第二章语法重点串讲.doc

第二章 语法重点串讲
第一节 动词的时态和语态
考试重点：一般现在时（if 从句和as soon as 从句）；进行时表将来；现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别；完成时瞬间动词以及have （has）been, have（has）gone的区别；过去完成时的时间状语；将来完成时。

一、一般现在时：
（一）构成
主动：do / does 被动：am \ is \ are + done
（二）用法
1、表示经常性或习惯性的动作或状态：
常与下列时间状语连用：always, usually, often, seldom, sometimes, from time to time, now and than, once a week, every day (week, year , …), in the morning(afternoon, evening)
例：He goes to work every day.
2、表示人、事物的现在状况和特点。
例：Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.
3、表示客观事实或普遍真理。（即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时）
例：Light travels faster than sound.
4、表示心理状态或感情。
例：I don’t think you are right.
5、一般现在时代替将来时
1）某些表示转移的动词，可以用一般现在时表将来，表示在时间上已确定或已安排好，不易改变的事情。这类动词有：come, go, leave, arrive, start, begin, return, take off 等
例：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
2）在时间、条件和让步状语从句中，若主句的谓语为一般将来时，或者主句含有情态动词，或者主句是祁使句，从句用一般现在时表将来；（主将从现）
常用的连词有：
时间：when, while, until, till, after, before, as soon as, once, by the time, the moment, the minute, every time, the day, the year, immediately
条件：if, unless, provided, so long as
让步：even if, even though, in case (that)
例：He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing.
例：Don’t get off bus until it stops.
例：Ask him to wait for me if Bill comes.
3）在make sure, make certain, see (to it), I hope, I bet, I don’t mind＋that从句中， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
例：Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
（三）考点分析：3、5.2、5.3
（四）典型例题:
1、They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams. （1996年22题）
　 A. have finished B. finish C. finished D. was finishing
2、When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force. （1992年59题）
　 A. will heat B. will be heated C. is heated D. has heated
3、we are going to Florida as soon as we (finish) taking our final exams. （1999-12-A）

二、一般过去时：
（一）构成
主动：did 被动：was \ were + done
（二）用法
1、表示在过去某个特定时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。
常与明确的过去时间状语连用，如：yesterday，last week，in 1945, just now，at that time，once，the other day（前几天）, during the war，a few days ago，a moment ago, when I was 8years old
e.g. Where did you go just now?
2、表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
常与频度副词连用，如：always, usually, often, seldom, once a week等
　 e.g. When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
注意：“would + 动词原形” “used to +动词原形”也可以表示过去常常或反复发生的动作。但“would + 动词原形”只能表动作，不能表状态。
e.g. She would talk to herself for hours.
e.g. My father used to smoke, but he has stopped now.
3、在时间、条件和让步状语从句中，如果主句是过去将来时，从句用一般过去时表过去将来。
e.g. I would not go with you if it rained the next day.
4、在下列结构中，用过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反的虚拟。
(1) It is (high) time + 从句，从句用过去时表虚拟。意思是“早该……了”，
e.g. It is time you went to bed.　　
(2) would (had) rather + 从句，从句用过去时表示与现在或将来的虚拟。
意思是“宁愿某人做某事”，
e.g. I'd rather you came tomorrow.
(3) If only + + 从句（句子）从句用过去时表示与现在或将来的虚拟。
意思是“要是…就好了 ”，
If only I knew what you wanted.
（二）考点分析：2、3、4.1、4.2、4.3
（三）典型例题:
1、You've already missed too many classes this term .You _____ two classes just last week. （1995年59题）
　　A. missed B. would miss C. had missed D. have missed
2、Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking? （1999年31题）
　　A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up
3、He said he ________ me a present unless I _______ in doing the experiment.
　 A. had not given; had not succeeded　B. would not give; succeeded
　 C. will not give; succeed　　　　　 D. would not give; will succeed.
4、When you _____ this over with her, you should not see her any more. （1999年35题）
　 A. talk B. talked C. will talk D. talking

三、一般将来时: （略）
（一）构成
主动：will \ shall + do 被动：will \ shall be+ done
四、过去将来时: would\should + do （略）
（一）构成
主动：would \ should + do 被动：would \ should be+ done
五、现在进行时:
（一）构成
主动：am \ is \ are + doing 被动：am \ is \ are being + done
（二）用法
1、表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。
常用的时间状语有：at present, currently, now, nowadays, these days, today等。
　　例：The teacher is talking with his students.
2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。
　　例：I am attending a conference in Beijing.
3、表示动作的逐渐变化。动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
　　例：The leaves are turning red.
4、 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的感情色彩。
　　例：You are always changing your mind.
5、现在进行时表将来
某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, leave, start, arrive，return, die,
open, take off 等可以用现在进行时表示将来。
　　例：We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
（三）考点分析：用法1、2、4、5
（四）典型例题:
1、My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.　
　A. has lost, don't find　　 B. is missing, don't find　
C. has lost, haven't found　 D. is missing, haven't found.　　
2、I won’t be free Friday morning. I ____ a friend off.
A. am seeing　B. shall be seen　C. have seen　 D. shall have seen　
3、When Mary came to visit me, I had just finished my work and ____ to prepare my supper.
A. have started B. would have started
C. was starting C. had been starting

六、过去进行时：
（一）构成
主动：was \ were + doing 被动：was \ were being + done
（二）用法
1、表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
　　 例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.
1）常用的时间状语：
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, this time yesterday, when, while
2）when 和while 引导时间状语从句的区别：
when 表示时间上的点，其所引导的句子用过去时；
while 表示持续的一段时间，其所引导的句子用过去进行时。
　 例：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.　
2、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作
某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, leave, start, arrive，return, die,
open, take off 等可以用过去进行时表示过去将来。
例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning.
3、过去进行可以描述一件事发生的背景；表示一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
例：I was walking along the river when I heard a voice” help!”
（三）考点分析：用法1、3
（四）典型例题:
1、Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.　
A. made　 B. is making　 C. was making　 D. makes
2、As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read； was falling　 B. was reading； fell　
C. was reading； was falling　 D. read；fell
3、I fell and hurt myself while I _____tennis. （1998年43题）
　　 A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played
4、One of the guards _____ when the general came in, which made him very angry. （1996年23题）
　　 A. has slept B. were sleeping C, slept D. was sleeping

七、将来进行时:（略）
八、现在完成时：
（一）构成
主动：has \ have +done 被动：has \ have been +done
（二）用法
1、表示动作刚刚结束或表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
常用的时间状语： for, since, so far, ever, never, just, already, yet, till/until, now, recently, up to now, up till now, in past years, in these five years 等
（1）Li Ming has just turned off the light.
2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去（常用since引导的短语或从句，或由for 引导的短语连用）。
（1）He has lived here for 30 years.
（2）They’ve known each other since childhood.
3、现在完成时表示将来完成的动作
在时间和条件状语从句中，若主句的谓语为一般将来时，从句用现在完成时表将来完成；（主将从现）
例：I’ll help you as soon as I have finished my homework.
4、瞬间动词的完成时
瞬间动词不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。常用 it is +时间+since 的句型代替，从句用过去时态。
e.g. It is 3 years since I left Shanghai .
5、用于现在完成时态的句型：
1）It is the first / second time…+that从句，that从句用现在完成时。
　 例：It is the first time that I have visited the city.
2）This is the + 序数词或形容词最高级…+that从句，从句要用现在完成时.
　 例：This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
6、几组特殊词的区别
1）have（has）been to 和have （has）gone to 的区别
have（has ）been to：曾经去过某地
have（has）gone to：去某地了
（1）He has gone to America.
（2）He has been to America twice.
2）since和for的区别
since + 时间点，用来说明动作起始的时间，
for + 时间段，用来说明动作延续时间的长度。
　　例：Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
　　例：My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.　
（三）考点分析：用法1、2、4、5
（四）典型例题:
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?　
　 ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D. am coming
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
　 ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come　 B. even, have come　　C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come
(3) He has _____ the army for ten years and is now an officer. （1995年49题）
　 A. gone into B. joined in C. been in D. come into
(4) You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.　
A. had met　 B. have met　 C. met　D. meet

九、过去完成时：
（一）构成
主动：had +done 被动：had been +done
（二）用法
1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。这个过去的某一时间常用by, before, at, until, after, when, once, as soon as等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。
例：When he got to the station, the train had gone.
注意：也常用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句中。
　　 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.　　
2、表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到过去的另一个时间的动作。常与since,for, after等引导的时间状语或从句连用。
例：It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.
3、一般过去时表示过去完成时
在含有before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此，可以用一般过去时表示过去完成时。
例：I called him as soon as I arrived.
4、过去完成时常用在no sooner …than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…， “一…就…”句型之中，句子到装。
　　例：Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.
5、表示意向的动词，如hope, expect, mean, wish, intend, think, suppose等，用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图。"本希望（打算）…，但…""原以为…，但…"　　
例：We had hoped that you would come.
（三）考点分析：用法1、2、4、5
（四）典型例题:
1、About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read, the Chinese
_____ paper. （1997年35题）
　　 A. invented B. had invented C. have invented D. had been invented
2、The chemistry class _____ for five minutes when we hurried there.（1995年24题）
　　 A. had been on B. was on C. has been on D. would be on
3、No sooner had we sat down _____ we found it was time to go. （1997年50题）
　　 A. than B. when C. as D. while
4、The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.　
A. had written, left　 B. were writing, has left　
C. had written, had left　 D. were writing, had left

十、将来完成时：
（一）构成
主动：will \ shall + have done 被动：will \ shall + have been +done
（二）用法
1、表示在将来某一时间为止已经完成的动作或存在的状态。即从“将来”的角度看“已经过去或完成”。常用的时间状语：by the time…; by the end of…; when引导的状语或从句。
　　They will have been married for 20 years by the end of this year.
（三）考点分析：用法1
（四）典型例题:
1、By the time John gets home, his aunt _____.（1995年25题）
　　A. will have B. leaves C. will have left D. is leaving
2、I _____ writing the article by the time you get back. （2000年24题）
　　A. shall finish B. must have finished
　　C. have finished D. shall have finished
3、The students ____ their papers by the end of this month. （2002-6-A）
　　A. have finished B. will be finishing
　　C. will have finished D. have been finishing

十一、现在完成进行时：
（一）构成 主动：has \ have been + doing
（二）用法
1、现在完成进行时表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。现在这个动作可能刚刚终止，也可能仍在进行。但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。
例：I have been sitting here all afternoon.
（四）考点分析： 用法1
（五）典型例题:
1、I _____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer. （1998年49题）
　　A. was knocking B. am knocking
　　C. knocking D. have been knocking
2、Linda feels exhausted because she _____ so many visitors today. （2003-6-A）
　　A. has been having B. had been having
　　C. was having D. had had

十二、过去完成进行时：（略）
（一）构成 主动：had been + doing
被动语态
考试重点：被动语态的构成；感官动词和使役动词的被动语态；动词短语的被动语态；情态动词的被动语态；用主动表示被动的含义。
一、被动语态的构成：be + 及物动词的过去分词，助动词be有人称，数，时态和语气的变化。
　典型例题:
（1）A new hospital (build) _____ in our hometown now. （1999-12-A）
二、感官动词及使役动词的被动语态（如：see，watch，notice, hear，feel，let, make，have, bid）在主动语态中用省to的不定式做宾补，改为被动语态时要加to。
　典型例题:
（1）The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder. （2000年58题）
　　A. came B. come C. to come D. have come
三、情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+过去分词。
　典型例题:
（1）The cause of the accident may never (discover) _____ in spite of the effort of the police.（2003-6-A）
四、用主动表示被动的含义
1、有些及物动词常用主动形式表被动， 如: wash, sell, write, cut, drive, feel, keep, read, wear 等。
（1）This kind of cloth washes well.
2、need/require/demand doing sth（此句型主语大多为物）
　　　典型例题:
（1）My room is a mess. It needs _____.（2000年47题）
　　 A. to be tidying up B. tidying up C. to tidy up D. tidied up

第二节 情态动词(Model Verbs)
　在大学英语考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：
    （1）情态动词+完成式: must have done
    （2）情态动词+进行式: must be doing
    （3） need , dare的用法
一、情态动词的一般用法:
1、dare/need 的用法：
1) dare 和need都既有情态动词的功能,又有实义动词的功能. dare用情态动词时常用于否定句,疑问句和条件从句中;need作情态动词时常用于否定句或疑问句中.
2) Need 构成一般疑问句时,其肯定回答用must；否定回答用needn’t
---Need I do it now?
---Yes, you must. (No, you needn’t.)
3) needn't +have +过去分词，表示对过去不必做的事情却做了，可译为“其实不必”
典型例题：
（1）I wonder how he ______ that to the teacher.
A. dare to say B. dare saying C. not dare say D. dared say
（2）---Shall I tell John about it?
---No, you _______. I’ve told him already.
A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
（3）You ______ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing. (1991-6-4)
A) needn't have done 　　B) shouldn't have done
C) must not have done　　D) cannot have done

二、 情态动词+完成时用法小结：
（一）must+have+过去分词：用于肯定句，表示对过去情况把握较大的推测，意为：“肯定，一定” （表现在的推测：must+动词原形）
典型例题：
1、Mr. Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.
（1998年44题）
A. must have received B. must have failed to receive
C. must receive D. must fail to receive
2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time. （2001年58题）
A. would have had B. could have had
C. should have had D. must have had
3、Jack must (go) ____ away--- we can’t find him anywhere in the factory.(2002-12-A)
（二）can/could not +have+过去分词：
用于否定句或疑问句，表示对过去情况把握较大的推测，表示 “不可能……，肯定没有……”。（表现在的推测：can't+动词原形）
典型例题：
1、You _____ her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks. (1996-1-4)
　　A) needn't have seen 　　B) must have seen
　　C) might have seen 　 D) can't have seen
2、The room is in terrible mess; it _________ cleaned. (1996-6-4)
　　A) can't have been B) shouldn't have been
　　C) mustn't have been D) wouldn't have been
（三）may/might（not）+have+过去分词：
用于肯定句和否定句，表示对已发生事情的不太肯定的推测，意为“可能，大概，”“可能不”其中might较may 语气更弱，把握更小
典型例题：
1、Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we ____during the day. (1999-1-4)
A) must have done B) should have done C) would have done D) may have done
（四）could+have+过去分词：
表示对过去能做而未做的事感到惋惜,遗憾.意为：“本来可以……”“本来可能……”。
典型例题：
（1）We didn’t finish the work in time. You _____ us since you were there.(2001-12-A)
　　A. might help B. should help C. could have helped D. must have helped
（五）should（not）+have+过去分词/ought（not）to+have+过去分词：
用于肯定句和否定句：肯定句表示过去本应发生的事却没有发生；否定句表示不该发生的事已发生了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。前者可译为“本应该…，”后者为“本不该…”
典型例题：
1、They have done things they ought _____.（1999年59题）
A. not to do B. not to be done C. not to have done D. not having done
2、You _____ yesterday if you were really serious about your work.
A. ought to come B. ought to be coming
C. ought to have come D. ought have come
（六）needn’t+have+过去分词：
表示对过去不必做的事情却做了，可译为“其实不必”
典型例题：
1、You ______ all these parcels yourself. The shop would have delivered
them if you had asked a shop assistant.
A. didn’t need to carry B. needn’t have carried C. needn’t carry D. didn’t need carry　

第三节 虚拟语气
考试重点：
1、虚拟条件句的基本形式和用法；if的省略形式；含蓄条件句；错综时间虚拟语气；2、以wish（that）引导宾语从句；以as if, as though 引导的状语从句；if only 引导的从句；would rather 等引导的从句；3、表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等词