专升本辅导2 时态.doc

专升本辅导2 时态
一、完成时态
特点：
1、谓语动词一般为延续性动词
2、 动作发生的时间是过去，但这一动作持续到现在，而且还可能继续持续下去；
3、 时间状语为一段时间，说明某个动作持续了多久。
1） I’ve worked in this company since 1980.
2) I have lived here for 3 years.
3) We have up until now failed to take any action to decide on a common language that would further communication between nations.
(until now, up to now, up till now, so far)
4) Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die, for the very nature of life includes death.
( in the last few years, over the past few years, during the last three months, for the last few centuries, through centuries)
4、 过去发生但与现在仍有联系的动作或状态---言外之意
1） He has broken his leg.
2) He broke his leg.
3) A: What has happened to Jane? She is crying.
B: She broke the dinning-room window. She has to face the music when her father gets home.
4) You should have put the milk into icebox; I expect it ____ undrinkable by now.
A. became B. had become C. has become D. becomes
5、 到目前的一个时间段内重复发生的动作。
1) In all the work I have done as president, every decision I have made, every executive action I have taken, every bill I have proposed and signed, I’ve tried to give all Americans the tools and conditions to build the future of our dreams, in a good society, with a strong economy, a cleaner environment, and a freer, safer, more prosperous world.
2) We have taken three tests sp far this week.
3) I have made many new friends since I came to Beijing.
5、现在完成时与一般过去时的比较
都是过去的动作，但当我们强调过去的事情对现在仍有意义或仍有重要影响才用现在完成时。
a. I haven’t seen him this morning.
b. I didn’t see him this morning.
延续性动词：
a. He lives in Beijing. He has lived here for 3 years.
b. He lived in Beijing for 3 years and then emigrated to America.
c. He has been in the army for 6 years.
d. He was in the army for 6 years.
二、 过去完成时---过去的过去
1、开始于过去之前（即过去的过去） 的动作或状态在过去这一时刻仍在持续。
1）I had stayed in America for two years when he moved here.
2) I had learned 1000 words by the end of the last year.
3) It had snowed for a long time when I woke up.
2、表示开始于过去之前的动作到过去这一时刻之前已停止。
短暂动词
1) She had made everything ready before I came.
2) Her baby had fallen asleep when she went into the room.
3) Before John got home, Mary had gone to bed.
3、其他用法
Intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think, propose, with, wish等，表示过去未能实现的计划、设想、意图或希望等。
1）I had planned to go shopping with you but my mother came to see me just when I was about to go.
2) She had hoped that he would come to date here, but he didn’t show up.
3) I had intended to see you, but I was busy.
4、一般过去时与过去完成时的比较
两个或两个以上相继发生的动作，用and或but按动作发生的先后顺序连接，此时要用一般过去时。过去完成时强调主语在过去某一时刻回顾更早的动作。
1) He opened the door and entered, but found nobody.
2) He had served in the army for ten years before he died in the jet-crash incident.
3) I realized that we had met before.
只两个相继发生的动作时，用过去完成时表示先发生的动作。如都用一般过去时，则可能表示一个动作“导致”另一动作，有一定的因果关系
1) When I had opened all the windows I sat down and had a cup of tea.
2) When I opened the window the cat jumped out.
3) When I had written my letters I did some gardening.
4) When I wrote him a letter, he came at once.
5) When the singer had sung her song, she sat down.
1. I began to teach in New Oriental School in 1997. This year is 2001. So far I ____(teach) here for 4 years. By 2000, I ____ (teach) for 3 years. By 2002, I ____ (teach) for 5 years.
2. Don’t spend your money like water. If you keep on like that, you _______ (spend) all your money before the end of the trip.
3. “Was Clint at the party when you arrived?” “No, he ____ (already, go) home.
4. “Was Clint at the party when you arrived?” “Yes, but he ____ (go) home soon afterwards.”
5. I felt very tired when I got home, so I ____ (go) straight to bed.
6. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody ______(go) to bed.
7. Sorry I’m late. The car _____(break) down on my way here.
8. We _____ (drive) a long the road when we saw a car that ______ (break) down, so we stopped to see if we could help.
9. Yesterday I had a phone call from Clint. I was very surprised. I ____ (write) to him times but he ____ (never, reply) to my letters,
10. I met Clint a few days ago. He ____(just, come) back from holiday. He looked very well.
11. The man sitting next tome on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight. He ____(never, fly) before.
12. This traffic is terrible. We’re going to be late. By the time we ___ (get) to the airport, Bob’s plane ____ (arrive, already), and he’ll wondering where are.
13. Last spring I went to France. It was the first time that O ___ (be) there.
14. This is the only novel that he _____ (write).
15. This is the first time that I _____ (take) the flight.
16. This is the most difficult job that I _____(ever, do)
17. Clint is phoning his girlfriend again. This is the fourth time that he ____ (phone) her this evening.
18. A: Look! Somebody _____ (spill) milk on the carpet.
B: Well, it ____(be, not) me. I ______(do, not) it.
A: I wonder who it ______ (be) then.
19. A: Clint ____(break) his leg.
B: Really? How ____ that _____ (happen)
A: He ______(fall) off a ladder.
20. I _____ (lose) my key. I can’t get into my house.
21. I _____ (lose) my key, so I couldn’t get into my house. But now I ____ (find) it.
二．完成进行时
一个动作在现在、过去或将来的某一活动或时间之前的一段时间里一直在进行，强调动作的持续性。
1、 与一段时间连用，表示开始于过去的动作持续到现在，并且活动还没有结束，还将继续持续下去
1) It began raining two hours ago and it’s still raining. It has been raining for two hours.
2) it has been snowing all day. I wonder when it will stop.
2、可以不与一段时间连用。表示最近一段时期内正在持续的一般性活动
1）I have been thinking about changing my job.
2) All the students have been studying hard, for final exams will start next week.
3、与现在完成时比较
相同点：动作的延续性，都与一段时间连用
不同点：
1）I have worked/have been worked in this company for 3 years.
2) I have worked in this company.
3) I have been working in this company.
4) He has been sleeping/has slept for three hours.
5) He has slept.
6) He has been sleeping.
完成进行时强调动作过程，完成时强调动作结果
1) My hands are very dirty. I’ve been painting the house.
2) I have painted the house green. The house was white, but now it’s green.
3) Sorry about the mess --- I’ve been painting the house.
4) I’ve painted two rooms since lunchtime.
1. He ____ several novels since 1985. Most of them ____ quite successful, but the last one ____ very good reviews.
A. has written / were / hasn’t got B. wrote/ have been / didn’t get
C. has written / have been / didn’t get D. wrote / were / didn’t get
2. By the time you get back, great changes ____ in this area.
A. will take place B. will be taken place
C. will be taking place D. will have taken place
3. By the time you ____, I ____ all my house work.
A. returned/will have finished B. return/ will finish
C. return/ will have finished D. returned/finished
4. When I ____ the letter, I ____ it to you.
A. wrote / will show B. wrote/ would show
C. have written / will show D. have written / would show
5. I ____ New York in 1986, but I _____ there since.
A. visit/ hadn’t been B. visited/ haven’t been
C. visit/ haven’t been D. visited / hadn’t been
6. I think by five o’clock the children ____ from their work.
A. will return B. had returned C. will have returned D. have returned\
7. Someone ____ my book. I ____ for it for the last minutes, but I can’t see it anywhere.
A. took/have been looking B. has taken / am looking
C. took /was looking D. has taken / have been looking
8. Just imagine, if all goes well, by Christmas was ____ in the new house for almost two months.
A. are living B. have lived C. will live D. will have been living
9. I hope you ____ all the possibilities before you make the final decision.
A. are considered B. will be considering
C. will have considered D. would have considered
10. I _____ to visit them yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
A. planned B. had planned C. did plan D. was planning
11. John and I ____ neighbors since we ____ children.
A. are/were B. were/ have been C. have been / are D. have been / were
12. The plumber ____ here yet? Yes, but he only ____ for thirty minutes.
A. has been / has stayed B. was / has stayed
C. has been / stayed D. was / stayed
13. Many years ago, he _____ in Paris with his uncle for a long period of time.
A. had been living B. had lived C. lived D. has been living
14. How long ____ here? I ____ you come in.
A. do you sit / haven’t seen B. did you sit / did not see
C. have you sat / have not seen D. have you been sitting / did not see
15. I _____ a great deal ____ I came to England.
A. have learned / before B. have learned / since
C. learned /since D. learn / after
16. I _____ there for five minutes when all the lights ____ out.
A. was / went B. had been / went
C. have been / go D. have been / went
17. I ____ this crossword puzzle for the last hour, but I ____ half of it yet.
A. am doing/haven’t finished
B. have been doing /haven’t finished
C. did/ didn’t finish
D. had done /didn’t finish
18. Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ____ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A. are to challenge
B. may be challenged
C. are challenging
D. have been challenged
19. It’s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _____ by about 10%.
A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising
20. That was the first time the old lady ____ her suffering to others.
A. was telling B. had told C. have told D. told
21. She will come to call on the moment she ___ work.
A. has finished B. had finished C. finishes D. will finish
22. I ____ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.
A. mean B. have meant
C. meant D. had meant plan
23. The Olympic Games, first celebrated in Athens in 1896, ____ every four years so far this century, except during the two world wars.
A. are held B. were held
C. had been held D. have been held
24. It’s the third time I _____ this particular aspect of grammar.
A. explain B. explained
C. have explained D. will explain
25. On her next anniversary she ____ married for 25 years.
A. will be B. will have been
C. has been D. is being
26. In two years’ time he ____ his master’s degree in chemistry.
A. has completed B. will be completed
C. will have completed D. will have been completing
27. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _____ too long.
A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. read
28. It seems oil ____ from this pipe for some time, we’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A. had leaked B. is leaking
C. leaked D. has been leaking
29. _____ a rapid development in the application of laser over the last twenty year.
A. There is B. There will be
C. There has been D. There had been
30. By the end of this year, David ____ Chinese for four years, but he will still need/want training(to be tained) and experience before he masters the language.
A. will be studying B. has studied C. will have been studying D. has been studying
31. “I think the milkman sent us the wrong bottle.” “It’s likely. They ____ that many times before.”
A. do B. done C. have done D. are doing
32. By the year 2020, scientists probably ___ a cure for cancer.
A. have found B. will have found C. will be finding D. are finding
33. I was lucky actually because that was the second time I ____ China that year.
A. have visited B. visited C. had visited D. would visit
34. When the robber came in, carrying the sword, most of the passengers looked up in the surprise, because they ____ anything like it before.
A. didn’t see B. have never seen
C. never saw D. had never seen
35. If the population of the Earth goes on increasing at its present rate, by the middle of the 21st century, we ____ all the oil that drives our cars.
A. will use up B. will have been using up
C. will have used up D. have used up
36. “Let’s hurry. The manager is coming.” “Oh, I was afraid that we ______.”
A. already miss him B. had already missed him
C. will miss him already D. have already missed him
37. This is the first time that I _____ really relaxed for weeks.
A. had felt B. feel C. have felt D. shall feel
38. By the time the fire engine arrived, the house ____ to the ground.
A. burned B. had burned C. has burned D. should have burned
39. Ever since the painter’s paintings went on exhibit, there ____ large crowds at the museum every day.
A. is B. has been C. have been D. are being
40. Until then, Jack’s family ____ from him for more than a year.
A. hadn’t heard B. hasn’t heard C. didn’t hear D. hasn’t been hearing
41. Pick me up at 6 o’clock. I ____ my bath by then.
A. may have B. can have had C. will be having D. will have had
42. By the time James _____ back from his holiday, the milkman will have left twenty bottles of milk outside his doors.
A. will get B. has got C. will be getting D. will have got
43. It is amazing that the Leaning Tower of Pisa ____ for so long.
A. have stood B. stands C. has been standing D. should have stood
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