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Lesson 62: After the fire 大火之后
【Text】
Firemen had been fighting the forest for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around. Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills. Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well. When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly. The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes. The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain. By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root. In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.
【课文翻译】
消防队员们同那场森林大火搏斗了将近3个星期才最后把火势控制住。就在不久之前，参天大树还覆盖着方圆数英里的土地。而现在，发热的地面上仍然升腾着烟雾，弥漫在荒凉的山丘上。冬季即将来临，这些山丘对周围的村庄具有毁灭性的威胁，因为大雨不仅会冲走土壤，而且还会引起严重的水灾。在大火最后被扑灭后，森林管理当局订购了好几吨一种生长迅速的特殊类型的草籽。飞机把这种草籽大量地撒播在地上。飞机撒播近一个月后，开始下起雨来。然而到那时，很多地方的草已经生了根。一片片的绿草开始出现在这片烧焦的土地上，代替了多少世纪以来一直生长在那里的参天大树。
New words and expressions 生词和短语
1. control [kən'trəul] n. 控制
2. smoke [sməuk] n. 烟
3. desolate ['desələt, 'desəleit] adj. 荒凉的
4. threaten ['θretən] v. 威胁
5. surrounding [sə'raundiŋ] adj. 周围的
6. destruction [di'strʌkʃən] n. 破坏，毁灭
7. flood [flʌd] n. 洪水，水灾
8. authority [ɔ:'θɔrəti] n. （常用复数）当局
9. grass-seed ['gra:s'si:d] n. 草籽
10.spray [sprei] v. 喷撒
11.quantity ['kwɔntəti] n. 量
12.root [ru:t, rut] n. 根
13.century ['sentʃuri] n. 世纪
14.patch [pætʃ] n. 小片
15.blacken ['blækən] v. 变黑，发暗
【生词讲解】
1. control [kən'trəul] n. 控制
1）控制，管理
control of sb./sth.
control over sb./sth. 控制，支配
children who lack parental control 缺乏父母管教的孩子
eg. He got so angry that he lost control of himself.
他气得无没自制。
be in control of sth. 指挥，管理或控制……(=in charge of)
eg. Who is in control of (in charge of)the plan?
谁负责这个计划？
bring sth under control/get sth under control 控制住某事
be under control 在控制之中
eg. the fire has been brought under control.
火势已受到控制。
eg. Don’t worry. Everything is under control.
别担心，一切尽在控制之中。
be out of control / get out of control 失去控制
eg. The children were out of control.
管不住这些孩子。
eg. The fire was out of control
大火失去了控制。
2) vt. 管理，控制，操纵，支配
control sb./sth.
control prices 操纵价格
control traffic 管理交通
eg. I can’t control my emotions/feelings.
我不能控制自己的感情。
controller n. （尤指大机构中部门的）负责人
2. smoke [sməuk] n. 烟
1）n. 烟 (vampor coming from sth. that is burning)
have a smoke / enjoy a smoke 抽一支烟
eg. There is no smoke without fire.
无风不起浪。
smoke-bomb 烟幕弹
end up in smoke / go up in smoke
（计划等）成泡影，化为乌有
2）v. 吸烟
eg. You can’t smoke in this place.
你不能在这吸烟。
eg. He smoked a pipe.
他吸烟斗。
eg. She smokes 20 cigarettes a day.
他每天吸20支烟。
smoker 抽烟的人(可数)
a heavy smoker/ a chain smoker
烟抽的多的人
3) v. 冒烟
a smoking volcano 冒烟的火山
eg. The chimney is ornamental and never smokes.
这烟囱是用来装饰的，从来不冒烟。
3. desolate ['desələt, 'desəleit] adj. 荒凉的
1）adj. 荒凉的，荒芜的(a place deserted or miserable)
a desolate hill 荒凉的小山
a desolate industrial area 工业废墟
2）adj. （指人）凄凉无友的，孤凄的( lonely and sad, miserable)
a desolate person; 一个凄凉的人
a desolate life; 凄凉的一生
eg. We all felt extremely desolate when she left.
他离开时，我们都感到很凄凉
3）v. [desəleit] 使……沦为废墟，使荒凉，使……悲伤绝望（尤用于被动语态）
a city desolated by civil war 因内战而荒凉的城市
a family desolated by the loss of a child 失去一个孩子而悲伤绝望的家庭
desolation [u] n. 荒凉，破坏；凄凉，孤寂
the desolation caused by war 战争引起的破坏
desolately adv. 荒凉地
4. threaten ['θretən] v. 威胁
1）v. 恐吓，威胁
threaten sb. with… 以……恐吓（人）
threaten an employee with dismissal 用解雇威胁一个员工
threaten sb. with a gun 持枪威胁
eg. The robber threatened me with a gun.
歹徒持枪威胁我。
eg. The hills threaten the villages with destruction.
山丘给村庄带来毁灭性的威胁。
threaten to do sth. 恐吓说要……
eg. He threatened to make the photo public.
他恐吓说要把照片公之于众。
2) v. threaten to do sth. 有……恶兆（似将发生不好的事情）（坏事）迫近
eg. It theatens to snow.
天要下雪了。
eg. A typhoon was threatening.
台风迫近。
threat n. 恐吓，威胁
an empty threat虚张声势
Dutch defense（不是“荷兰人的防御”） 虚张声势
（英国人与荷兰人的17世纪海上竞争）
eg. Terrorism is a threat to the entire human race.
恐怖主义是对全人类的威胁。
under threat of punishment
在处罚的威胁下（under后不加冠词）
threatening adj. 恐吓的，威胁的
5. surrounding [sə'raundiŋ] adj. 周围的
surround v. 围绕，包围，围住
eg. Troops have surrounded the town.
军队包围了这座城市。
eg. He like to surround himself with beauties.
他喜欢泡在脂粉堆里。
eg. The wall surrounds the jail.
= The jail is surrounded with the wall.
= The jail is surrounded by the wall.
监狱被围墙围着。
eg. Mystery surrounds the actress’ s death.
这个女演员的死亡笼罩着神秘的色彩。
surrounding adj. 周围的
the surrounding villages 周围的村庄
Beijing and the surrounding countryside 北京及其近郊
surroundings (pl.)n. 周围的物体，条件等，环境
eg. No one can avoid being influenced by surroundings.
没有人能避免不被环境影响。
eg. I’d like to bring up my child in healthy surroundings.
我想在健康的环境里抚养孩子。
6. destruction [di'strʌkʃən] n.[u]破坏，毁灭
反义词construction
the destruction of a town by a tidal wave 海啸毁掉的小镇
eg. The storm caused great destruction.
风暴造成了巨大的破坏。
the total destruction of Tangshan by an earthquake
地震给唐山造成的彻底毁灭
eg. Drink was his destruction.
是酒毁了他。
destructive adj 毁灭性的
the destructive force of the storm 暴风造成的毁灭力量
a destructive earthquake 毁灭性的地震
eg. The missile has great destructive power.
导弹具有极大的毁灭力。
destructible adj. 可破坏的，可摧毁的
destroy vt. 破坏，毁坏
eg. The fire destroyed the whole forest.
大火毁了整个森林。
eg. All my hopes were destroyed by his letter of refusal.
我的希望被他的拒绝毁了。
destroyer 破坏者；驱逐舰
7. flood [flʌd] n. 洪水，水灾
1）n. 浇水，水灾
the Flood （Bible中记载上帝借以惩罚人类的）洪水
before the Flood 远古时代
（源自《圣经•旧约•创世纪》）
eg. We won’t forget the terrible flood in China in 1998.
我们不会忘记1998年的大洪水的。
2）n. 多， 大批，大量
a flood of letters 大量的信件
eg. The child was in floods of tears.
孩子哭成泪人了。
3) v. 淹没，泛滥
eg. The river has flooded the surrounding area.
这条河淹没了周围的地区。
eg. Every spring the river floods the fields.
每年春天，这条河都要淹没田野。
4) v. （人，物）涌到（某场所），（光线，声音）充满（某场所）
eg. Japanese cars have flooded the American market.
日本汽车充斥着美国市场。
eg. Letters of thanks flooded in.
感谢信源源不断地涌入。
eg. Requests for information flooded to the office.
The office was flooded with requests for information.
索取资料的信函（电话）大量涌入办公室。
8. authority [ɔ:'θɔrəti] n. （常用复数）当局
1）n. 当局，官方 （pl.）
the forest authorities 森林管理当局
the health authorities 卫生当局
the school authorities 学校当局
2) n. [u] 权威，权力
eg. President is of great authority.
总统有至高无上的权力。
eg. Teachers should have greater authority over their students.
教师对学生应该有更高的权威。
eg. Who is authority here?
这由谁来主管？
3）n. [c] 权威人士；来源
eg. She is an authority on Spanish.
她是西班牙语的权威人士。
eg. I know it on good authority.
我根据可靠消息来源得知这件事。
authoritative [ɔ:'θɔritətiv] adj. 有权力的，当局的，有权威的，可依赖的
authorize ['ɔ:θəraiz] v. 授权给……
eg. He authorized the man as chairman.
他授权给这个人当主席。
9. grass-seed ['gra:s'si:d] n. 草籽
grass
1) n. 草
a blade of grass /a leaf of grass 一片草叶
feed grass to cows 给牛吃草 graze
2) n. 草地
keep off the grass 请勿践踏草地
grass roots 群众
seed
1) n. [c] 种子（part of plant）
sunflower seeds 葵花籽
2) n. [u] (种植，喂鸟等的)种子（quantity of these for planting, feeding birds）
3) n. [c] 根本，原因
eg. His sudden death sowed seeds of trouble in his family.
他猝然去世，给家族埋下了纠纷的祸根。
10.spray [sprei] v. 喷撒
1）vt. 喷洒，喷……于
spray paint on the furniture
给家具喷上漆
a famer sprayed his crops with pesticide
一个给庄稼喷杀虫剂的农民
eg She sprayed water in the shirt before ironing it.
= She sprayed the shirt with water before ironing.
她在熨烫前给衬衫洒上水。
2) n. 喷雾器；喷液
insect spray 喷液杀虫剂
11.quantity ['kwɔntəti] n. 量
1）n. 大小，质量[u]
quantity and quality 重量和质量
2）n. 数目，数量[c][u]
eg. A small quantity of furniture is painted blue.
a large quantity (of) 大量的（可修饰可数名词、不可数名词，谓语用单数。）
in quantity/ in large quantities 大量的
in a small quantity/ in small quantities 少量的
quantities of + [c][u] 谓语用复数
eg. Quantities of food were on the table.
桌上有大量的食物。
12.root [ru:t, rut] n. 根
1）n. 根[c] (同音词：route)
the root of a tree
pull up a plant by the root
把植物连根拔起
2）n. 根源，原因
the root cause of sth根本原因
the root of the problem 问题的根源
eg. The love of money is the root of all evil.
崇拜金钱乃万恶之源。
put down new roots 在新的地方立足
root and branch 完全地，彻底地
3) v. 使……生根，使……扎根
eg. Does this plant root easily?
这种植物容易生根吗？
13.century ['sentʃuri] n. 世纪（指耶稣基督去世以前或以后的每100年的期间）
the 20th century （公元1900-1999年）
21st Century 21世纪报
at the turn of the century 在世纪之交
eg. We have entered the 21st century.
我们已经进入了21世纪。
centuries ago 几个世纪之前
14.patch [pætʃ] n. 小片
1) n. 补丁，布片
pants/trousers full of patches 打满补丁的裤子
eg. My jeans need patches on the knees.
我的牛仔裤需要补一下
2）n. 小块，小片
patches of green 小块的绿地
patches of sunlight 斑驳的阳光
3）n. 小块地
a vegetable patch 小菜园
4) v. 修补
eg. She patched the hole in the trousers.
她补好了裤子上的洞
patchwork 拼凑之物
15.blacken ['blækən] v. 使变黑，使发暗，损害，诽谤
以-en结尾的动词：
blacken, tighten loosen, whiten, deepen, darken, broaden, shorten, quicken, worsen, thicken…-en 与表示或描述性质或状态的名词，形容词结合，构成动词，描述使某物具有特定性质或处于特定状态的活动过程。
【课文讲解】
1. Firemen had been fighting the forest for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control.
had been fighting 在过去的三周一直在和大火搏斗
fight the fire 和大火搏斗
fight for liberation 为解放而战
fight against cancer 与癌症作斗争
fight a good fight 打一场漂亮的仗
have a fight 打架，战斗
win a fight 赢得一场战斗
lose a fight 输掉一场战斗
get … under control (= bring … under control)
control vt. 管理
eg He controls a large company.
他管理一家大公司。
check v. 检查
eg. A mechanic checked my car engine.
一位技师检查了我的汽车引擎。
2. A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around.
a short time before 不久以前
=a short while before
=not long before
great trees 参天大树
great adj. 大的，伟大的(除了大还有“重要的”含义)
eg. The Parthenon is a great(important) building.
帕台农神殿（希腊用以祭祀雅典娜女神的神庙）
是座重要的建筑。
big adj. 大的（一般用语，没有“重要的”含义）
eg. Skyscrapers are big buildings.
摩天大楼是大型的建筑。
cover v. 覆盖，遮掩
eg. She covered her face with her hands.
她用手捂住脸。
eg. Dust covered his desk.
灰尘覆盖了他的桌面。
be covered with
eg. Our apple tree is covered with fruit.
我们的苹果树果实累累。
3. Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills.
rise up from 从……向上升起
rise to one’s feet 站起身来
rise from the table （吃完饭）离开餐桌
rise in the world 出头，发迹，飞黄腾达
rise to a height of 200 meters 上升到200米的高度
a rise in life 晋升，发迹，出头
the rise and fall of the Roman Empire 罗马帝国的兴衰
4. Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well.
come on 开始，来临，用于指时间，季节等自然情况的出现。
eg. It came on to rain.（The rain came on）
雨季来临了。
[补充说明]
for 是并列连词，表示推断的原因，或对前一分句补充说明理由。
eg. It must be morning for the birds are singing.
一定是清晨了，因为鸟儿在叫
for + 名词，因……理由，为了……
eg. She was angry with him for being late
她因为他迟到而生气
eg. He jumped for joy at the news.
听到这个消息他高兴地蹦了起来。
eg. I like him none the worse for such fault.
我不会因为他有这样的缺点而讨厌他。
since （既然）语气较弱，强调已知的事实：
eg. Since you can’t answer the question, I will ask someone else.
既然你回答不出这个问题，我就问别人了。
because 通常表示直接的原因。because 引导的从句表示直接而明确的原因和理由，表示按因果关系的推断，语气很强，用来回答why 的问题，一般位于主句之后。
eg. We couldn’t go out because it was too cold.
因为天气太冷，我们不能外出
now that （既然）与since 相似，语气较弱，强调人们已知的事实。
eg. Now that you are busy, let me do it for you.
既然你很忙，就让我给你做吧。
as 意为“因为、由于”，语气比because 弱，所引导的从句表示的是不言而喻、显而易见的原因和理由，其从句一般放在主句前。
eg. As it was late, we came back soon.
由于时间很晚了，我们很快就回来了。
区别：since 和now that 表示事物发展的自然结果，特别是当对方大概已经了解其原因的情况下使用，表示既成事实的原因，一般位于主句之前。
注意：for是并列连词，引出的原因较间接，似乎是事后所想到的补充解释的理由，只陈述一般推断的理由，不一定表示产生结果的必然原因，主要放在两个并列句之间，because 通常表示直接的原因。
wash away 冲走
由away 构成的动词短语：
walk away 走开
hurry away 匆匆离开
look away 四处张望
take away 拿走
move away 离开
go away 走开
soil n. 土壤
eg. Oliver trees can grow in poor soil.
橄榄树在贫瘠的土壤上也能生长。
[扩展]
ground 土地，地面
eg. The ball fell to the ground.
球掉到地上了。
5. When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly.
which would grow quickly. （定语从句）
order v.
1) 命令，吩咐，指令
order sb. to do sth.
eg. The chairman ordered silence.
主席要求安静下来。
eg. The doctor ordered me to stay in bed.
医生吩咐我卧床休息。
2）定购，预定（=book vt.）
eg. We don’t have the book in stock but we can order it.
这书我们没有存货，但是可以预定。
3）（在旅馆，饭店等）叫（饭菜，饮料等）
eg. I’ve ordered a steak.
我要了一份牛排。
eg. I’ve ordered you egg and chips.
我给你要了鸡蛋和炸土豆条。
order sb. about/around 不断驱使 ……做……
order sb. off （体）罚……退场；勒令……退出比赛
order sb. out 下令出动（军警）（尤为平息暴乱等）
6. The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes.
in huge/large quantities 大量
7. The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain.
plant/sow seed 播种
go to seed/ run to seed
（指植物）花谢结子；（喻）衰败；（能力，效力等）减弱
eg. He started to drink too much and gradually ran to seed.
他喝酒过多，身体逐渐衰弱了。
8. By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root.
看到“by”经常用完成时态
9. In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.
which had been growing there for centuries定语从句，“一直生长着”
in place of 代替 + n./ pron./ doing
eg. Won’t you go in place of me?
你不愿意来代替我吗？
in one’s place 代替某人……
eg. Jane couldn’t go, so I attended the conference in her place.
简不能出席会议，我代替她去了。
in place 适当的，在适当的位置上
eg. I like to have everthing in place.
我喜欢样样事都能恰得其所。
out of place 不得其所
eg. Her dress was out of place at the ceremony.
他的衣服和这个仪式格格不入。
appear
eg. The ad. will appear in tomorrow’s paper.
这广告将出现在明天的报纸上。
eg. Her latest book will appear soon.
她的新书很快就会出版的。
【Key structure】
过去完成进行时：had been + v-ing表示过去某时以前一直在进行的一个动作。
eg. It had been raining for two days. The fields were all under water.
已经下了两天雨。田地都被水淹了。
eg. Nobody knew what this rascal had been doing all these years.
没有人知道这个流氓这几年一直在干什么。
eg. They put an end to the miserable life we had been living.
他们结束了我们苦难的生活。
eg. They said they had been having a friendly match with our school team.
他们说他们一直在和我们的队进行友谊比赛。
eg. I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
这个东西，我找了很多天才找着。（在这之前一直在找）
eg. They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.
他只等了不多一会，公共汽车就来了。
eg. The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.
电话铃响了三分钟，才有人接。（接之前一直响了三分钟）
eg. He was tired. He had been working all day.
他累了，他工作了一整天。
注意：
和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时后也可接“突然”意义的从句（此从句用一般过去时。）(时态一致性)
eg. I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.
我刚看了几分钟书他就进来了。
eg. She had only been studying her lesson for 10 minutes when her little sister interrupted her.
她温习功课不过10分钟，她的小妹妹就把她打断了。
-可编辑-
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