscounterpart,36.9.剩余的Therestof+名词Theremaining+名词Theremainder（后不需要加名词）37.10.然后,以后，之后，在那以后，then,later,Next,andthen,afterthat,thereafter,whereafter,afterwards,fromthispointonwards,Overthefollowingthree-yearperiod,在接下来的三年里38.五.图表作文开头段的写法开头段的写法：改写转述题目1.改变题干中关键词的词性2.改变题干中关键词的位置3.同义替换,同义转换4.加入图表中的其他文字信息(时间，性别，国家,对象)5.开头段永远是一般现在时39.原 题 干:The graph below shows theenrollments of overseas students andlocalstudentsinBritainsuniversities.Thegivenbarchartdemonstratesthe(说明图表类型）(同义替换)proportionofforeignstudentsandlocal(添加新信息)(同义替换)studentsenrolledinBritainsuniversities(关键词词性和位置)from1989to1999.(添加新信息)40.图表作文开头段常用替换1.show:(11种)give,describe,demonstrate,outline,indicate,reveal,present,illustrate,provideanoverviewof,provideanoverallviewof,provideabreakdownof,41.2.Information:data,statistics,numbers,figures,3.proportion:percentage,share42.单个图开头段练习（见讲义）1.表1饼状图的题干：ThegraphbelowshowsustheinformationhowelectricityisusedinanaverageEnglishhome.范 例 1.The pie chart above provides abreakdownofwhattheelectricityisusedforinacommonEnglishfamily/household.43.范例2.Thegivenpiechartdemonstratesthe percentage/proportion/data/statistics about what the electricity isusedforinacommonEnglishfamily.44.表2单曲线图开头段练习开头段：The line chart illustrates the data about people at a London subway station from 6am to 10pm.45.表3线状图开头段练习The line chart/graph above reveals thepercentage of people/individuals aged65 and over from 1940 to 2040 in threedifferent nationsJapan,Sweden andtheUSA.46.表4柱状图开头段练习The bar chart indicates the data ofleisure time enjoyed by males andfemalesofdifferentjobstatusinthemonthofMarch,2002.47.两个图开头段的写法1.两个图捏合到一起写一句话：(两个图表类型相同时可考虑)2.两个图分别各写一句话：中间用and或者while连接(推荐写法：条理更清晰)48.表6两个图表的开头段练习一共写一句话：Thebarchartand/combinedwiththelinechartdemonstratethestatisticsofJapanesetouriststravellingoverseasandAustraliasshareofJapanstouristmarketrespectivelyfrom1985to1995.49.各写一句话：The bar chart provides an overview ofJapanesetouriststravellingoverseasfrom1985to1995,whilethelinechartdemonstrates the statistics of Australiasshare of Japans tourist market of thecorrespondingperiod(同期)/overthesameperiod.同期:ofthecorrespondingperiod,overthesameperiod50.表5两个图表的开头段练习Thefirsttabledescribestheoutcomeofaninvestigationconductedof100,000individualsconcerningthepurposesoftheir travelling overseas during theperiod from 1994 to 1998,while thesecondtableprovidesanoverallviewoftheir destinations of the correspondingperiod.51.六.图表作文主体段的写法四种图表作文主体段一个共同的写法：主体段：1+X1:主体段的第一句概括总体趋势或者最显著的趋势X：用X句介绍具体细节，每个句子争取涵盖文字信息，数字信息和比较三个方面，不要只是罗列数字，文字信息更重要52.主体段的时态问题1.一般过去时：图表中数据是以往数据，出现表示过去的年代例:While Motorolas share of the global handset market rose to 20.6%from 18.7%,Samsung Electronics share fell to 12.2%from 12.5%in 2005.53.2.一般现在时：图表中没有出现年代,只是一般数据的讨论（用的最广泛）例:Britain produces 3%of the worlds carbon dioxides emissions,which are approximately the same as India.54.3.一般将来时：图表中出现的年代超过了当前时间，就用一般将来时但不要用will,要用belikelyto,bepredictedto,beexpectedto,beestimatedto,beprojectedto例:The total US greenhouse gas emissions are predicted to increase by 20%from 2015 to 2020.55.1.饼状图主体段写法第一句话：说明饼状图的组成部分第二句话：说明占比例最大的部分第三句话以后：说明占比例第二的部分（或者：把剩下的几部分分类，把比例相同的部分捏合到一起说明）56.表1饼状图主体段练习第一句：It can be seen from the pie chart that the electricity is used for four purposes.57.主体段第一句开头“由图可见”的常用表达：It can be clearly seen from the chart thatAs can be clearly seen from the chart,We can see clearly from the chart that According to the chart,It is apparent/obvious/evident/manifest from the.chart that58.主体段第一句和第二句的过渡句：Tobemoreexact,=Moreexactly,Tobemoreprecise,=Moreprecisely,Tobemorespecific,=Morespecifically,Tobemoredetailed,=Moredetailedly59.第二句开始：To be more precise,heating rooms andwateraccountsforthelargestproportion(52.5%)oftheelectricityused,whilethedemand of ovens,kettles and washingmachinesoccupiesthe17.5%ofthetotalneedofelectricity.Lighting,TVandradiorepresent the same percentage(15%)asdo vacuum cleaners,food mixers andelectrictools.60.2.线状图主体段写法第一句：描述曲线的总体趋势第二句：从起点开始描述第三句以后：拐点，最高点，最低点，终点，变化趋势必须交代清楚，不必交代所有数据（曲线图6大要素）61.表2单曲线主体段练习主体段：As can be seen from the linechart,the number of people using thisstationfluctuatesoverthese16hours.More specifically,initially,at 6am thenumberofpeopleatthestationstandsatonly100.Then,the number shoots up over the next two hours,peaking at 400 at 8am.62.After that,the number plunges for two hours,reaching 180 at 10am.The period between 10 and 12 o clock experiences a slight growth in the number and amounts to 280 at midday.The number in the following two hours levels off at just under 300.From this point onwards,the number declines dramatically to only 100 from 2pm to 4pm.63.The next two hours experiences a sharp rise again,with 6pm arriving at 380 people.After 6pm,the figure falls again,bottoming out at 130 at 8pm.The period from 8pm to 10pm sees a slight rise,but eventually the number of people declines again from 180 at 9pm to 135 at 10pm.64.多曲线图的写法1.根据曲线的个数分段2.每根曲线的描述方式同单个曲线图3.最后加上一段文字，对所有曲线的总体变化趋势进行比较65.3.柱状图主体段写法将图表中相似的趋势分别捏合成一段叙述第一句：比较图表中相对比的两个部分的所有比例得出一个总体结论第二句以后：详细解释这一总体趋势66.表4柱状图主体段练习As can be seen from the bar chart,in the groups of employed full-time,unemployed and retired,males enjoyed more leisure time than females.Specifically,men employed full-time had 44 hours of leisure time while their female counterparts only enjoyed 38 hours.In the unemployed group,men enjoyed 85 hours of leisure time whilst ladies only had 75.In the retired category,males had 83 hours whereas female retirees had less than 75.67.According to the bar chart,in the groups of employed part-time and housewives,only figures about women are given.To be more precise,female part-timers and housewives had 39and 52 hours of leisure time respectively.68.4.表格主体段写法表格的实质：“数字化”的曲线图,要从数据中提炼出曲线按照曲线图写法注意：1.不必描述所有数据2.恰当分类以简洁为分类标准69.表5表格题练习第一个图分类：按照旅游原因分成四类第二个图分类：按照旅游目的地分成三类一个原则：如果涉及的年代较多，一般不要根据年代来分类，要根据元素来分类70.第一个图总体概括：人们旅游的原因包括四部分详细说明：Holiday:四部分中所占比例最大，第二年下降，总体趋势上升很快Business:总体趋势缓慢上升，但变化不大，基本持平Visitsrelatives:一直上升，最后下降Other reasons：波动71.第二个图总体概括：人们旅游的目的地包括三部分详细说明：Western Europe:三部分中所占比例最大，第二年下降，总体趋势上升很快North America:前两年基本持平，第三年开始增长Other areas:同上，可捏合到一起描述72.七.图表作文结尾段的写法1.总结图表中最主要的信息或者最重要的趋势（同义替换，不要和前面太相似）2.写出来你经过比较所得出的结论3.如果图表中提及总数，要在结尾段说明，不要在主体段中说明4.不要推测发展状况或者自己发挥来解释图表中的数据73.结尾段常用表达总结 1.Overall,2.Therefore,it can be clearly seen from the chart that 3.As shown in the chart,4.As suggested above,5.In summary,6.To summarise,7.In the final analysis,8.From the chart,it is clear/apparent/obvious that74.表1饼状图结尾段练习 In the final analysis,the electricity used in a common English household includes four aspects,of which heating rooms and water consumes the largest proportion.75.表2单曲线结尾段练习Therefore,it can be clearly seen from the line chart that the most people use the subway station during the rush hours in the early morning and the early evening.76.表3多根曲线结尾段练习多根曲线：把趋势相似的曲线捏合到一起总结，最突出的曲线要单独说明或者强调77.To summarise,in spite of some fluctuation in the expected percentages,the proportion of older people is likely to continue to increase in the next two decades in the three nations.(所有曲线的总体趋势)A more dramatic rise is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan,by which time it is thought that the proportion of elderly people could be similar in the three countries.(最突出曲线的特征单独强调)78.八.流程图的写法流程图：processdiagram,flowchart要求：和图表作文一样考察频率：每年3-5次左右79.1.流程图区别于图表题的特点1.基本上不会出现数据，主要是文字信息2.较零散，出现的每一个步骤和信息都要描述3.时态单一：一般现在时4.有生词，可根据图片推断词义，直接抄下来5.分段灵活，流程图复杂的话，把差别不大的步骤合并在一起写6.要有明显的表示顺序的过渡词80.2.流程图常用表示阶段和顺序的过渡词表示首要阶段：a.Theprocessstartsfrom(+名词/动名词)b.At/inthefirst/initialstage,(+句子)c.Atthebeginningofthecycle,(+句子)d.Duringtheinitialphase,(+句子)e.Thebeginningofthewholecycleismarkedby(+名词/动名词)f.(+名词/动名词).isthefirststepin(+名词/动名词)81.表示次阶段：a.Thesecondstageis(+名词/动名词)b.Thenextstepintheprocessis(+名词/动名词)c.Then,(+句子)d.Inthenextstep,(+句子)e.Afterthat,(+句子)f.Inthefollowingstage,(+句子)g.Atthispoint,(+句子)82.表示最后阶段：a.Finally,(+句子)b.Eventually,(+句子)c.Inthefinalstep,(+句子)d.(+名词/动名词)isthelaststepintheprocedure.e.Thefinalphaseoftheprocessisabout(+名词/动名词)f.Enteringthefinalstage,(+句子)83.3.写流程图的注意事项1.注意读图顺序：已经标记出顺序的就按照顺序读，若没有，从最简单的开始读起2.充实字数：若图中步骤较少较简单，字数难到要求，那就注意各个阶段之间的比较84.九.图表作文未来考试预测考察频率：柱状图出现最频繁线状图和表格题次之饼状图考察频率低要注重描述综合图表的能力85.考察内容：能源能量Energy&Resource男女比例GenderDistribution年龄比例AgeDistribution生产Production旅游Tourism-relatedissues教育Education-relatedissues工作Job&Career娱乐Recreation其他Others86.十.G类(移民类)书信作文写法注意：2006年雅思考试中心明确规定考生不需要写日期和地址1)8th March,2004 或8 March,2004（英式）2)March 8th,2004 或March 8,2004（美式）87.1.常考雅思书信作文类型Making a request 请求信Making suggestions 建议信Making an apology 致歉信Making a complaint 投诉信Thank-you letter 感谢信88.2.雅思书信作文的构成(1)称呼 开头部分（1段2句）(2)主体段内容部分（2段8-10句）（一般写4段）结尾部分（1段1-2句）(3)签名89.3.称呼的写法原则：顶格写，后面的标点是逗号1)写给企业团体或机构，不清楚对方的名字和性别:DearSirorMadame,/Towhomitmayconcern,2)写给认识但不熟悉亲密的人:Dear+Mr./Mrs.+收信人的姓，例：DearMr.Gates,3)写给亲密的朋友:Dear+收信人的名，例：DearJohn,90.4.主体段的写法原则：正文最好每段都顶格写，段与段之间空一行(1)开头部分：（1段2句）第一句：对方不认识你-介绍你自己对方是你朋友-问候收信人第二句：概述写信目的-致谢，抱怨，致歉，询问(见讲义)91.(2)内容部分：（2段8-10句）原则：完全覆盖要求的内容，若字数还不够，可适当进行相关联系增加字数第1段:详细说明写此信的原因第2段:在原因的基础上提出自己希望到得的目的和效果92.(3)结尾部分（1段1-2句）(见讲义)原则：用语要礼貌，委婉，客气四种结尾段写法见讲义93.5.签名的写法原则：顶格写，写在左下角，与上文空一行,写一个英文名字即可Yourssincerely/truly/faithfully,Allen要牢记写信常用语（见讲义）94.Seeyounexttime95.