非谓语动词t.doc

非 谓 语 动 词
涂 兴 仁 とこぅにん
动词可以作谓语、主语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、表语。作谓语的动词为谓语动词。谓语动词有人称、数和时态的变化。作其它成份的动词为非谓语动词。非谓语动词不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时与态的变化。非谓语动词有：动词不定式（to do）、动词-ing形（doing）(包括动名词和现在分词）、过去分词（done）。
He intended (谓语动词) to attend (动词不定式) the lecture on how to tend to (动词不定式) patients . She seems (谓语动词) to be sleeping (动词不定式) . I feel (谓语动词) tired (过去分词)of playing (动名词) online games . I dislike (谓语动词) being made fun of (动名词) . Absorbed (过去分词)in the newspaper , he didn’t notice (谓语动词) me . She stood there , looking (现在分词) up at the sky .
一. 非谓语动词的形式、构成和意义。
非谓语动词具有动词的特点，因而有自己的宾语或状语；非谓语动词具有名词、形容词、副词的功能，因而可作主语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语/主语补足语、表语等；非谓语动词往往有自己的逻辑主语。to do 表示主动/将来; doing 表示主动/进行; done 表示被动/完成。非谓语动词具有下面形式和意义：

主 动
被 动
动
词
不
定
式
一般式
to do
to be done
进行式
to be doing
/
完成式
to have done
to have been done
完成进行式
to have been doing
/
-ing形
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
过去分词
/
/
done
主动式: He wanted to see you . She pretended to be reading when the teacher came in . He seems to have known this news . He is reported to have been carrying out the experiment . She insisted on going for a spring outing . Having attended the speech , we are all inspired . (You’d have a rest. You may as well go with me . I’d rather walk there .) Why not try it again ?
被动式: The manager has a report to be typed . He is said to have been hurt in the accident . Everyone dislikes being laughed at . Having been threatened , he had to sell his company at a very low price . We came back from the tour, completely tired out .
(belongings, earnings, surroundings, savings, stockings, buildings, drawings, paintings, …)
二. 非谓语动词的否定式
not 紧挨符号性单词前: not to do , not doing , not being done , not having done , not having been done , not done
He asked me not to make any noise . She pretended not to have known the bad news . I don’t mind your / you not having spoken for me . His not turning up doesn’t make any difference . Not seeing her , he felt very unhappy . Though not invited , he came to the party . The problem not solved , we became anxious . Why not join us ?
三. 非谓语动词的用法
(一) 作主语
1. 动词不定式、动词-ing形可以作主语; 过去分词不能作主语。
To learn a foreign language is important . Walking after supper does good to our health . To see is to believe . Seeing is believing . There is no joking about his failure . There being no garden is a disadvantage to the house . The killing of the president shocked the whole nation . (The wounded were sent to hospital at once .)
2. it作形式主语, 代替动词不定式或动词-ing形。
It is necessary to respect the old . It does harm to your eyes reading in the sun . It took them two years to build the bridge . It cost me 20 yuan to buy the book . It is nice meeting you / to meet you .
3.It is + adj. to do sth . ( possible/impossible, easy/difficult/hard, important, necessary, comfortable, good/better, …)
It is impossible to persuade him to to give up drinking . It is good to see you again .
It is no good/no use/no fun/a pleasure/a waste of sth/useless/nice/foolish/worthwhile/wonderful doing sth .
It is no good complaining . It is a waste of time arguing with her . It is useless waiting here . It is no fun having an unlucky experience .
4. 动词不定式、动词-ing形的逻辑主语的表达
for sb to do sth : It is not easy for us to learn English well .
of sb to do sth: It was very good / kind of you to come . It is wrong of us to cheat in examinations . (表示人的品质的形容词: kind, nice, good, clever, foolish, stupid, silly, brave, rude, polite, selfish, …)
up to sb to do sth: It is up to you to decide when and where to go picnicking .
sb’s doing sth: Mike’s / His being late made his teacher angry . Mary’s / Her not living up to her parents’ expectations made her parents get disappointed .
(二)作宾语
1. 动词不定式、动词-ing形可以作宾语; 过去分词不能作宾语
We agreed to put off the meeting . She can’t afford to go to school . We have nothing to do but give it up . They have no choice but to wait here . She practises dancing every day . He hesitated to make the choice . The bird missed being shot . He looked like waiting for someone . She is fond of playing online games . We did it without being paid . He was trying to recover from the loss of his father .
2. 疑问词 + to do . ( know, show, teach, learn, consider, explain, decide, …)
She taught us how to drive . I don’t know what to do . The teacher showed us how to do this experiment .
3.下面单词或短语常接 to do sth 作宾语
can’t afford, hesitate, decide / determine / be determined / plan / intend, wish / hope / expect, desire / demand / be itching / long, manage, agree, offer, deserve, dare, refuse, pretend, fail, undertake, choose, don’t care, tend, attempt, appear/ happen, arrange, claim, learn, beg/ ask, aim/ seek, prepare, promise, prefer … rather than do sth , …
不定代词 + but / except do sth / to do sth , no choice / alternative but to do sth :
He has nothing to do but walk home . I can’t help but stay behind . The boy ate nothing but to cry . He wanted nothing but to have a rest . It had no effect except to make him angry . They can do everything except cook . There was no choice but to obey the order .
4.下面单词或短语常接 doing sth 作宾语
⑴ allow / permit / forbid / advise / consider, admit / acknowledge (承认), deny (否认), enjoy / appreciate / dislike, avoid / miss / escape, delay / postpone / put off, practise, mind, imagine / fancy, finish, suggest / recommend / advocate (提倡), prevent / resist, risk, envy, adore, recall / recollect, report, mention, discuss, understand, explain , excuse / pardon / forgive, give up / quit / stop, keep / keep on, tolerate, can’t stand, insist on, leave off (停止), (be busy, be kept busy, be worth,)…
⑵ look forward to, be devoted to, devote … to, contribute (…) to, lead to, get/ become used to, be used to(习惯于), be accustomed to(习惯于) , come close/ near to(几乎) , object to(反对), be opposed to(反对), get down to (着手做) , take to(喜欢), see to(负责, 照料, 招待), be suited to(适合), be up to , turn to(转向), stick to(坚持), come to(谈到), add to, get to(开始), be addicted to, on the way to(即将), prefer doing to, pay attention to, adjust (oneself) to, adapt…to, …
⑶ instead of, in the form of, be fond of, in case of, in spite of, on the point of, in the hope of, for the purpose of, think of, an idea/method of, form the habit of, put sb to the trouble of, dream of, complain of, be/ get/ tired of, be afraid of, be proud of, insist on, depend on, congratulate sb on, keep on, go on, feel like, look like, succeed in, believe in, do well in, have no trouble/ difficulty in, There is no point in, lose no time in, have some time in，have a hard /good /wonderful time in, spend / waste time in, spend money in / on, take part in, be expert in / at, be engaged in, think about, set about, worry about, What /How about, be good at, be aimed at, be angry at, stop / prevent / keep… from, protect… from / against, warn sb against, apologize to sb for, thank/ praise / excuse / pardon / forgive sb for, …
⑷ on(一… 就…), by, without, for, after, before, at, since, besides, such as,…
On receiving the answer of the company, we set off. What can you learn by playing online games ? He left us without saying a word . What has he done , besides reading ? He takes part in a variety of out-of-class activities, such as playing badminton .
5. 动词-ing形作宾语时的逻辑主语的表达
⑴ 有生命的逻辑主语用所有格或普通格
Do you mind my / me / Jack’s / Jack turning up the TV? We still held the meeting without his attending it . She left the classroom without the teacher’s seeing her . There is no danger of his/ him being dismissed . I won’t allow your taking a chance . (I wouldn’t allow you to take a chance .)
⑵ 无生命的逻辑主语用普通格/名词格
What about the time being put forward ? The noises of desks being opened and closed can be heard in the street . I know nothing about the window being open .
⑶不定代词、指示代词、数词作逻辑主语用宾格
He was woken by someone knocking on the window . I don’t mind there being no support . The fact of the two being cheats shocked us all .
6. 有些动词既可接动词不定式又可接动词-ing形
⑴ continue to do / doing, intend to do / doing, attempt to do / doing, like to do/doing, love to do/doing, hate to do / doing, start to do / doing, begin to do/doing (doing表示一般或习惯性的动作; to do表示一次性或具体性的动作)
I like to read / reading .（I’d like to watch TV .） He began to cry/crying .（After lunch, it began to rain . She began to feel nervous . The situation is beginning to change worse and worse .）
⑵ want/need/require/demand doing (表示被动); want/need/demand to do sth (表示主动), require sb to do sth (表示主动)
My shoes want/need/demand mending (= to be mended) . Your eyes require examining . The work requires you to be more careful .
⑶ stop / leave off to do sth（作状语, 表示目的）, stop / leave off doing sth（作宾语）
They left off to visit their teachers . We left off / stop reading to listen to the radio .
⑷ go on to do sth（接着做另一件事情）, go on doing sth( = go on with sth)（接着做同一件事情）
I went on to watch TV, after finishing homework . He went on writing the unfinished novel .
⑸ can’t help (to) do sth（不能帮做）, can’t help/resist doing sth（情不自禁做）, can’t (help) but do sth(不得不做)
I cannot help to solve the problem －it is too difficult . They can’t help crying after hearing the bad news . We cannot help but give up the design . He couldn’t but leave his motherland .
⑹ allow/permit/forbid doing sth（允许做/禁止做）, allow/permit/forbid sb to do sth（允许做/禁止做）; admit doing sth（承认做）, admit sb to do sth（允许做）; consider doing sth（考虑做）, consider sb/sth to be (认为某人/某物…); encourage doing sth , encourage sb to do sth
They allowed /permitted/forbade smoking inside . They allowed/permitted/admitted/forbade us to talk . She admitted failing in the interview .
She considered sending an e-mail to Mr. Smith . We consider her to be a generous girl .
⑺ be afraid to do sth（不敢做） , be afraid of doing sth/being done（担心做不能自控的动作）
She is afraid to go out alone at night . He was afraid of being robbed .
⑻ forget/remember/regret to do sth（忘记去做/记得去做/遗憾不能做）forget/remember/regret doing sth（忘记/记得/后悔已作过的动作）
She forgot coming to the village . Don’t forget to bring your report here . I remember telling you the fact . Remember to call for me at 8 o’clock . He bitterly regretted having mentioned it . I regret to say that you are fired .
⑼ mean to do sth（打算做）, mean doing sth（意味着）
Waiting here means being late . I mean no harm －I only mean to help .
⑽ try to do sth（努力做）, try doing sth（试做）
He tried skiing but never liked it . Give me one more chance and I will try to do it well .
(三) 作定语
1. 动词不定式、动词-ing形、过去分词可以作定语。动词不定式作定语放名词后; 动词-ing形、过去分词作定语一般放名词前, 但短语作定语一般放名词后。
There is no need to worry about her . There is a letter to copy / to be copied . There is a woman wanting to see you . She was the first to arrive and the last to leave . The best/only way to solve the problem is to wait for the rescue to come . I have a lot of work to do . China is a developing country whereas America is a developed country . You can see some falling leaves floating in the sky and a lot of fallen leaves on the ground in autumn . He can’t walk without a walking stick . The woman standing behind you was a doctor .
2. 不定式修饰的名词与不定式动词为动宾关系, 动词为及物动词。
They bought a flat to marry in . There is no one here for her to turn to for help . He is a man to rely on . I need a pen to write with . She is an easy-going person to get on with .
3. 注意动词不定式、动词-ing形、过去分词作定语的区别。
Mr. Wang will attend the meeting to be held（表将来的被动）next week . She won a gold medal in the Olympic Games held（表过去的被动）in Beijing in 2008 . The problem being discussed（表现在的被动）now is beyond our ability .
4. 动词-ing形、过去分词作定语时的句子功能。
The sleeping baby lay in the sleeping basket . → The baby who was sleeping lay in the basket for sleeping. The stolen car came back to her.→The car which had been stolen came back to her .
(四) 作状语
1. 动词不定式、动词-ing形、过去分词可以作状语。
They came here to enjoy the beautiful scenery . They sat there , talking and laughing . Dressed in black , he looks very steady .
2. 动词不定式作状语,可以表示目的(句首或句尾);表示结果(so…as to do/so as to do, such…as to do/such as to do, too…to do, enough…to do), 表示意外的结果(句尾)(only to do);表示原因(在表示情感、心理活动的形容词后)(interested, surprised, sorry, happy, glad, sad, frightened, …)
The government has taken action to / in order to / so as to prevent seriously growing pollution . To / In order to catch up with others , she is working very hard . He walked into the water to set the table and take their order .
The maths is too difficult to work out . She is old enough to do some things by herself . You are so kind as to help me . He is such a kind man as to be ready to help others . He lifted a rock , only to drop it on his own foot . She went abroad , never to come back . I went to see her , only to find her out .
She is interested to know what you are up to now . They were happy to see their daughter back from abroad . The girl was very frightened to see a snake ahead .
Japanese is not easy to learn . The house is comfortable to live in . ( Sth/Sb is + adj. + to do . )
注意: not/never too … to do sth, too … not to do sth, only/but too … to do sth, too + 情感形容词/ready/easy, 表示肯定。
You are never too careful to do your tests . I’m too glad to see you again .
3. 动词-ing 作状语, 可以表示时间, 原因, 条件, 结果, 让步, 伴随, 方式, 目的等。
While reading in the classroom , she called me . Having eaten her lunch , she went on a trip to Thailand .
Losing his parents in the accident , he decided to leave college . Being ill , I was absent from school .
Working hard , we will succeed in the examinations . ( = Work hard and we will succeed in the examinations .)
His car broke down , causing him to be late . They left in a hurry , leaving me behind . ( The enemy entered the village , only to find nobody there . ) Her parents died , leaving her with her little brother . （He left school, only to make his mother angry .）
Though being a girl , she behaved herself well . Though having a lot of money, he lives a simple life .
She drove home , hoping to see her parents . ( She drove home to hope to see her parents .) She sent an e-mail to me , congratulating on my success . ( She sent an e-mail to me to congratulate on my success .) The boy came in , smiling at me . They shook hands with each other , chatting and laughing . She came back home , feeling very tired . Minutes later he returned , carrying a bottle of wine and two glasses .
She made a living (by) doing a part-time job . He came running to me .
I want to go shopping/fishing/skiing/skating/swimming/boating .
4. 过去分词作状语, 表示时间、原因、条件、伴随动作等
Seen from the hill, our village looks more beautiful . Faced with these difficulties, we were not discouraged .
Absorbed in the work, she didn’t notice me . Confused about the problem, he felt depressed . Born into a rich family, the girl lived a luxurious life . Tired of reading , they went out to play football for a change . Greatly moved by his good deed, the old woman thanked