《刘述托福语法笔记》.doc

托福语法只考陈述句从句都是正常语序只有主句才能倒装美国地名表达方式：城市，州虚拟语气不考；in that出现即答案连字符的形容词出现就是答案first划线永远对（因为first词性完备，任何词性的用法都存在）；waters永远对（water做水域解，可以有复数形式）；情态动词永远对。consider + n.1 + n.2 通常是答案ad. + 同位语 通常对 同位语前可能省略了动词although 在选项中出现99%正确插入语永远对。代词95%为错。consider as 出现就错self划线永远错。prep. + to do必定错。prep. + done必定错。prep. + what + s. v. o. 一定错，改为：prep. + which + s. v. o.T考中，the + a. 错 the + n.The more the n., the more the n. 优先选择改错题整句无难词，却不易懂，此时通常选D 介词短语一般不作主语以下单词在考试中出现就是被动：base(be based on 以为基础), celebrate, locate, note(be noted for因为而著名)长宾语后置插入语结构考点的定性答案是：定从或省略的定从。_ pl. vs. 结构 空格处首选 G._ that / who 空格处优先选强调句S. vt. _ s. v. o. 结构 空格处首选that引导的宾从S. v. o. _ n. 结构 空格处90%选定从S. v. o. _ s. v. o. 结构 空格处优先选 prep. which 和in thatS. v. o., n. _ v. o. 结构 空格处首选 of + whichthe _ of结构 空格处只能是 n. 或 a.esta/an _ of结构 空格处只能是 C. 或 G.在填空题中，when to be / when to do 不选（一）主句专一: 任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词连接F S. v. o., s. v. o. 逗号不能连接两个完整句T S. v. o.; s. v. o. 分号可以连接并列句（二）谓语专一: 任何句子只有一个谓语，谓动之间须有连词连接 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 17.30F V., v.（三）插入语结构S., _, v. o.16.3简化为：TP, _, wrote CS.注意：s., , _ o. 空格里需填入谓语动词（四）插入语类型：完整的定语从句 4.9, 7.2n. 2.3, 10.11, 16.3a. / prep. / ppl. 短语 18.15, 6.13, 17.4, 19.11e.g. Michael. Yu, native to China, founded New Oriental School.（五）倒装结构总原则只有主句才能倒装答案的首字母是助动词，系动词或情态动词否定副词在句首引起倒装: Not only, Not until, Seldom, Hardly, Scarcely, Rarely 10.10Not until的两种用法 n., 倒装 until is a prep. s. v., 倒装 until is a conj. 1.13Only + 状语 在句首引起倒装+ ad. + 倒装+ prep. + n. + 倒装 6.5, 28.37+ 状从 + 倒装e.g. Only when he came home did she learned the news.ppl. 短语在句首作表语引起倒装so在句首，引起倒装S. + be + so + a. + that s. v. o. = So + a. + be + s. + that s. v. o.e.g. The book is so funny that I love it.e.g. So funny is the book that I love it.So that vs. such that当 为 a. 时用 so当 为 n. 时用 such当 为 a. n. 时需分情况讨论当 n. 为 C. 时都可e.g. She is such a pretty girl that she loves Arthur.e.g. She is so pretty a girl that she loves Arthur.当 n. 为 Cs. 或 U. 时用suche.g. Ross had such wonderful dinosaurs/fossil that he was crazy.当 n. 前的 a. 为以下4个时用so: many, much, few, littlee.g. Ross had so many dinosaurs that he was crazy.表地点和范围的 prep. 短语在句首且为主系表结构In, At, Between, Beneath, Among, Be, Lie, Exist, Remain, Rest在比较结构中，than后面可以倒装，也可以不倒装as在句中引起倒装e.g. They looked upon that guy as a gay, as did Michael.e.g. So did Micheal.活用，也可在句首。24.38（六）平行结构: 由平衡连接词连接的两个或两个以上对等对象构成单复数不必平行，平行与否取决于客观事实和上下文时态不必平行，但时间相同则时态相同，反之亦然词性必须平行，但是无同义同根形容词的名词例外结构形式的平行语意的平行（七）状从的省略状从省略结构的三个必要条件同时满足A，特殊的状从引导词: though, although, even though, when ,while, ifB，谓动是be动词C，从句主语等于主句主语省略方式：同时省略主语加be动词结论：6个引导词a. / ppl.，往往就是答案 4.15, 4.26, 17.25, 28.25（八）Which 的3种用法单独which：关系代词，在从句中充当一主要成分故接不完整句JP67-141, 12.27, 14.30, 25.38prep. which: which作介宾，不在从句中充当成分，后面是完整句18.25perp. + which + to do也可作后置定语修饰名词，完全等于定从e.g. The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home. = The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which it builds its home.技巧：当主句主语和从句主语一致时，可用不定式代替从句技巧：完整句 _ 完整句 空格处优先选 prep. which 和in that形如：S. v. o. prep. which s. v. o.S. v. o., n. / num. / pron. + of which v. o.注意：主宾后面有逗号；主句和of之间有名词e.g. Xu Yi has 10 playboys, five of which are borrowed from DCX.e.g. I have a house, the windows of which face south.当先行词是人时用of whom进一步推广：of which和of whose n.并无本质区别，因此of whose n.只是which第三种用法的变体 16.13（九）定从的省略that / which作从宾时可省定从中，主语be可同时省 (难题常是这种形式)定从的特殊省略The way后常省 how或in which 5.13Time 后常省whene.g. I do remember the first time I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.Reason后常省whye.g. Thats the reason I dont drink.（十）主从：从句是主句的一个主语；主语 引导词 句子主v. o. That s. v. o. v. o. 标准的主从 （十一）宾从：从句是主句的一个宾语；宾语 引导词 句子 JP53-33S. v. 宾 S. v. that s. v. o. 标准的宾从Believe state 等及动后常考宾从 即S. believe / state that s. v. o. 故在believe, state 等及动后第一反应为that还包括如下及动：BelieveIndicateknowsaythinkDemonstrateEstimatefindholdinsistLearnMeanshowstatetell其中前5个词后的that 省略了也不算错，最好不省在名词性从句中，主、表、同位语从句的that不能省略，而宾从中的that，口语常省，书面语不宜省略（十二）表从：从句是主句的一个表语；表语 引导词 句子S. be that s. v. o. 标准的表从表语从句一般只考that，because出现就错（十三）What 结构What 在语法上有个特别的称呼 缩合连接代词What = the thing that; thing 由句意决定 JP54-36, 37n. what 一定错 3.11What is now 一定对 3.16What 在前后句中必须同时作成分 JP54-38vt. _ v. ; prep. _ v. 空格中优先选择whatwhat 引导的从句 名词，可在主句中作主、宾、表what v. o. the thing that v. o. that引导定从，中心词是thing既然what引导的句子等于名词，因此what只引导名词性从句。不引导副词形容词从句。JP65-88, 13.30, 17.16What little what little / few sth. = the little / few sth. thate.g. JP54-39. Today what little fossil ivory remains comes from Alaska. Today the little fossil ivory that remains comes from Alaska.（十四）In that结构In that = 位于句中的 becauseIn that 是一个词技巧：in that出现即答案（十五）非限制性定从All the dinosaurs that are cute belong to Ross. 对比All the dinosaurs, which are cute, belong to Ross.结论：that前不可有逗号，但是有插入语时例外。2.40（十六）同位语结构 分类 主同和宾同 作用 对主语或宾语进行解释说明词性 名词主同的三种位置s., n., v. o.e.g. Michael, a GRE expert, has a dream of founding the Harvard of China .n., s. v. o.e.g. A GRE expert, Michael loves his family.n. s. v. o. 7.36, JP55-46在语法上同位语也分限制性和非限制性。限制性没有逗号，关系紧密。e.g. The term dinosaur refers toe.g. The metal copper is very useful. e.g. The dye Sudan red should not be added to food技巧：划掉同位语，只看主语技巧：根据主同确定主语宾同的两种位置S. v. o., n.结论：位于句尾的孤立名词必为宾同S. v. n. o.I hate the dye Sudan red. 对比The dye Sudan red should not be added to food.注意：长同位语可后置（十七）宾从 vs. 同位从宾从同位从that 是代词性 + 非完整句that 是非代词性 + 完整句从句对先行词是修饰限制关系从句对先行词是解释说明关系先行词无限制先行词常是表事实的抽象名词常接同位从的先行词：Beliefconclusiondecisiondiscoverydoubtevidenceexplanationfacthopeideanewsobservationopinionrumorstatementthoughttruthscience后面不可能接同位语，因为科学很难用一句话解释清楚 J54-34（十八）从句引导词F Whose + direct v. whose 是所有格，其后必为名词F When + single n. when 不能作句子主干F Where + single n. where 不能作句子主干从句内不可有与引导词重复者F what + n. what = the thing that从句内部语序正常，除了as, than引导的比较结构who 与 whom 已无明显的主宾格限定区别，可互换，但在介词后的引导词只能用whomF prep. + who prep. + whomthat vs. which指物可互换；指人用that；介词只与which配；关系紧密是that；看到逗号想which；但要小心插入语（十九）宾补结构F We appointed Arthur. 对比T We killed Arthur. F Arthur was appointed 对比T Arthur was killed.make + o. op. 结构make + n.1 + n.2e.g. make the boy presidentpresident:总统;总裁; 长官, 大臣; 议长;院长; 庭长;校长; 院长;会长, 社长; 主席;行长; 董事长; 总经理make + n. + a.e.g. make the animal uniquee.g. make it uniquemake it possible to do sth. JP56-55make it possible that s. v. o. 4.10make sth. possible & make possible sth. 长的在后 JP56-52, 54, 22.14possible 还可换成其他类似形容词，如visible, capablepossible 与宾语之间不能再有其他成分consider + o. op. 结构 JP55-46sb consider + n.1 + a. / n.2n.1 be considered n.2技巧：consider n.1 n.2 通常是答案注意：consider as 出现就错regard, view 常与 as 相关elect + o. op. 结构sb. / sth. + elect + sb. + 职务sb. be elected 职务sb. be elected to 机构sb. be elected to the office of 职务 1.14注意：select 往往接 as 27.12call + o. op. 结构e.g. We call him Laden. e.g. He was called Laden.name + o. op. 结构sb. / sth. name sb. sth.sb. be named sth.e.g. Mr.Huang was named one of the ten most outstanding boys in Guangdong.bring的用法bring sth. to sb. / sw. = bring to sw. sth.bring sth. together = bring together sth. 使团结，使和解bring sth. to light = bring to light sth. 发现 JP56-53（二十）双宾语结构 Sth. win / gain / earn sb. sth. 10.12, JP59-80Sth. give / grant sth. sth. JP60-81Sb. persuade / tell sb. that s. v. o. (宾从) 5.15, 3.26（二十一）双宾语和宾补结构的区别关键：宾补对宾语进行补充说明技巧：宾补是对宾语进行补充说明 e.g. I bring Michael a girl. 双宾e.g. Arthur made his wife a scarf. 双宾（二十二）逻主结构Finding the increase of his weight, LXL felt very angry.find是动词，其动作的发出者或者承受者，即为逻主逻主与主句主语一致，故可以根据逻主判断主句主语 = (LXL) finding the increase of his weight, LXL got very angry.当逻主与主句主语不一致则须写出来n.1 doing / done / prep. 短语 , n.2 v. o. 即为独立主格 JP57-56, 57e.g. Weather permitting, well go on a picnic tomorrow.e.g. This done, we went home. 14.15_ doing / done , s. v. o. ppl.前可有状从引导词, 空格处可以是：although, though, even though, when, while, if. 即：状从的省略见（七）inf. 前不可有状从引导词 JP65-108技巧：when to do / be 一定错 在一起只有名词性，不能作状 （二十三）形容词的并列结构T an old red carF a red old car 限定词 num. a. n.my two funny booksadj. 顺序：主观品质 / 形状大小长短 / 新旧老少 / 颜色国籍 / 材料e.g. Toms two beautiful tall young Chinese girls逗号可以连接两个形容词，并且使它们关系并列技巧：连字符的形容词出现就是答案（二十四）the more . the more . 结构对称性 结构对称e.g. The lower _ in a room, the more slowly our eyes focus. 10-8(A) the level of lighting (B) light level(answer: A)省略性 相同的谓语可省，尤其是 be 常省，不同的 be 亦可省 JP57-61, 10.8倒装性 只第二个the more 后面才可倒装 前从句后主句 JP57-62注意：the more 结构中的名词通常特指技巧：The more the n., the more the n. 优先选择（二十五）比较结构 （与上一条极相似，一起记）对称性 结构对称选择: that / those / one / ones 泛指不选: them / it 特指 JP58-64 65省略性 相同的谓语可省，尤其是 be 常省e.g. He is taller than I (am)倒装性 than后可倒装可不倒装，一般都倒（二十六）形容词最高级的省略the + a.est( + n.) + of + pl. n.必须省，否则与 pl. 重复 the + a.est + of + pl. 4.8规律：the _ of 之间可以是 n. 和 a.est 13.22 13.24 19.25 技巧：a _ of 之间只能是C. 7.39技巧：T考中，the + a. 错 the + n.（二十七）doing结构Starving troops is forbidden. 使军队饥饿的行为是被禁止的Starving troops are forbidden. 饥饿的军队是被禁止的技巧：_ pl. vs. 结构 优先选doingG. 不接宾时相当于纯粹的名词，用a.修饰 12.36G. 接 n. 时，往往强调其动作性，用 ad. 修饰 27.20G. + n. vs. ppl. + n.G. + n. 为动宾短语，中心词是 G.，翻译为 的行为ppl. + n. 为定中短语，中心词是 n.，翻译为 的（二十八）形容词短语作后置定语的形式a. + prep. + n. 形容词短语。a.-er + than + n. 7.3注意：非短语不后置T a boy good at gamesF a boy good at school（二十九）规则动词的过去分词作后定任何一个v.-ed 如: n. called .记住：过去分词作后置定语相当于which be的省略，即被动e.g. A boy (who is )called Bush was elected President.e.g. We called the boy Bush.碰见任何n. Ved，先从逻辑上判断他们的主被动关系，如是主动则是过去式，是谓语，保留；如是被动则是分词，是非谓语，是后置定语，划掉（三十）不规则动词的过去式和过去分词 19.21cast, cost, set, spread，cut。 划线慎选 过去式过去分词同形同时注意过去分词和过去式不规则的词（三十一）it 的用法选主谓优先选: there be不选: it is / they are强调句It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 其他被强调部分 + 其他 = 符合逻辑与语法的完整句被强调部分可以是：主、宾、状；不能是：谓、定被强调部分是人时，用that, who 均可；其余只能用 thatbe 动词只能是 is 或 was技巧：_ that / who 空格处优先选强调句形式主语 12.25it be 只在强调句和形式主语句中位于句首（三十二）三句子结构两个句子必须有一个连词，三个句子两个连词S. v. o., but s. v. o. 连接两个简单句两个连词可以在一起S. v. o., but when s. v. o., s. v. o. 连接简单句和复合句技巧：把有连词的句子划掉 JP60-86（三十三）词性混用 JP61-121表语只能是 a.、ppl.、具体名词；不能是 ad.、v.、抽象名词 JP61-13结论：抽象名词不作表语F I am hunger.T I am a hunger. T I am hungry.F The book is no use.T The book is of no use.T The book is not useful.T The book has no use.of + n. 相当于a. 20.34辨析(重点): have + n. vs. be + a. 12.23, 23.36, 25.39表语唯一 JP61-4作宾语时 n. 与 G. 的混用同义的n. 优先，不同义的根据意思判断 JP61-5, 10.35e.g.functioning经营运作function功能reasoning推理reason原因gambling赌钱gamble赌博n. 与 G. 的区别G. 可接宾语而n.不能 JP61-6G. 前加the相当于纯粹n.，此时不可再接宾语而常接of JP61-7conj. 与近义 prep., ad., a. 的混用when / while vs. in / during “当时候” 前连后介 JP61-810, 9.39when / while + n. during / in + n.during / in + s. v. o. When / while + s. v. o. JP67-139although / though vs. despite / in spite of “虽然” 前连后介although / though + n. in spite of / despite + n.in spite of / despite + s. v. o. although / though + s.v.o. JP67-138despite of 错even though vs. even “即使” 前连后副even + s. v. o. even though + s. v. o. JP67-140as vs. similar “像一样” 前连后形 13.31 and vs. also / besides “和，此外” 前连后副 JP61-11S. v. o. + similar / besides + s. v. o. S. v. o. + as / and + s. v. o.or vs. else “或者，其他” 前连后副 JP61-12but vs. instead “但是，而不是” 前连后副 JP61-13并列1 + also/ else/ instead + 并列2 并列1 + and/ or/ but + 并列2after vs. afterward “之后” 前连后副up vs. upward “向上” 前介后形F a + minimal/ various/ numerous/ diverse + of a + minimum/ variety/ number/ diversity + of同根名词的混用 JP61-14, 15Archaeologist考古学家archaeology考古学1.8Composer作(曲)家composition作文J61-15Editor编辑editorial社论J61-14Engineer工程师engineering工程学Innovator革新者innovation改革5.31innovative创新的a. vs. ad.a. 修饰 n. ; ad. 修饰 n. 的补集关键：分清楚修饰关系 JP61-18, 19技巧：ad. 同位语 n. 通常对a. + a. + n. vs. ad. + a. + n.a. + a. + n. 中 两个 a. 都修饰 n.ad. + a. + n. 中 ad. 修饰 a. ；a. 修饰 n.F a frequent pretty girl a frequently pretty girl frequently修饰 prettyF a cutely tall boy a cute tall boy cute 修饰boynum. + ad. + n. vs. ad. + num. + n.ad. + num. + n. 中 ad. 修饰num.；num. 修饰 n. JP61-21e.g. about 200 studentsnum. + ad. + n. 违背修饰法则，错误。例外：among 60 percent of the spacenum. + a. + n. vs. a. + num. + n. 限定词(art. pron.) - num. - a. - n. num. + a. + n. 对T two diligent studentsF diligent two students（三十四）名词 名作定必单 JP62-26, 7.39e.g. paper tiger , color monitor , master of business administration名作定不单之例外：a greetings carda savings banka sales girla communications satellitea cities banka sports cara systems engineering以上修名+s，男人女人随主变。JP62-27：a man/woman boxer, two men/women boxers作定时，同义的a. 优先于n. JP61-16, 23当表示 n. 的材料内容时，用 n. 修饰 n.e.g. beauty contest , stone table , world trade organization (WTO)当无同义同根 a. 时,用 n. 修饰 n. 14.7e.g. city planning , student union改错策略：碰见 n. + n.，先看其余三，若都没问题，再判n. + n.，修饰关系用单数，介词缺失插中间见（三十七）。 JP61-24, 25every / each + C.(a) few / many + Cs.(a) little / much + U. JP62-29, 30some / any / all + C./ Cs./ U. JP62-28, 31, 32, 33F as many as 50 percent of the income much income 是 U.T as much as 2000 kilometers 2000 kilometers 是一个整体概念F each major styles style each 修style用单数T every ten boys every 修ten; ten 修boysfew, little, many, much, some, any, each, most, all 都可作pron. ; every 不可以。every不能单独作主/宾，必须有被修饰词 JP62-40another + C. vs. other + Cs. JP62-34any other + C. vs. any other of the + Cs.T Another two girls go to Harvard another 修two；two 修girlsnumerous / diverse / various / several + pl. JP62-35