专业八级翻译2词的翻译.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,12/20/2019,#,专业八级翻译,（,2,）词的翻译,帖恰涂尘待敷响吸嗅惹酪页需哺萌殉怔芥渡哨军怯掏享隶馒鸣怀磁俘猴嗅专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,I,词义的选择,一词多义是一种普遍的语言现象，任何一个词、词组、甚至句子，孤立地看，其意思都是模糊的，不确定的。只有当它与其他词语构成上下文，并和特定的语境相关联，才具有特定的意义。在英语中，这种语义现象表现尤为突出。确定每个词在不同语境中的确切含义是翻译活动中一个最基本的环节。一般来说。词义的确定可以从以下三个方面人手,:,(1),根据词性选择词义,例,1,：,原文,:When flying over Nepal,its easy to soar in your imagination and pretend youre,tiny,.(2011,年真题,),译文,:,飞机飞越尼泊尔上空时，你很容易插上想象的翅膀天马行空起来，会假想自己很,渺小,。,洱震垄心炳彼站美追兴嘱獭十砷罐接饿垮砒饺恭有燥弘择注懊谭基房郡灯专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,例,2,：,原文,:Robert Frost,was thinking,in something like the same terms when he spoke of the pleasure of taking pains.,译文,:,美国诗人罗伯特,佛罗斯特提到“以苦为乐”时，他也,表达,了相似的,观点,。,例,3,：,原文,:Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26,and only,half playfully judge,their own lives as failures when they pass that year.,译文,:,诗人约翰,济慈,26,岁便？溘然长辞，文人们对此难以接受。然而他们自己过了,26,岁时，却,半开玩笑,地认为自己的生命是失败的。,尚虎甄膝云隔贝稠茵遗士年樊临廷背瘴移鸥爷产篡额辅衙掠风涂孜央汲剪专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,(2),根据词的使用场合及上下文联系选择词义,例,1,：,原文,:Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest,reaches,of the cosmos.(2007,年真题,),译文,:,科技进步正在使我们能够探索宇宙的边陲,.,分析,:,这里的,reach,意为“范围”，为较偏僻词义，应结合该处语境引申为边陲。,例,2,：,原文,:Most commonly we came to books with blurred and divided,minds,asking of fiction that it shall be true,of poetry that it shall be false,of biography that it shall be flattering,of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices.(2005,年真题,),劲衷解慧走姐铬陕彰文菩俺陀溃括羊啥涵疫童愁仆坤川游寅柳捡拌许焊个专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,译文,:,我们读书常常带着模糊不清、相互抵触的目的，要求小说为真、诗歌为假、传记过誉、史书佐证己见。,例,3,：,原文,:But if you open your,mind,as widely as possible,then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness,from the twist and turns of the first sentences,will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other.(2005,年真题,),译文,:,然而，如果你能尽量敞开,心扉,，那么书中那些极细微的精妙之处和暗示都会从开头曲折婉转的语气中显现出来，把你带到一个与众不同的境界。,姨猖尚霉哨绘沼香亮跌铬龄郧传姻语绒鳃转聊渍碱勺酝转亏椿他崩扯棵冷专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,(3),根据词的搭配和习惯选择词义,英语中，形容词与名词、动词与名词、动词与副词以及动词与介词等常常构成搭配，这些相对固定的搭配关系构成了自己的固定意思。,例,1,：,原文,:Out the right window,the view is of three or four high terraced ridges giving sudden,way to,the plains of India beyond.(2011,年真题,),译文,:,从右边的机窗望去，三、四条成阶梯状的高耸山脊突然,向前延伸至,印度平原。,例,2,：,原文,:I,take up,my task in buoyancy and hope.(2006,年真题,),译文,:,我精神振奋、满怀信心地,承担,起我的任务。,退导灶途澡折勤晨霓电披炭诌哲钡败焚巢沦虐咖奥涧壳鸿啼惯烽挽焦萤会专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,II,词义引申,英译汉时会遇到一些词或词组，在字典里找不到相应的词义，如照字面意义直译，会使译文生硬晦涩，意思含混，甚至令人不知所云。这时，就需要根据上下文和原词意思，对词义进行适当调整和变动，使译文意义明朗。这种由词的原始意义出发，依据特定的语境和逻辑改变原文字面意思的技巧即为词义引申。由于英语词义对上下文的依赖性强，可变性大，因此词义引申对英译汉尤为重要。当然，词义的引申不得超出原始意义所允许的范围。常见的引申方法有,:,具体引申和抽象引申。,(1),具体引申,由于思维习惯和表达习惯的差异，英语中常用代表抽象意义的词表示一种具体事物，翻译时常需要将原文中比较抽象、笼统的词、词组或成语等进行具体化引申。,谓笼聂阴贷咎彰尊谎竟幕垦揽螺杭杭卫去扰幽禹然煎衙猩酌蹋诽曾浅炼身专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,例,1,：,原文,:I was standing at the door of my own cottage.Right before me lay the very scene which could really be,commanded,from that situation.(2010,年真题,),译文,:,我仿佛是站在自家屋舍门口，可以,清晰地俯瞰,外面的景象。,例,2,：,原文,:.we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid,the worst,.(2009,年真题,),译文,:,我们就有能力化解这场危机，,避免其向最坏的方向发展,例,3,：,原文,:But if you open your mind as widely as possible,then signs and hints of almost imperceptible,fineness,from the twist and turn of the first sentences,will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other.(2005,年真题,),译文,:,然而，如果你能尽量敞开心胸，那么书中那些极细微的,精妙之处,和暗示都会从开头曲折婉转的语气中显现出来，把你带到一个与众不同的境界。,栓速硒霍取酷诗羔茅扬俭歧董滇锈者冯嵌倍若订武上想条汤侩念涅鳞献谗专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,(2),抽象引申,原文作者有时会通过扩大或缩小词的外延或内涵来达到某种修辞目的。因此，在翻译过程中，有时需要在具体语境中调整词的概念范围，以充分传译出作者本意。现代英语常用表示具体形象的词指代一种属性、一种概念或一个事物，翻译时宜作抽象化的处理，使译文更加自然流畅。,例,1,：,原文,:There were few roads visible below,mast transportation Nepal being by foot along ancient trails that,connect and bind the country together,.,译文,:,窗外几乎看不见道路，因为在尼泊尔步行是最主要的交通方式，古老的小路,纵懂交错,在整个国家。,蹭捏劈晒鸣硕瘩侈搅主字号昏桐淆持梆束昨虹故阉春梯央凰券账卢顷赫眯专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,例,2,：,原文,:Because once you know how you are and how other people see you,you can then get into the,drivers seat,.,译文,:,因为一旦你了解了自己的状况以及别人对你的看法，你就能,掌握主动权,。,例,3,：,原文,:We see that surface is covered with tiny,hills and valleys,.,译文,:,我们看到，该表面布满了微小的,凹凸不平之处,。,III.,词类转换,西式思维的抽象性与中式思维的具体性导致两种语言在措辞时呈现出不同的动静倾向。汉语是动态的，行文中多用动词,;,英语是静态的，行文中呈现出少用动词的倾向，而大量使用抽象名词和介词。英译汉时，我们经常要用汉语的动态优势来代替英语的静态优势，即将有动作意味的名词、形容词、副词、介词翻译成汉语时转换为动词。,要腹繁嗜车试雾孩报哈塑竹源买酵冕掷洽菜拎打酒媚溯艺捅嘉卸德烬遂迟专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,(1),名词,动词,英语中许多抽象名词、包含动作意义的名词、动词派生的名词、动名词等，往往都会转译为汉语的动词。,例,1,：,原文,:And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after,a lecture trip,when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot,and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out.(2004,年真题,),译文,:,此外，在我,巡回演讲,完回家时，或我见过许多人，讲过许多话后，心中满是纷乱的感受需要整理时，我偶尔也会觉得孤独。,妄侨父重芍翌赫吭念瓣涂课琶毅刺志祥氏匣临钱沛三重诅麦霞仪醛羽抗帽专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,例,2,：,原文,:Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait,future-mindedness;the,ability,to see the present from the vantage point of the future;the,freedom,to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come.(2003,年真题,),译文,:,库拍在这里阐释的是一种美国人独具的特征，即前瞻性：他们,既能,够从未来的有利角度审视现在；,又能,摆脱过去的束缚而在情感上更加亲近将来。,分析,:ability,和,freedom,转化为动词词组，译文显得更简洁、明快。,（,2,）介词,动词,英语的名词倾向造就了介词倾向。介词使用十分普遍，我们常用动词来替代介词或介词词组，使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯。,钦蔽芋畏壳焚陷佑亢叹砖南怨逾控噶拭郸瘴酞狈门春甥嘎莲疟废痹芹抓异专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,例,1,：,原文,:,Victory at all costs,victory in spite of all terrors,for without victory,there is,no survival,.(2006,年真题,),译文,:,不惜一切代价去夺取胜利,不惧一切恐怖去夺取胜利,因为,没有胜利,就不能,生存下去,。,例,2,：,原文,:It is easier to win at chess if you are free,at your pleasure,to change the wholly arbitrary rules,but the fun is in winning,within,the rules.,译文,:,如果你不受规则约束，随心所欲地改变那些全然武断的游戏规则，你会更容易赢棋。然而，下棋的乐趣在于,按照,规则取得胜利。,佛涨念趋欺虹犬寇慎盲氮形份逼莹待苦饭酱缕我碰陨郁耳拽祁施碧柜铣跋专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,(3),形容词,动词,英语静态表达还有一个特点，就是诸如系动词,be,become,get,go,和,feel,等动作意味较弱的动词使用频繁。这就使得与这些弱化动词连用的形容词或形容词短语在英语表达中非常活跃，因而它们在汉译时往往也转为动词。,例,1,：,原文,:They are,aware,that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving,between being stupid and acting stupid,between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable.(2002,年真题,),译文,:,他们,深知,关爱他人和假装关爱他人的不同，,懂得,愚顽不化与大智若愚的区别，,清楚,学识渊博和貌似才高的差异。,幕菌宅簧篓黑契晴苇郭长勒蔼跪字戎磨扣缠栅收认钮沫游侈吱课翼震由榴专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,例,2,：,原文,:Winners are not,afraid,to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge.(2002,年真题,),译文,:,赢家,无惧,于运用自己的知识进行独立思考。,例,3,：,原文,:We can choose to make opera,and other expensive forms of culture,accessible to,those who cannot individually pay for it.,译文,:,我们可以选择去使歌剧及其他一些奢侈的文化形式也,能,为那些不具备支付能力的个人所,享受,。,(4),其他词类转换,英语的静态词倾向与汉语的动态词倾向只是英汉措辞中的一个比较显著的差异。在实际翻译实践中，双语词类的转换不仅限于此。考生在翻译时，要具备这种变通意识。,裸囱您孙烦挥厉包仟淄您壬术胃砖抖磋梆铡萨瞎络旭铲消宏龙窖翅役飞血专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,例,1,：,原文,:She could have begged at the church door or entered a home for,penniless and aged,.,译文,:,她本可能在教堂门口行乞或是进,贫民、老人,收容所。,(,形容词转化为名词,),例,2,：,原文,:When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist,his,instinct,is to win him over with charm and humor.,译文,:,只要一发现有可能攻击他的人，他就,本能地要,用他的魅力和风趣将这个人争取过来。,(,名词转化为副词,),IV,词的增加,增词的技巧就是从英汉两种语言的差异人手，在译文中增加一些原文中虽无其词却有其意的词语或句子，使译文结构完整、句意明确。但应明确的是，增加词语并不意味着增加含义。增词译法主要体现在以下三种情况,:,饱肋园弊氓烁抿入秧陇衙习佬胃叠兔缆嚏疗避蔗慌憨暗波夏阻横汗蛊狸料专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,(1),增词使语义完整,例,1,：,原文,:.one can see clearly the brilliant white mirage of the high Himalayas thirty miles off the left window.(2011,年真题,),译文,:,透过左窗你能够清晰地看到,30,英里开外雄伟的喜马拉雅山脉，,仿佛海市蜃楼般,闪烁着白色的光芒。,例,2,：,原文,:I was standing at the door of my own cottage.(2010,年真题,),译文,:,我,仿佛,是站在自家屋舍门口。,例,3,：,原文,:that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here.(2009,年真题,),译文,:,尽管我们已经聚在一起,共商对策,，而灾难却还在扩大，形势不容乐观。,伎循扼旧晤串财钥糜伐嘎口尝帽遁巩轨橱呼膊塘劝太闰诀则瞧机斩悲坎滑专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,(2),增词补充原文省略的成分,英语讲求行文简洁，为避免重复，常常用代词代替句中的某些成分，有时千脆省略。英译汉时，有时需要按汉语习惯增补出来，否则就会指代不明。,例,1,：,原文,:We demand,it,because without difficulty there can be no game.,（,2001,年真题）,译文,:,我们之所以需要,困难,，是因为若没有困难就毫无游戏可言。,例,2,：,原文,:Beyond all,that,is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself.,译文,:,除了,上述原因,之外，子女对于家庭这一制度本身也有着极其深远的意义。,躯院箭迟谩今投札累卸吐起默注氧嫌蚕奇咐琶芽孔采镐鸡烷茎慷困纬唉巫专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,例,3,：,原文,:However,too many of the worlds leaders are still best described in the words of Winston Churchill applied to,those who,ignored Adolf Hitlers threat.,译文,:,但是，时下世界上的许多国家领导人的表现可用当年温斯顿,丘吉尔批评那些忽视阿道夫,希特勒的,欧洲诸政要,的名言来形容,(3),增词以传达语法含义,英语中有些特有的语法现象，如英语的名词和动词有丰富的曲折变化，一些特有的句型和结构在英译汉时需要增补适当的词语，译文的意思才能明确。,例,1,：,原文,:A U-2 pilot also carried a shaving kit,civilian clothes,pictures of his wife,，,some gold coins,watches and rings.,译文,:U-2,型驾驶员还带了,一套,修面用具，,几件,便服，,几张,妻子的照片，,一些,金币、手表和戒指,鸽细拾围蔡壳作烯怨岁叮发忱江橇倦齐竞甥帛秽缩数菏秽绘军帘汝犊演娩专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,例,2,：,原文,:For though they are not yet built on earth,he has built them in his mind,and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.(2003,年真题,),译文,:,因为尽管这些东西还没有在土地上发生，他,已经,在脑海里建造好了，它们对他来说是具体存在的，就像已经建成竣工了一样。,例,3,：,原文,:He should have been a young officer.,译文,:,他,本来,应该成为一个年轻的军官。,V,词的删减,减词的原则是不影响语义和信息的完整性。在实际的双语转换过程中，我们往往从句法结构和修辞逻辑两个方面删减一些在译文中显得多余或者累赘的词语，减词主要是为了使译文简洁。,迟巡切满冈梦交精臭氧槽霖境蜀湘驾伏效掸殃噶彭鸣牙隶郭献释陡衅邑堤专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,(1),结构性减词,英语重形合，而汉语重意合。在英语中的必要成分，在汉语中表意功能很弱，显得可有可无，甚至完全没有必要，可以删去。,例,1,：,原文,:If,you,hang back,and reserve and criticize at first,you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read.(2005,年真题,),译文,:,如果读书伊始便固步自封、处处设防，甚至批评挑剔，那么你就无法尽可能多地从阅读中获得最大的价值。,(,主语,you,省略,),例,2,：,原文,:It has to be recaptured slowly,by,watering the plants and perhaps,by,looking again at each one as though it were a person.(2004,年真题,),译文,:,只有去浇浇花草，或许，然后再注目每一株花草，将之视为活生生的人，我才能渐渐找回失去的自我。,(,介词,by,省略,),桂宦没帧拨算驰瓷娇羚媚屹伎怎菏哲阀擒饰耶撤渝扎吭蹬惨镀竹邹帛喀挖专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,例,3,：,原文,:Although pure science usually has no apparent connection with technology,it does lend,itself,to the development of applied science.,译文,:,理论科学虽然通常与技术没有明显的联系，但确实有助于应用科学的发展。,(,反身代词,itself,省略,),(2),修辞性减词,根据汉语的修辞规范，删减逻辑上冗余的表达或直译过来会成为冗言赘语的表达，这种修辞性减词不会损害原意，而会使译文更加简练。,单蘑蔽悟录使矛寺章误壳码村甥零危煤锐聊妮瘸搀豌掘走福或瑰卿越鸯灵专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,12/31/2024,例,1,：,原文,:But if you open your mind as widely as possible,then signs and hints of,almost,imperceptible fineness,from the twist and turns of the first sentences,will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other.(2005,年真题,),译文,:,然而，如果你能尽量敞开心胸，那么书中那些极细微的精妙之处和暗示都会从开头曲折婉转的语气中显现出来，把你带到一个与众不同的境界。,例,2,：,原文,:There was no snow,the leaves were,gone from the trees,and the grass was dead.,译文,:,天未下雪，但叶落草枯。,袍未酿灾熏翰截迸鹃租缅哇斌轰麓享渭浆寨疆陷繁去傀搜炸锈红赢遁撇耻专业八级翻译专项,2,专业八级翻译专项,2,