英文翻译1.doc

An Introduction to Sphere-based Turning by Joe SkehanSalt Lake City, UT Figure 1. Some of the authors sphere-based creations. Most wood turning is performed on material mounted in a single plane; the wood is placed between centers or held in a chuck. It is then worked perpendicular or parallel to the grain. However, as early as the 16th century, turners discovered that if the material being worked was in the shape of a sphere, then it could be worked from any point, rotated and then worked from any other point, producing concentric designs. This is the basis for all sphere-based creations.History Figure 2. Holtzapffels star in dodecahedron. The earliest known reference to these items dates from 1581 by Georg Wecker, court turner to Duke Augustus, Elector of Saxony. Many of the modern tools and processes for these creations were outlined in 1816 by L. E. Bergeron in his Manuel du Tourneur which included detailed drawings and explanations. These were further covered in 1881 by John Jacob Holtzapffel in volume IV of Turning and Mechanical Manipulation. Chinese craftsmen started making them in the 18th century. Often made of ivory, these Chinese balls were usually intricately carved and ornately decorated.What are these things? Figure 3. Five-level Chinese ball.The most common modern pursuit is whats commonly referred to as the Chinese ball. Its usually a wooden sphere about 2-1/2 in diameter with 12 holes about 3/4. The sphere is 1/8 thick and inside it, separated by a 1/8 gap is another sphere. The second sphere also has 12 holes and contains a third sphere. The third sphere contains a forth sphere and finally a solid ball 1/2 in diameter for a total of 5 spheres (4 hollow and 1 solid), all contained within each other.This general description is only a common implementation and the variety of items produced is limited only by the imagination and skill of the turner. Creations may commonly have as few as 6 holes or as many as 32 (usually 12 large and 20 smaller). They may contain a greater or lesser number of spheres, or simply be hollow balls. Instead of additional spheres, they may contain cubes, stars or even lidded boxes. Also, the external shape can also be something other than a sphere, such as the 12-sided dodecahedron shown in the figures.Whats the trick? Figure 4. Perseverance is a helpful skill. Thingsdont always work out the first time.There is no trick. These items are created exactly as you see them. There is no way to open them (except in destroying them). Theyre made by securing a sphere in a hemispherical chuck, drilling a hole and inserting tools that cut a chase at a given distance from the outside of the sphere. The chases cut from adjacent holes intersect each other and eventually release the interior shape.You dont need to be an expert craftsman or master turner to make these. Its more important that youre willing to fashion your own jig and create tools or perhaps modify existing ones. Another quality of great value is persistence - its easy to get frustrated when a ball explodes on the lathe for no obvious reason.What do I need to make these? First, youll need a lathe. Any lathe will do, but because these items are fairly delicate, smaller lathes do seem to have a slight advantage. Youll also need a Jacobs chuck, a few forstner bits and maybe some twist bits.In addition to these items you probably have in your shop already, there are a few specialized tools necessary. First, youll need to make a hemispherical jig. This is a piece of wood, secured to the headstock, that has a hemispherical hollow to hold about 40-45% of a sphere. It also has a collar that presses the sphere into the hollow to hold it firmly in place. The collar can be held to the chuck with screws or screwed on with a cap. Ive used a 2 PVC compression fitting to make securing the collar easy.Figure 5. Ball secured in the hemispherical chuck. The next thing youll need are tools to cut the chases. These are essentially sideways-cutting parting tools with specific radiuses attached to a curved fence that rides on the outside of the sphere. You can make these yourself, or purchase a set of Crown Chinese Ball tools. In either case, the tools fence is a curve to match the outside of the sphere - in our case a 1-1/4 radius. The cutter for the outer most chase is held 1/8 in from the fence and is 1/8 wide. The next chases cutter is 3/8 from the fence and is also 1/8 wide, and so on for the 4 cutters needed for a 5 level ball. The shape of these cutters is critical to your success. Make sure that the cutting end is the widest part of the curved portion and that the radiuses are close to exact so that no binding occurs.Figure 6. Cutting tool and additional cutters Lastly, youll need a flat tool rest to register the cutter against while making the cuts. I had a local machinist make one that is about 1-1/4 wide and 5 long. It needs to fit into your lathes banjo, and be very flat and stable.Whats the process for making one? Figure 7. Sphere with 12 points marked. The best place to start is to make a 1-level ball; that is, a hollow sphere with 12 holes. Start with a 2-1/2 sphere of close-grained wood. You can use pre-made wooden balls, but theyre usually not very round, which can get frustrating. As you learn the basic skills, youll probably want to start making your own. Mark one of the end-grain points on the sphere and then set out 11 more equally spaced points. This is done with a compass set to 1-5/16. Scribe a circle from the first point, then place the compass anywhere on that circle and scribe another circle. Continue this from each intersection of the circles and youll have 12 equidistant points.Place the sphere in your hemispherical chuck with the first end-grain point facing out. Bring up the tailstock with a 3/4 forstner bit inserted and center the bit on the point, press it firmly against the back of the chuck and secure the sphere with the collar. Back the bit off the sphere, ensure the chuck and turn freely and turn on the lathe. Drill into the sphere a little over half way, retract the bit and turn off the lathe.Figure 8. Cutting the chasefor a 1 level ball. Next, bring up the flat tool rest that has been adjusted in height so that the top of the chase cutter is exactly at lathe center. Set it about 1/2 from the sphere, ensure the chuck can turn freely and turn on the lathe. Register the chase cutter flat against the tool rest and carefully insert the cutter into the hole until the fence is against the spinning ball. While keeping the fence against the ball and the tool flat on the tool rest, very slowly move the cutter into the wood. Continue until the cutter has reached its maximum depth; you may need to retract it once or twice to clear chips or even quench the cutter if its gotten hot. Perform any sanding before moving to the next hole.Figure 9. Completed 1 level ball. When youre finished with the first end-grain point, repeat the process on the second end-grain point, and then for each of the 10 additional points. Proceed slowly, keep your cutter sharp, take your time and always work safely. Congratulations on your first 1-level ball!Once youve mastered the 1-level ball youll have all the basic skills for creating any of these masterpieces. Your only limit is your imagination, creativity and perseverance. Be sure to visit www.MagicalWoodP for more detailed instructions, tutorials and a gallery of ideas.球车削简介 by Joe Skehan 乔Skehan Salt Lake City, UT 盐湖城，UT斯达康 Figure 1. 图1。 Some of the authors sphere-based creations. 有些是作者的基础创作。 Most wood turning is performed on material mounted in a single plane; the wood is placed between centers or held in a chuck.大多数木材的加工是通过一个平面安装在加工机械上;被加工的木材是放在夹具中心，或在夹头定位夹紧。 It is then worked perpendicular or parallel to the grain.然后垂直或平行的进行加工。 However, as early as the 16th century, turners discovered that if the material being worked was in the shape of a sphere, then it could be worked from any point, rotated and then worked from any other point, producing concentric designs.然而，早在16世纪，车工发现正在加工的材料，如果是一个球体的形状，那么，它可以从任何一点进行加工，也可以旋转后从任何其他点进行加工，生产同心设计。 This is the basis for all sphere-based creations.这是所有球体创作的基础。 History 历史 Figure 2. 图2。 Holtzapffels star in dodecahedron.在十二面体內的Holtzapffel星。 这些项目The earliest known reference to these items dates from 1581 by Georg Wecker, court turner to Duke Augustus, Elector of Saxony.已知最早的参照日期是1581，由萨克森州的选举人，特纳公爵奥古斯都Georg设计的老爷车。 Many of the modern tools and processes for these creations were outlined in 1816 by LE Bergeron in his Manuel du Tourneur which included detailed drawings and explanations.许多现代的工具和对这些创作的过程概述是在乐伯杰龙于1816年的“曼努埃尔杜Tourneur”中，其中包括详细的图纸和说明。 These were further covered in 1881 by John Jacob Holtzapffel in volume IV of Turning and Mechanical Manipulation. “车削和机械操纵”第四卷于1881年由约翰雅各布Holtzapffel进一步完善。 Chinese craftsmen started making them in the 18th century.开始应用他们的是在18世纪的中国工匠。 他们Often made of ivory, these Chinese balls were usually intricately carved and ornately decorated.往往是象牙做的，这些“中国球”通常被精致雕刻和华丽的装饰。 What are these things? 这些是什么东西？ Figure 3. 图3。 Five-level Chinese ball. 五层的中国球 。 The most common modern pursuit is whats commonly referred to as the Chinese ball.最常见的是现代人追求的通常称之为的“中国球”。 Its usually a wooden sphere about 2-1/2 in diameter with 12 holes about 3/4.它通常是一个约2-1/2“直径约3 / 4的12洞”木球。 The sphere is 1/8 thick and inside it, separated by a 1/8 gap is another sphere.球体1 / 8“厚，与里面分开，与其相差一个1 / 8”的差距是另一个球体。 The second sphere also has 12 holes and contains a third sphere.第二个球体，也有12个孔，并包含第三个球体。 The third sphere contains a forth sphere and finally a solid ball 1/2 in diameter for a total of 5 spheres (4 hollow and 1 solid), all contained within each other.第三个球体包含一个来回球和最后一个实心球，共有5个球（4个空心和1个实心）直径的1 / 2“，都包含在里面。 This general description is only a common implementation and the variety of items produced is limited only by the imagination and skill of the turner.这是一般的描述是只有一个共同的实施和各种生产项目只有有限的想象力和技能的特纳。 Creations may commonly have as few as 6 holes or as many as 32 (usually 12 large and 20 smaller).创意通常有尽可能少的为6孔或32（通常为12和20小）。 They may contain a greater or lesser number of spheres, or simply be hollow balls.它们可能包含一个或大或小的球体，或仅仅是空心球。 Instead of additional spheres, they may contain cubes, stars or even lidded boxes.也可以不是球体，他们可能包含立方体，恒星甚至有盖盒。 Also, the external shape can also be something other than a sphere, such as the 12-sided dodecahedron shown in the figures.此外，外部造型也可以不是球体，如上面所示的十二面体。 Whats the trick? 什么把戏？ Figure 4. 图4。 Perseverance is a helpful skill. 毅力是一个有用的技能。 Things 事情 dont always work out the first time. 不总是工作一次。 There is no trick.有没有绝招。 These items are created exactly as you see them.这些项目是完全按照你看到的创建。 There is no way to open them (except in destroying them).有没有办法打开它们（销毁除外）。 Theyre made by securing a sphere in a hemispherical chuck, drilling a hole and inserting tools that cut a chase at a given distance from the outside of the sphere.他们提出，确保用一个半球形夹头夹紧球体，钻孔，并插入工具，从球体的外面依次切一个给定的距离。从相邻孔The chases cut from adjacent holes intersect each other and eventually release the interior shape.依次削减使之相互交叉，并最终释放内部的形状。 You dont need to be an expert craftsman or master turner to make these.你不需要成为专家工匠或专门研究利用这些。 Its more important that youre willing to fashion your own jig and create tools or perhaps modify existing ones.更重要的，你可以根据你自己的特点来创建夹具和工具或者修改现有的。 Another quality of great value is persistence - its easy to get frustrated when a ball explodes on the lathe for no obvious reason.另一个持久保证质量是不容易的，当由车床加工球时上没有明显的失误的失败，很容易让人感到沮丧。 What do I need to make these? 我需要做什么，使这些吗 ？ First, youll need a lathe.首先，你需要一台车床。 Any lathe will do, but because these items are fairly delicate, smaller lathes do seem to have a slight advantage.任何车床都可以做，但因为这些项目都相当细腻，小车床做似乎有微弱的优势。 Youll also need a Jacobs chuck, a few forstner bits and maybe some twist bits.您还需要雅各布夹头，和几个可以进行夹紧的夹紧工具。 In addition to these items you probably have in your shop already, there are a few specialized tools necessary.除了这些必要的东西，还需要有一些必要的专门工具。 First, youll need to make a hemispherical jig.首先，你需要一个半球形的夹具。这是一块木球，固定在车头，在一个半球形中夹持有约40-45%球体。它是用夹紧套进行定位。夹紧套可以用螺钉或拧紧帽进行夹紧。我用2个“PVC压紧装置，可以很容易实现安全的压紧。Figure 5. 图5。 Ball secured in 球夹紧于the hemispherical chuck. 半球形夹头。 The next thing youll need are tools to cut the chases.接下来的事情你需要用工具以逐渐的切削。这基本上是用具有特定半径的工具连续切割一个弯曲的围栏，以形成像游乐设施上球体的外面。These are essentially sideways-cutting parting tools with specific radiuses attached to a curved fence that rides on the outside of the spher你自己You can make these yourself, or purchase a set of Crown Chinese Ball tools 可以制造这些，或购买了一套皇冠中国球工具 。 In either case, the tools fence is a curve to match the outside of the sphere - in our case a 1-1/4 radius.在这两种情况下，该工具的加工范围是与曲线匹配以外的球体 - 在我们的例子中是一个1-1/4“的半径。 The cutter for the outer most chase is held 1/8 in from the fence and is 1/8 wide.最合适的外加工刀具是1 / 8的直径和1 / 8英寸宽。 The next chases cutter is 3/8 from the fence and is also 1/8 wide, and so on for the 4 cutters needed for a 5 level ball.其次适合的刀具是直径的3 / 8“，也是1 / 8英寸宽，为5级球所需的刀具。 The shape of these cutters is critical to your success.这些刀具的形状选择，是您成功的关键。 Make sure that the cutting end is the widest part of the curved portion and that the radiuses are close to exact so that no binding occurs.确保切削终点弯曲部分的半径接近精确，没有出现约束力。 Figure 6. 图6。 Cutting tool and additional cutters 刀具和额外的刀具 Lastly, youll need a flat tool rest to register the cutter against while making the cuts.最后，你需要一个平面的刀架，抵抗同时削减刀具的撞击。 I had a local machinist make one that is about 1-1/4 wide and 5 long.我有一个当地的机械师制造的长约1-1/4“宽为5”。 It needs to fit into your lathes banjo, and be very flat and stable.它需要适合车床，并且非常平稳。Whats the process for making one? 是什么的一个过程？ Figure 7. 图7。 Sphere with 球面 12 points marked. 12分显着。 The best place to start is to make a 1-level ball; that is, a hollow sphere with 12 holes.最好的地方开始做一个1级的球，也就是说，一个12孔的空心球体。 Start with a 2-1/2 sphere of close-grained wood.开始是个2-1/2“密实的木材球体。 You can use pre-made wooden balls, but theyre usually not very round, which can get frustrating.您可以使用预先制成的木球，但它们通常不是很圆，这很令人沮丧。 As you learn the basic skills, youll probably want to start making your own.当你学习了基本技能，你可能要开始制作自己的。 找到一个球体上的一点，然后设置11个等距点。 This is done with a compass set to 1-5/16.这是通过一个设置为1-5/16指南针“完成。Scribe a circle from the first point, then place the compass anywhere on that circle and scribe another circle.从第一个点上画一个圆，然后将指南针放置这个圆任何地方画另外的圆。 Continue this from each intersection of the circles and youll have 12 equidistant points.继续从每个圆圈的交集重复这样做，你将得到12个等距离的点。将球体放置在您的半球形夹头朝外最终纹理的第一点。至使尾座同3/4 Fo rstner位插入中心位点，坚决反对在夹头和圆球的背面按下它。回到球体的关闭位置，确保夹头可以自由转动，打开车床。 Drill into the sphere a little over half way, retract the bit and turn off the lathe.钻到一半多一点的球体，收回该位，并关闭车床。 回到球体的关闭位置。Figure 8